Search

Early linguistic environment has shown an impact on children's later language development, particularly, child directed speech has been associated with providing children with linguistic input from which to look for regularities and patterns, and boosting children to produce utterances beyond their current competence. This article aims to examine linguistic and interactive features of the speech addressed to Argentinean toddlers (mean age 19.9 month) living under different socioeconomic circumstances. We focused on the lexical diversity (VOCD) and syntactic complexity (MLU) that characterize utterances that fulfil different pragmatic functions (comments, requests for verbal and non-verbal response) addressed to children living under vulnerated and non-vulnerated socioeconomic circumstances. Results showed differences regarding lexical diversity between groups of households for requests for non-verbal response, while regarding syntactic complexity differences between groups were found in both requests for non-verbal response and for verbal response.

La pentalogía de Cantrell es una rara anomalía congénita caracterizada por la asociación de ectopia cordis con defectos en la pared toracoabdominal, el diafragma, el esternón y pericárdicos, y anomalías cardíacas intrínsecas. En diagnóstico prenatal, la ecografía se utiliza sistemáticamente entre las 11 y 14 semanas de gestación, evaluando marcadores de alteraciones cromosómicas como la sonolucencia nucal, el hueso nasal y la morfología patológica del ductus venoso, entre otros. Además, permite examinar la anatomía fetal y diagnosticar anomalías mayores, como acrania-anencefalia, holoprosencefalia, defectos de la pared abdominal y toracoabdominal, entre los que se incluye la pentalogía de Cantrell. Se reporta un feto con los hallazgos clásicos de pentalogía de Cantrell, que fue expulsado a las 13 semanas de gestación bajo protocolo de interrupción voluntaria del embarazo. Madre de 23 años, G1P0, sin exposiciones teratogénicas, en cuyo feto se encontró ectopia cordis, asas intestinales e hígado por fuera de la cavidad abdominal en las 10 y 12 semanas de gestación. El objetivo de este estudio es aportar a la literatura un reporte de pentalogía de Cantrell, siendo el primero reportado en Colombia en el primer trimestre de gestación, mostrando la importancia de la ecografía sistemática durante este periodo, en el marco de la posibilidad de interrupción voluntaria del embarazo.

Mycetoma is one of the six Neglected Tropical Diseases that are prevalent in Turkana County (northwest Kenya). The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of mycetoma in the county, as well as to describe the main causative agents involved in the disease using methods affordable locally. Based on the data collected by the team of cooperative medicine Cirugia en Turkana (Surgery in Turkana), a specific study for mycetoma was started during the 16th humanitarian medicine campaign in February 2019. Patients with suspected mycetoma were studied at the Lodwar County Referral Hospital (LCRH). After informing the patient and getting their consent, the lesions were examined and sampled (mainly by biopsy) and clinical data were recorded. Samples were washed in sterile saline solution and cut in fragments. Some of these were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, Malt Extract Agar, and diluted Nutrient Agar plates. One fragment of each sample was used for DNA extraction. The DNA and the rest of the fragments of samples were kept at -20°C. All cultures were incubated at room temperature at the LCRH laboratory. The DNA obtained from clinical samples was submitted to PCR amplification of the ITS-5.8S and the V4-V5 16S rRNA gene region, for the detection and identification of fungi and bacteria respectively. From February 2019 till February 2022, 60 patients were studied. Most of them were men (43, 74,1%) between 13 and 78 y.o. (mean age 37). Half of the patients were herdsmen but, among women 40% (6) were housewives and 26.7% (4) charcoal burners. Lesions were mainly located at the feet (87.9%) and most of the patients (54; 93.1%) reported discharge of grains in the exudate, being 27 (46.6%) yellow or pale colored and 19 (32.8%) of them dark grains. Culture of clinical samples yielded 35 fungal and bacterial putative causative agents. Culture and molecular methods allowed the identification of a total of 21 causative agents of mycetoma (39.6% of cases studied). Most of them (17) corresponded to fungi causing eumycetoma (80.9%) being the most prevalent the genus Madurella (7; 41.2%), with two species involved (M. mycetomatis and M. fahalii), followed by Aspergillus (2; 11.8%). Other minority genera detected were Cladosporium, Fusarium, Acremonium, Penicillium, and Trichophyton (5.9% each of them). Actinobacteria were detected in 19.1% of samples, but only Streptomyces somaliensis was identified as a known agent of mycetoma, the rest being actinobacteria not previously described as causative agents of the disease, such as Cellulosimicrobium cellulans detected in two of the patients. Although Kenya is geographically located in the mycetoma belt, to our knowledge this is the first report on mycetoma in this country from 1973, and the first one for Turkana County.

Visceral leishmaniasis is an opportunistic disease in HIV-1 infected individuals, unrecognized as a determining factor for AIDS diagnosis. The growing geographical overlap of HIV-1 and Leishmania infections is an emerging challenge worldwide, as co-infection increases morbidity and mortality for both infections. Here, we determined the prevalence of people living with HIV (PWH) with a previous or ongoing infection by Leishmania infantum and investigated the virological and immunological factors associated with co-infection. We adopted a two-stage cross-sectional cohort (CSC) design (CSC-I, n = 5,346 and CSC-II, n = 317) of treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals in Bahia, Brazil. In CSC-I, samples collected between 1998 and 2013 were used for serological screening for leishmaniasis by an in-house Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with SLA (Soluble Leishmania infantum Antigen), resulting in a prevalence of previous or ongoing infection of 16.27%. Next, 317 PWH were prospectively recruited from July 2014 to December 2015 with the collection of sociodemographic and clinical data. Serological validation by two different immunoassays confirmed a prevalence of 15.46 and 8.20% by anti-SLA, and anti-HSP70 serology, respectively, whereas 4.73% were double-positive (DP). Stratification of these 317 individuals in DP and double-negative (DN) revealed a significant reduction of CD4+ counts and CD4+/CD8+ ratios and a tendency of increased viral load in the DP group, as compared to DN. No statistical differences in HIV-1 subtype distribution were observed between the two groups. However, we found a significant increase of CXCL10 (p = 0.0076) and a tendency of increased CXCL9 (p = 0.061) in individuals with DP serology, demonstrating intensified immune activation in this group. These findings were corroborated at the transcriptome level in independent Leishmania- and HIV-1-infected cohorts (Swiss HIV Cohort and Piaui Northeast Brazil Cohort), indicating that CXCL10 transcripts are shared by the IFN-dominated immune activation gene signatures of both pathogens and positively correlated to viral load in untreated PWH. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of PWH with L. infantum seropositivity in Bahia, Brazil, linked to IFN-mediated immune activation and a significant decrease in CD4+ levels. Our results highlight the urgent need to increase awareness and define public health strategies for the management and prevention of HIV-1 and L. infantum co-infection.

La demencia frontotemporal derecha es una variante anatómica de la demencia frontotemporal. Se asocia con síntomas cognitivos y comportamentales característicos, entre los que se destacan: agnosia topográfica, desorientación espacial, prosopagnosia, conductas obsesivas, agresividad, impulsividad, desinhibición y pérdida de la empatía. Se reportan dos casos, que desde el punto de vista clínico e imaginológico, resultan ilustrativos de la variante derecha en la demencia frontotemporal.

El aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio por la pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 condujo a las familias a buscar alternativas para mantener el vínculo con sus parientes no convivientes. Una de ellas fue la videollamada, cuyo carácter audiovisual habilita nuevas maneras de comunicación (Ames et al., 2010; Ballagas et al., 2009; McClure y Barr, 2017) que podrían modificar las interacciones en las que adultos/as y niños/as participan y colaboran en la construcción de distintos tipos de discursos. La narración constituye una de las primeras y más relevantes formas de discurso en la infancia que permite reconstruir y comunicar la propia experiencia. En este trabajo se realizó un análisis de caso de 31 narrativas que tuvieron lugar en cinco videollamadas en las que participaban una misma niña residente de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y sus familiares, pertenecientes al corpus “Contextos naturales de interacción en los hogares en los que los/as niños/as usan tempranamente tecnología”[1], a fin de caracterizar las interacciones que contribuyen a la configuración de las narrativas infantiles en contextos mediados por tecnología. Los resultados mostraron una mayor presencia de narrativas personales y de futuro, frente a pocas de ficción; mientras que estas últimas fueron en su totalidad autorreguladas, la cantidad de narrativas hetero y autorreguladas fue similar para los otros dos tipos de narrativas. Se identificaron distintas estrategias a las que, en el marco de videollamadas, la niña recurrió para participar en la construcción de narrativas.

Resumen: Numerosos trabajos han estudiado las características lingüísticas e interactivas en el habla dirigida al niño (HDN) en tanto pueden incidir en el desarrollo del lenguaje infantil (HOFF-GINSBERG, 1986). Sin embargo, han sido muy pocos los estudios que han atendido a la relación entre estas propiedades del HDN, distintos teóricos han comenzado a enfatizar en la importancia de abordar el estudio del input lingüístico de modo multidimensional (ROWE; SNOW, 2020). Con el objetivo de atender a este vacío en la literatura, este trabajo analiza la relación entre las propiedades interactivas y las propiedades lingüísticas del habla dirigida al niño. Para esto, se estudia la diversidad léxica y la complejidad sintáctica de enunciados con distintas funciones pragmáticas en el habla dirigida a 40 niños y niñas viviendo en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Los resultados mostraron que los comentarios presentaban una mayor complejidad sintáctica y mayor diversidad léxica que los pedidos de acción y los pedidos de respuesta verbal. A su vez, los pedidos de acción se caracterizaban por un vocabulario más diverso que los pedidos de respuesta verbal. Las medidas de efecto del análisis de varianza, dan cuenta de que la función pragmática de los enunciados explica un porcentaje mayor de la varianza para la diversidad léxica que para la complejidad de los enunciados. Palabras clave: función pragmática; diversidad léxica; complejidad sintáctica; entorno lingüístico; habla dirigida al niño. Abstract: Several studies have analysed the linguistic and interactive characteristics of child-directed speech (HDN) as they can influence children’s linguistic development (HOFF-GINSBERG, 1986). However, very few studies have addressed the relationship between these properties of HDN, different theorists are starting to emphasize the importance of approaching the study of linguistic input in a multidimensional way (ROWE; SNOW, 2020). In order to address this gap in the literature, this work analyzes the relationship between the interactive properties and the linguistic properties of child-directed speech. To this end, the lexical diversity and syntactic complexity of sentences with different pragmatic functions in speech addressed to 40 children living in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires are studied. Results showed that comments presented greater syntactic complexity and greater lexical diversity than action requests and verbal response requests. Requests for action were characterized by a more diverse vocabulary than requests for verbal response. The effect measures of the variance’s analysis show that the pragmatic function of the utterances explains a higher percentage of the variance for lexical diversity than for syntactic complexity of the utterances. Keywords: pragmatic function; lexical diversity; syntactic complexity; linguistic environment; child-directed speech.

Supplementation with natural additives such as essential oils (EO) or probiotics has resulted in comparable growth performance to that of supplemental monensin in fattening lambs in hot environments. Supra-supplementation levels of vitamin D3 improved the carcass weight and dressing percentage of steers fattened under tropical conditions. We hypothesized that certain combinations of these natural additives could be complementary. For this reason, a feeding trial was carried out using 48 Pelibuey × Katahdin non-castrated male lambs (107 ± 14 d age; 17.9 ± 2.51 kg LW). Lambs were fed an 88:12 concentrate to forage ratio basal diet supplemented (dry matter basis, DMI) with: (1) no additive (CON); (2) 28 mg monensin/kg diet (MON); (3) 150 mg of essential oils containing a combination of thymol, eugenol, vanillin, guaiac, and limonene plus 0.12 mg vitamin D3 (EO + D3)/kg diet; and (4) 300 mg of essential oils containing a combination of carvacrol and cynamaldehyde plus 2 g probiotic (2.2 × 108 CFU of bacillus subtilis/kg diet, EO + BS). Lambs were grouped by initial weight and assigned within six weight groupings to 24 pens (2 lambs/pen, 6 replicas per treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The experiment lasted 121 days. Daily maximal THI exceeded the 80 “danger or “emergency” range for 119 days of the 121 days of the trial. Lambs supplemented with MON had similar DMI, growth performance, and dietary energetics to those of CON lambs. Lambs supplemented with EO + BS had a greater (9.2%, p ≤ 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) than the CON and MON groups due to enhanced (10.2%, p ≤ 0.05) dry matter intake. Thus, gain efficiency (GF) and estimated dietary energy were similar for CON, MON, and EO + BS. Lambs receiving EO + D3 had similar (0.254 vs. 0.262 kg/d) ADG but a lower DMI (8%, p < 0.05) compared with EO + BS lambs. Consequently, GF and estimated dietary net energy were greater (4.9 and 3.7%, respectively; p ≤ 0.05) for EO + D3 lambs. Even when ambient heat load was elevated, the efficiency of utilization of dietary energy (observed-to-expected dietary net energy) was close to 1.00 (0.992) expected for EO + D3 lambs. In contrast, efficiency of energy utilization was depressed by −4.4% for lambs on the other treatments. Compared with the other treatments, lambs receiving EO + D3 had greater longissimus muscle area (5.6%, p < 0.05) and lower kidney pelvic fat (21.8%, p ≤ 0.05). There were no treatment effects on shoulder tissue composition or whole cuts (expressed as % of cold carcass weight). Compared to CON, lambs that were fed with natural additives showed 3.5% lower (p ≤ 0.05) intestine mass. All supplemental additives decreased visceral fat mass, which was minimal with EO + D3 treatment. Combinations of essential oils with vitamins or probiotics were superior to antibiotic monensin in finishing diets for feedlot lambs. Combining EO with probiotics promoted DM intake and gain but not gain efficiency, while combining EO with vitamin D3 supra-supplementation increased dietary energy efficiency and improved some carcass characteristics in lambs fattening under high ambient heat loads.

The practice of translation today is inextricably linked to the use of technology, and this is reflected in how translator training is conceptualized, with technologies present in every area of such training. More and more authors have begun to voice their concerns about the ethical issues posed by the use of technology and artificial intelligence systems, and our focus here is to ask whether such concerns are being reflected in pedagogical models and teaching programs in the field of translation. To this end, we analyze a variety of translation and translation technology (TT) competence models, together with a review of the literature on ethics, and a corpus analysis of TT syllabi to explore the different sub-competences addressed in these. The analysis reveals that ethical competence is not specifically addressed in TT classes, or at least it is not reflected in our corpus. The literature review also illustrates a dearth of specific competence models for TT classes, as well as a lack of pedagogical interventions to develop ethical sub-competence, something we aim to address by developing a series of new models and tools. We conclude that the inclusion of ethical issues in the TT classroom is still far from widespread, despite it being a necessary step towards enabling new generations to act critically and professionally.

Abstact FBXO7 is implicated in the ubiquitin–proteasome system and parkin‐mediated mitophagy. FBXO7defects cause a levodopa‐responsive parkinsonian‐pyramidal syndrome(PPS). Methods: We investigated the disease molecular bases in a child with PPS and brain iron accumulation. Results: A novel homozygous c.368C>G (p.S123*) FBXO7 mutation was identified in a child with spastic paraplegia, epilepsy, cerebellar degeneration, levodopa nonresponsive parkinsonism, and brain iron deposition. Patient’s fibroblasts assays demonstrated an absence of FBXO7 RNA expression leading to impaired proteasome degradation and accumulation of poly‐ubiquitinated proteins. Conclusion: This novel FBXO7 phenotype associated with impaired proteasome activity overlaps with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation disorders.

Abstract Background Hurricanes are among the most devastating natural disasters, playing a significant role in public health. Currently, the epidemiology of fall-related injuries after the occurrence of a tropical storm is not well described. This study aims to compare the demographical patterns, clinical profile, hospital course, and costs of patients admitted to the Puerto Rico Trauma Hospital before and after Hurricane Maria. Methods A retrospective study was performed to compare fall-related injuries after the hurricane (September 20, 2017 - January 20, 2018) with a control period (same period in 2014–2016). Comparison between the groups was done using chi-square, Mann-Whitney test, and logistical regression. Results After the hurricane, there was an increase in the proportion of fall-related admissions in subjects aged 40–64 years (39.2% vs. 50.6%) and a decrease among those aged 18–39 years (16.0% vs. 5.9%), when compared with the previous years. A greater proportion of patients presented with work related injuries (3.9% vs. 9.4%). No significant differences were identified for sex, Glasgow Coma Scale, Injury Severity Score, and hospital outcomes (hospital and intensive care unit days, mechanical ventilation, and mortality). Intracranial injuries were marginally higher post-Maria (p = 0.06). In multivariate analysis, during the post-Maria period, an increased risk of fall-related injuries was observed among subjects ≥40 years (OR: 3.20) and injuries related to recovery work (OR: 2.64) (p

The establishment of commercial forest plantations requires the selection of sites where reasonable profitability can be attained. A financial analysis was made for the identification of the most suitable areas for the establishment of new Pinus patula plantations in the central region of Antioquia, Colombia. The analysis was performed assuming basic silvicultural treatments at the establishment but no management during the entire rotation period. A volume yield data at the stand level was obtained from a previously fitted model that uses biophysical variables and stand density as predictors. The estimated stand volume, a detailed cash flow, and a derived stumpage price were combined to perform a financial analysis. The Land Expectation Value (LEV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) at the optimal rotation age, along with their spatial variation, were calculated in this study. Results suggest that the estimated volume and the current stumpage price are not sufficient to guarantee reasonable profitability for new timberland investments. While the LEV was negative, the IRR was in the range 4.1±1.5%, which is less than the discount rate of 6.8% used in the financial analysis. However, a positive LEV and an IRR at 8% would be achieved if forest productivity increases by 20% because of silvicultural practices or costs reduction in a similar proportion (obtaining IRRs up to 8.4%). Moreover, if the government provide subsidies, the IRR would increase up to 10.3% (without requiring an increase in productivity or a decrease in costs) on sites with high growth potential (mean annual increment greater than 16 m3 ha-1 year-1), and close to the mills (less than 45 km radii).

Introduction: The use of regional anesthetic block has increased, along with the reduction of the use of spine anesthetic in this particular field of surgical activity. In the last decade ambulatory surgery and local anesthetic have lower surgical time, complications of the anesthetic itself, and hospital stay. Objective: Presenting the results obteained with the use of local anesthesic and analgesic in the resolution of benign anorectal pathology. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, study, from January 2017 to December 2017, patients were classified according to surgical procedures performed using analogical visual scale to determine the pain tolerance, during the procedure, 24 h later and in the 5th post operative day. Results: 253 procedures were performed with 116 local analgesia, 116 were male (45.86%) years 137 female (54%), Milligan-Morgan hemorroidectomy with Ligasure and fistulotomy were the most frequently performed procedures 32% each, followed by biopsy 16%, left lateral esfinterotomy 13% and cutaneous appendix 12%. Females presented better pain tolerance than males patients (92 vs. 81), 68% referred good tolerance through the procedure. Conclusions: 68% of all the patients obtained good pain tolerance through anal anesthetic block, females manifested better pain tolerance than males, in non-complicated anorectal pathology local block ha shown to be safe and reproductible for the treatment of benign anorectal pathology in the Guatemalan Institute for Social Security. Resumo: Introdução: O uso de bloqueio anestésico regional aumentou ao mesmo tempo em que diminuiu o uso do anestésico espinhal nesse campo específico da atividade cirúrgica. Na última década, a cirurgia ambulatorial e o anestésico local apresentaram um tempo cirúrgico menor, menos complicações associadas ao próprio anestésico e redução da permanência hospitalar. Objetivo: Apresentar os resultados obtidos com o uso de anestésico local e analgésico na resolução da patologia anorretal benigna. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, realizado no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2017. Com o uso de uma escala visual analógica, os pacientes foram classificados para determinar a tolerância à dor durante o procedimento, 24 horas após a cirurgia e no quinto dia de pós-operatório. Resultados: No total, 253 procedimentos foram realizados com 116 analgesias locais; 116 pacientes eram do sexo masculino (4586%) e 137 do sexo feminino (54%). A técnica de Milligan-Morgan para hemorroidectomia com ligadura e a fistulotomia foram os procedimentos realizados com mais frequência (32% cada), seguidos de biópsia (16%), esfincterotomia lateral esquerda (13%) e apêndice cutâneo (12%). As mulheres apresentaram melhor tolerância à dor que os homens (92 vs. 81), e 68% apresentaram boa tolerância durante o procedimento. Conclusões: De todos os pacientes, 68% apresentaram boa tolerância à dor com o uso de bloqueio anestésico por via retal; as mulheres manifestaram melhor tolerância à dor que os homens. Na patologia anorretal não complicada, o bloqueio local mostrou ser seguro e reprodutível para o tratamento da patologia anorretal benigna no Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridade Social. Keywords: Analgesia, Local block, Anorectal pathology, Guatemala, Social Security, Palavras-chave: Analgesia, Bloqueio local, Patologia anorretal, Guatemala, Seguro Social

Investigaciones focalizadas en la función pragmática del habla dirigida al niño (HDN) han mostrado diferencias entre distintos grupos socioeconómicos (Hart y Risley 1995; Mastin et.al. 2016). En tanto estos estudios fueron realizados en poblaciones que difieren social, cultural y lingüísticamente de la población argentina, la descripción del entorno lingüístico de distintos grupos socioeconómicos de Argentina puede contribuir a dar cuenta de la variabilidad en las experiencias lingüísticas infantiles. Este trabajo se propone estudiar la relación entre el nivel socioeconómico y la función pragmática del HDN considerando la edad del niño y el nivel educativo de la madre a partir de 40 horas de audiograbación en los hogares de 20 niños (8-20 meses de edad). Se observó en el habla dirigida al niño que el incremento de la escolaridad materna aumenta la probabilidad de comentarios y reportes, en tanto que disminuye la probabilidad de directivas. El incremento en la edad del niño disminuye la probabilidad de preguntas.

The current study aims to analyze, from a multimodal framework perspective, the strategies that teachers use to scaffold early vocabulary comprehension during book reading to three-year old children. From this perspective, we assume that vocabulary learning develops within conversational exchange frames, where infants rely both on linguistic information and on elements of the situational and non-verbal context, as well as on social support. Data corpus consists of two videotaped story-reading sequences in a kindergarten of CABA -twenty minutes per session-, which children from nearby urban-marginalized populations attend to (corpus: Rosemberg, Stein & Migdalek, 2003-2008). The intensive analysis made in a heuristic way used a categorization provided by Menti & Rosemberg (2009). Such categorization for vocabulary learning in elementary school describes the teachers’ movements that focus on vocabulary -repair, correction and amplification-. For video processing and codification, we used ELANii (Sloetjes and Wittenburg, 2008) software. The exchange sequences analysis showed that, besides linguistic elements -words, definitions, comparisons-, teachers draw upon a variety of multimodal resources -gestures, body movements and dramatizations- to amplify the vocabulary learning opportunities during the reading of short stories.

In this article, we report one of the few examples of nanoparticles capable of simultaneously delivering CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing machinery and releasing drugs for one-shot treatments. Considering the complexity of inflammation in diseases, the synergistic effect of nanoparticles for gene-editing/drug therapy is evaluated in an in vitro inflammatory model as proof of concept. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), able to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery to edit gasdermin D (GSDMD), a key protein involved in inflammatory cell death, and the anti-inflammatory drug VX-765 (GSDMD45CRISPR-VX-MSNs), were prepared. Nanoparticles allow high cargo loading and CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid protection and, thus, achieve the controlled codelivery of CRISPR-Cas9 and the drug in cells. Nanoparticles exhibit GSDMD gene editing by downregulating inflammatory cell death and achieving a combined effect on decreasing the inflammatory response by the codelivery of VX-765. Taken together, our results show the potential of MSNs as a versatile platform by allowing multiple combinations for gene editing and drug therapy to prepare advanced nanodevices to meet possible biomedical needs.

Diversos estudios han atendido de modo incipiente al hecho de que ciertas características del habla de las maestras en el nivel inicial pueden tener un impacto en el desarrollo del lenguaje infantil (Dickinson & Porche, 2011; Girolametto et al., 2000). Estos trabajos así como otros que atienden a la relación adulto - niño en el entorno familiar (Hart & Risley, 1995; Hoff, 2003; Schneideman & Goldin Meadow, 2012; Vogt & Mastin, 2015) han puesto de manifiesto la importancia de estudiar las propiedades lingüísticas del habla en el aula durante los primeros años de escolarización. Este estudio atiende al análisis del vocabulario y de la función pragmática en las emisiones dirigidas a los niños en situaciones de juego libre y merienda en la sala de un año. El corpus está compuesto por transcripciones de 60 minutos de video-filmación (30 minutos por tipo de actividad) en una sala de jardín maternal ubicado en una zona vulnerable de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires al que asisten niños que viven en una población urbano marginada. Se analizó la cantidad y la diversidad del vocabulario y la función pragmática de las emisiones docentes a partir de un sistema de categorías adaptado del propuesto por Bloom (1970, citado en Snow et al. 1976). Tras un análisis cuantitativo que mostró una amplia presencia de directivas, se efectuó con posterioridad otro análisis para explorar los distintos matices dentro de este tipo de función pragmática utilizando la categoría propuesta por Dalton Puffer & Nikula (2006). Finalmente, se condujo un análisis cualitativo que combinó el uso heurístico de estas categorías y otras construidas inductivamente.

On a continental scale, Neotropical dry forests exhibit high plant beta diversity, forming twelve unique floristic provinces. Conserving this diversity requires plans to protect areas in each province, based on an understanding of their particular ecological conditions. In Colombia dry forest occurs in seven regions. We explored some challenges for conserving beta diversity at the country scale by downscaling the analysis and framing it in the context of the general knowledge status of the country’s dry forests, and particularly of seed dispersal. Our literature review revealed 178 studies, with an increase in publication rate in recent years. The Cauca Valley and the Caribbean region had the most publications. More than half of studies were species inventories of plants, birds, and bats, whereas only ten studies dealt with plant-animal interactions and five with secondary succession. Analyses on plants, birds, and bats revealed high levels of dissimilarity among regions. One-half of plant species in Colombia´s dry forests are dispersed by birds and mammals. Large-sized frugivorous birds and mammals are absent from remaining forest patches, which may negatively affect patterns of seed dispersal and secondary succession. Understanding the ecological and biogeographic factors at several scales, supported by local knowledge of the ecological processes that contribute to forest integrity, is key for the conservation of the unique and distinctive species composition of regional assemblages. A coordinated research effort that integrates knowledge of ecological processes at local to national scales is a priority.

Objetivo: Esta revisión busca proporcionar información actual de los avances de los últimos diez años reportados para mejorar el diagnóstico de enfermedad renal con marcadores como la cistatina C, en comparación con otros analitos convencionales utilizados en la práctica clínica.Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de artículos originales y de revisión en idioma inglés y español de los últimos diez años en las siguientes bases de datos: MedLine, Library Plus, ProQuest, NCBI y ScienceDirect.Resultados: Para la evaluación de la función renal se usan marcadores convencionales como la creatinina y el nitrógeno ureico en sangre. Sin embargo, estas pruebas están sometidas a diferentes fuentes de variabilidad biológica, razón por la cual se ve la necesidad de identificar otros marcadores que permitan detectar de forma precoz la lesión renal, y que no se vean influenciados por factores dependientes del paciente como la cistatina C, una proteína de bajo peso molecular propuesta como un marcador de función renal más exacto, específico y sensible que la creatinina en la estimación de la tasa de filtración glomerular.Conclusión: Se considera que la cistatina C cumple con características que la hacen un biomarcador más útil en la determinación de lesión renal, ya que muestra mayor utilidad diagnóstica que la creatinina sérica para detectar daño renal temprano, sin embargo, no se utiliza como prueba rutinaria en el diagnóstico de patologías renales por su alto costo al momento de realizar un montaje en el laboratorio clínico.

Paraguay is a non-traditional wheat-producing country in one of the warmest regions in South America. Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a critical disease affecting this crop, caused by the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC). A variety of these species produce trichothecenes, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated forms (3-ADON and 15-ADON) or nivalenol (NIV). This study characterized the phylogenetic relationships, and chemotype diversity of 28 strains within FGSC collected from wheat fields across different country regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of elongation factor-1α gene (EF-1α) from 28 strains revealed the presence of four species in the FGSC: F. graminearum sensu stricto, F. asiaticum, F. meridionale and F. cortaderiae. Ten strains selected for further analysis revealed that all F. graminearum strains were 15-ADON chemotype, while the two strains of F. meridionale and one strain of F. asiaticum were NIV chemotype. Thus, the 15-ADON chemotype of F. graminearum sensu stricto was predominant within the Fusarium strains isolated in the country. This work is the first report of phylogenetic relationships and chemotype diversity among Fusarium strains which will help understand the population diversity of this pathogen in Paraguay.

Unveiling the protective immune response to visceral leishmaniasis is critical for a rational design of vaccines aimed at reducing the impact caused by this fatal, if left untreated, vector-borne disease. In this study we sought to determine the role of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) in the evolution of infection with Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin and Latin America. For that, Batf3-deficient mice in C57BL/6 background were infected with an L. infantum strain expressing the luciferase gene. Bioluminescent imaging, as well as in vitro parasite titration, demonstrated that Batf3-deficient mice were unable to control hepatic parasitosis as opposed to wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The impaired microbicide capacities of L. infantum-infected macrophages from Batf3-deficient mice mainly correlated with a reduction of parasite-specific IFN-γ production. Our results reinforce the implication of Batf3 in the generation of type 1 immunity against infectious diseases.

Serodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs relies on the detection of antibodies against leishmanial crude extracts or parasitic defined antigens. The expansion of canine leishmaniasis from geographical areas of Brazil in which the infection is endemic to regions in which the disease is emerging is occurring. This fact makes necessary the analysis of the serodiagnostic capabilities of different leishmanial preparations in distinct geographical locations. In this article sera from dogs infected with Leishmania and showing the clinical form of the disease, were collected in three distinct Brazilian States and were tested against soluble leishmanial antigens or seven parasite individual antigens produced as recombinant proteins. We show that the recognition of soluble leishmanial antigens by sera from these animals was influenced by the geographical location of the infected dogs. Efficacy of the diagnosis based on this crude parasite preparation was higher in newly endemic regions when compared with areas of high disease endemicity. We also show that the use of three of the recombinant proteins, namely parasite surface kinetoplastid membrane protein of 11 kDa (KMP-11), and two members of the P protein family (P2a and P0), can improve the degree of sensitivity without adversely affecting the specificity of the diagnostic assays for canine leishmaniasis, independently of the geographical area of residence. In addition, sera from dogs clinically healthy but infected were also assayed with some of the antigen preparations. We demonstrate that the use of these proteins can help to the serodiagnosis of Leishmania infected animals with subclinical infections. Finally, we propose a diagnostic protocol using a combination of KMP-11, P2a y P0, together with total leishmanial extracts. Keywords: Leishmania, Canine leishmaniasis, Serodiagnosis, Antibodies, Recombinant proteins

La Economía de la Salud se inició con Mushkin (1958) y Arrow (1963) y ha tenido un crecimiento espectacular su producción intelectual. En Colombia, la reforma a la salud de 1993 implicó una mayor demanda por el análisis económico en salud, reflejado en un auge de publicaciones entre 1995 y 2005. Este artículo analiza la evolución del área, principalmente mediante un inventario de publicaciones hasta 2015 y el recuento de momentos clave de la comunidad académica y su incidencia en políticas públicas. Se tiene en cuenta, además, una consulta entre expertos acerca del reconocimiento y las perspectivas del área.

El objetivo del presente estudio es formalizar de manera breve los elementos clave en la formulación y evaluación de proyectos. Se resaltan los componentes que involucran los pasos principales para desarrollar el plan de manera exitosa. La investigación es de corte documental y se abordan algunos ejemplos de agro emprendedores que realizaron estudios para los aspectos de mercado, técnicos o económicos. Con base en ello se destaca la importancia de considerar la mayoría de los factores presentes para lograr llevar a buen puerto los proyectos.

The genus Amaranthus comprises about 70 species, of which 40 are native to the American continent and the rest of Australia, Africa, Asia and Europe. A. caudatus L., A. hypochondriacus L. and A. cruentus L. are the species that in recent years have created a strong interest as agricultural crops in many regions of the world due to the high nutritional value of their seeds and leaves. Amaranth, considered one of the most nutritious pseudocereals, mainly used for human consumption in several ways; highlighting among them the production of solid sweets with their seeds or drinks based on flour, as vegetables, as fodder for livestock and for obtaining oils and cosmetic products. In spite of being considered by FAO as the crop with the greatest potential for technical development for the regions and communities of America due to the nutritional characteristics of the whole plant as well as the attribute of its excellent capacity to resist soils and dry climates, It presents a very slow production curve, mainly at low yields, hence, the objective of this review is to perform an analysis of the multiple forms, in addition to consumption, in which amaranth can be used, and with this, in some way, motivate farmers to continue cultivating it.

En el presente estudio se analizan situaciones de alfabetización entre díadas de niños de 12 años, que asistían a la escuela primaria y niños de 5 años de jardín de infantes generadas en el marco del programa de niños tutores en alfabetización “De niño a niño” (Rosemberg y Alam, 2009) orientado a promover el aprendizaje de la lectura y la escritura de niños, quienes viven en poblaciones urbano marginadas de Argentina. El análisis se focaliza en las secuencias de intercambio en las que los niños mayores (tutores) explican palabras poco familiares a los niños pequeños (aprendices) durante distintos tipos de actividades: lectura de cuentos y actividades focalizadas en el sistema de escritura y el vocabulario. Durante el año escolar, se llevaron a cabo 7 sesiones y las sesiones de 8 díadas fueron filmadas y transcriptas. Se identificaron 89 secuencias donde el tutor explicaba una palabra al aprendiz. Para el análisis, se elaboró una categorización que da cuenta de la estructura conversacional delas secuencias de explicación -modalidad monologal o dialogal- y del tipo de información empleada-estrategias que recurren a aspectos semánticos y de contextualización. A fin de comparar cómo se despliegan estas secuencias en cada tipo de actividad, se emplearon pruebas estadísticas no paramétricas. Los resultados mostraron una preeminencia de la modalidad monologal y un mayor empleo de estrategias que recurren a aspectos semánticos en las situaciones de lectura. En las otras actividades de alfabetización, prevaleció la modalidad dialogal y el empleo de estrategias de contextualización.

Glycolipids have become an ecofriendly alternative to chemically obtained surfactants, mainly for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. However, the sustainable production of these compounds is still challenging, because: (i) water is a recognized inhibitor, (ii) multiphases make the use of cosolvent reaction medium necessary, and (iii) there are difficulties in finding a source for both starting materials. This study used sugars and lipids from peach palm fruit shells or model compounds as substrates to synthesize glycolipids on five different renewable deep eutectic solvents (Re-DES) alone or with a cosolvent system. Substrate conversions up to 24.84% (so far, the highest reported for this reaction on DES), showing (1) the non-precipitation of glucose in the solvent, (2) emulsification and (3) low viscosity (e.g., more favorable mass transfer) as the main limiting factors for these heterogeneous enzymatic processes. The resulting conversion was reached using a cosolvent system Re-DES:DMSO:t-butanol that was robust enough to allow conversions in the range 19–25%, using either model compounds or sugar and fatty acid extracts, with free or immobilized enzymes. Finally, the characterization of the in-house synthesized glycolipids by surface tension demonstrated their potential as biosurfactants, for instance, as an alternative to alcohol ethoxylates, industrially produced using less sustainable methods.

Fundamentos: En algunas comunidades autónomas (CCAA) existen diver - sas iniciativas para conocer la comunicación de las sospechas de enfermedades profesionales (EP) a las autoridades sanitarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue des - cribir el grado de desarrollo y características de los sistemas puestos en marcha desde las administraciones sanitarias a nivel autonómico. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para conocer los sis - temas de información y vigilancia de las enfermedades laborales, marco legal, institución responsable y disponibilidad de la información. Se celebró una reu - nión y se diseñó una encuesta que se remitió a todas las CCAA y ciudades autó - nomas. Se recogió información sobre si existían o no normas reguladoras, asig - nación de recursos humanos, los profesionales responsables de la notificación, la cobertura y el número de sospechas de EP recibidas, tramitadas y reconocidas. Resultados : Respondieron 17 CCAA y 1 ciudad autónoma. Tenían desarro - llados sistemas de comunicación de sospecha de EP 10 de ellas, de los cuales 3 se apoyaban en una norma legal autonómica específica. Los profesionales respon - sables de la notificación fueron médicos/as de los servicios públicos de salud, de los servicios de prevención y 2 de las inspecciones sanitarias. 7 CCAA disponían de aplicación informática para dar soporte al sistema. La tasa de reconocimiento de EP de las sospechas tramitadas fue del 53% en el País Vasco, del 41% en Castilla-La Mancha, del 36% en Murcia, del 32,6% en la Comunidad Valenciana y 31 % en La Rioja. Conclusiones: El estudio pone de manifiesto un desarrollo desigual de los sistemas de declaración de sospecha de EP en España. Aunque la tendencia es po - sitiva, so lo la mitad de las CCAA tienen algún sistema de comunicación aunque no todos disponen de una aplicación informática para gestionarlo, obteniéndose tasas de reconocimiento de EP desiguales entre las comunidades autónomas.

El coriocarcinoma es una variante muy vascularizada, invasiva y poco común de la enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional. Es potencialmente fatal sin tratamiento adecuado y se caracteriza por la proliferación maligna de tejido trofoblástico con una alta tasa de metástasis. Se presenta el caso de una paciente joven con hemorragia intracerebral como primera manifestación de un coriocarcinoma metástasico. Se describen las características clínicas e imagenológicas y se hace una revisión de la literatura actual, con énfasis en los detalles más relevantes respecto al diagnóstico diferencial de la hemorragia intracerebral de presentación atípica y el tratamiento más apropiado.

En la actualidad es cada vez más necesario ubicar a la salud como un derecho humano ligado al desarrollo, esto requiere de la atención de múltiples factores, por lo cual ha dejado de ser una entidad exclusiva de la medicina. Para construir salud deben atenderse los factores que se relacionan con el origen de la enfermedad y los que afectan el bienestar de la población. Su estudio debe analizarse desde una perspectiva que incluya el panorama de los nuevos escenarios de riesgos (sitios contaminados y ocupaciones precarias) en un contexto de vulnerabilidad (pobreza, marginación, violencia, seguridad social, entre otros) para la salud humana y el ambiente. En consecuencia, se requiere proponer un nuevo profesional de salud que analice desde una visión transdisciplinaria los nuevos escenarios de riesgo, que atienda todas las amenazas, sociales, químicas, físicas, biológicas y ecológicas; y además, pueda plantear esquemas de innovación social para prevenir y atender el deterioro del bienestar y la construcción de la salud. Por ello, hemos generado un programa de ciencias ambientales y salud donde el objetivo es desarrollar un profesional con una nueva perspectiva que posicione a la salud como un fuerte elemento transformador para el cambio, un motor del desarrollo social, un eje de cohesión social y no solamente como la ausencia de afecciones o enfermedades.