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4. Light-dependent grazing can drive formation and deepening of deep chlorophyll maxima.

Author

Moeller, Holly V, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Sweeney, Edward M, and Johnson, Matthew D

Subjects
Animals, Zooplankton, Phytoplankton, Chlorophyll, Biomass, Models, Theoretical, Models, Theoretical
Abstract

Deep Chlorophyll Maxima (DCMs) are subsurface peaks in chlorophyll-a concentration that may coincide with peaks in phytoplankton abundance and primary productivity. Work on the mechanisms underlying DCM formation has historically focused on phytoplankton physiology (e.g., photoacclimation) and behavior (e.g., taxis). While these mechanisms can drive DCM formation, they do not account for top-down controls such as predation by grazers. Here, we propose a new mechanism for DCM formation: Light-dependent grazing by microzooplankton reduces phytoplankton biomass near the surface but allows accumulation at depth. Using mathematical models informed by grazing studies, we demonstrate that light-dependent grazing is sufficient to drive DCM formation. Further, when acting in concert with other mechanisms, light-dependent grazing deepens the DCM, improving the fit of a global model with observational data. Our findings thus reveal another mechanism by which microzooplankton may regulate primary production, and impact our understanding of biogeochemical cycling at and above the DCM.

Published
2019

11. Focus on plastics from land to aquatic ecosystems

Author

van Emmerik, Tim H.M., González-Fernández, Daniel, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Blettler, Martin, Lusher, Amy, Hurley, Rachel, Ryan, Peter G., van Emmerik, Tim H.M., González-Fernández, Daniel, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Blettler, Martin, Lusher, Amy, Hurley, Rachel, and Ryan, Peter G.

Abstract

Plastic pollution in oceans and rivers is of growing concern. Aquatic ecosystems play an important role in transport and storage of plastic waste from land-based storage to riverine and marine environments. This focus issue brings together new insights on the sources, transport dynamics, fate, and impact of plastic pollution through aquatic environments. The work collected in this focus issue shows that urban areas, transportation infrastructure, and wastewater treatment plants are consistently identified as sources for micro-, meso-, and macroplastics. Transport dynamics of plastics over land and through rivers were found to be driven by human factors, flood and storm events, and hydrodynamics, and combinations thereof. Most plastics were found not to make it to the open sea, but rather beach, float in coastal waters, or accumulate on land and within river systems. When exposed to the environment, both conventional and biodegradable plastics degrade into smaller pieces. Yet, the degradation and fragmentation of plastics in the environment remain unresolved. Future work should focus on transferability of new river and region specific insights, collection and exploration of large-scale and novel datasets, source and entry point identification, and understanding fundamental transport mechanisms. This focus issue provides new insights on sources, transport, fate, and impact of plastics, but also emphasizes that need for further work on plastics in aquatic ecosystems.

Published
2023

16. Projected 21st-century changes in marine heterotrophic bacteria under climate change

Author

Kim, Heather H, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Lovato, Tomas, Doney, Scott C, and Ducklow, Hugh W

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), 530 Physics, 530 Physik, Microbiology
Abstract

Marine heterotrophic Bacteria (or referred to as bacteria) play an important role in the ocean carbon cycle by utilizing, respiring, and remineralizing organic matter exported from the surface to deep ocean. Here, we investigate the responses of bacteria to climate change using a three-dimensional coupled ocean biogeochemical model with explicit bacterial dynamics as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. First, we assess the credibility of the century-scale projections (2015–2099) of bacterial carbon stock and rates in the upper 100 m layer using skill scores and compilations of the measurements for the contemporary period (1988–2011). Second, we demonstrate that across different climate scenarios, the simulated bacterial biomass trends (2076–2099) are sensitive to the regional trends in temperature and organic carbon stocks. Bacterial carbon biomass declines by 5–10% globally, while it increases by 3–5% in the Southern Ocean where semi-labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) stocks are relatively low and particle-attached bacteria dominate. While a full analysis of drivers underpinning the simulated changes in all bacterial stock and rates is not possible due to data constraints, we investigate the mechanisms of the changes in DOC uptake rates of free-living bacteria using the first-order Taylor decomposition. The results demonstrate that the increase in semi-labile DOC stocks drives the increase in DOC uptake rates in the Southern Ocean, while the increase in temperature drives the increase in DOC uptake rates in the northern high and low latitudes. Our study provides a systematic analysis of bacteria at global scale and a critical step toward a better understanding of how bacteria affect the functioning of the biological carbon pump and partitioning of organic carbon pools between surface and deep layers.

Published
2023
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17. Tracing Evolving Clusters by Subspace and Value Similarity

Author

Günnemann, Stephan, Kremer, Hardy, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Seidl, Thomas, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Huang, Joshua Zhexue, editor, Cao, Longbing, editor, and Srivastava, Jaideep, editor

Published
2011
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22. Modelling submerged biofouled microplastics and their vertical trajectories

Author

Fischer, Reint, Lobelle, Delphine, Kooi, Merel, Koelmans, Albert, Onink, Victor, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Amaral-Zettler, Linda, Yool, Andrew, Sebille, Erik van, Sub Physical Oceanography, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Physical Oceanography, and Marine and Atmospheric Research

Subjects
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

The fate of (micro)plastic particles in the open ocean is controlled by biological and physical processes. Here, we model the effects of biofouling on the subsurface vertical distribution of spherical, virtual plastic particles with radii of 0.01–1 mm. The biological specifications include the attachment, growth and loss of algae on particles. The physical specifications include four vertical velocity terms: advection, wind-driven mixing, tidally induced mixing and the sinking velocity of the biofouled particle. We track 10 000 particles for 1 year in three different regions with distinct biological and physical properties: the low-productivity region of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, the high-productivity region of the equatorial Pacific and the high mixing region of the Southern Ocean. The growth of biofilm mass in the euphotic zone and loss of mass below the euphotic zone result in the oscillatory behaviour of particles, where the larger (0.1–1.0 mm) particles have much shorter average oscillation lengths (5000 m). Our results show that the vertical movement of particles is mainly affected by physical (wind-induced mixing) processes within the mixed-layer and biological (biofilm) dynamics below the mixed layer. Furthermore, positively buoyant particles with radii of 0.01–1.0 mm can sink far below the euphotic zone and mixed layer in regions with high near-surface mixing or high biological activity. This work can easily be coupled to other models to simulate open-ocean biofouling dynamics, in order to reach a better understanding of where ocean (micro)plastic ends up.

Published
2022

23. Empirical Lagrangian parametrization for wind-driven mixing of buoyant particles at the ocean surface

Author

Onink, Victor, Van Sebille, Erik, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Onink, Victor, Van Sebille, Erik, and Laufkötter, Charlotte

Abstract

Turbulent mixing is a vital component of vertical particulate transport, but ocean global circulation models (OGCMs) generally have low-resolution representations of near-surface mixing. Furthermore, turbulence data are often not provided in OGCM model output. We present 1D parametrizations of wind-driven turbulent mixing in the ocean surface mixed layer that are designed to be easily included in 3D Lagrangian model experiments. Stochastic transport is computed by Markov-0 or Markov-1 models, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of two vertical profiles for the vertical diffusion coefficient Kz. All vertical diffusion profiles and stochastic transport models lead to stable concentration profiles for buoyant particles, which for particles with rise velocities of 0.03 and 0.003gmgs-1 agree relatively well with concentration profiles from field measurements of microplastics when Langmuir-circulation-driven turbulence is accounted for. Markov-0 models provide good model performance for integration time steps of "t≈30gs and can be readily applied when studying the behavior of buoyant particulates in the ocean. Markov-1 models do not consistently improve model performance relative to Markov-0 models and require an additional parameter that is poorly constrained.

Published
2022

24. Influence of Particle Size and Fragmentation on Large-Scale Microplastic Transport in the Mediterranean Sea

Author

Onink, Victor, Kaandorp, Mikael L A, van Sebille, Erik, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Onink, Victor, Kaandorp, Mikael L A, van Sebille, Erik, and Laufkötter, Charlotte

Abstract

Microplastic particles move three-dimensionally through the ocean, but modeling studies often do not consider size-dependent vertical transport processes. In addition, microplastic fragmentation in ocean environments remains poorly understood, despite fragments making up the majority of microplastic pollution in terms of the number of particles and despite its potential role in mass removal. Here, we first investigate the role of particle size and density on the large-scale transport of microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea and next analyze how fragmentation may affect transport and mass loss of plastics. For progressively smaller particle sizes, microplastics are shown to be less likely to be beached and more likely to reach open water. Smaller particles also generally get mixed deeper, resulting in lower near-surface concentrations of small particles despite their higher total abundance. Microplastic fragmentation is shown to be dominated by beach-based fragmentation, with ocean-based fragmentation processes likely having negligible influence. However, fragmentation remains a slow process acting on decadal time scales and as such likely does not have a major influence on the large-scale distribution of microplastics and mass loss over periods less than 3 years.

Published
2022

25. Modelling submerged biofouled microplastics and their vertical trajectories

Author

Sub Physical Oceanography, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Fischer, Reint, Lobelle, Delphine, Kooi, Merel, Koelmans, Albert, Onink, Victor, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Amaral-Zettler, Linda, Yool, Andrew, Sebille, Erik van, Sub Physical Oceanography, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Fischer, Reint, Lobelle, Delphine, Kooi, Merel, Koelmans, Albert, Onink, Victor, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Amaral-Zettler, Linda, Yool, Andrew, and Sebille, Erik van

Published
2022

36. Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks

Author

Costa, Marcos H., Cotrim da Cunha, Leticia, Cox, Peter M., Eliseev, Alexey V., Hensen, Stephanie, Ishii, Masao, Jaccard, Samuel, Koven, Charles, Lohila, Annalea, Patra, Prabir K., Piao, Shilong, Rogelj, Joeri, Syampungani, Stephen, Zaehle, Sönke, Zickfeld, Kirsten, Alexandrov, Georgii, Bala, Govindasamy, Bopp, Laurent, Boysen, Lena, Cao, Long, Chandra, Naveen, Ciais, Philippe, Denisov, Sergey N., Dentener, Frank J., Douville, Herve, Fay, Amanda, Forster, Piers, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Fu, Weiwei, Fuss, Sabine, Garcon, Veronique, Gier, Bettina, Gillett, Nathan P., Gregor, Luke, Haustein, Karsten, Haverd, Vanessa, He, Jian, Hewitt, Helene T., Hoffman, Forrest M., Ilyina, Tatiana, Jackson, Robert, Jones, Christopher, Keller, David P., Kwiatkowski, Lester, Lamboll, Robin D., Lan, Xin, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Le Quere, Corinne, Lenton, Andrew, Lewis, Jared, Liddicoat, Spencer, Lorenzoni, Laura, Lovenduski, Nicole, MacDougall, Andrew H., Mathesius, Sabine, Matthews, Damon H., Meinshausen, Malte, Mokhov, Igor I., Naik, Vaishali, Nicholls, Zebedee R. J., Nurhati, Intan Suci, O'Sullivan, Michael, Peters, Glen, Pongratz, Julia, Poulter, Benjamin, Sallee, Jean-Baptiste, Saunois, Marielle, Schuur, Edward A. G., Seneviratne, Sonia I., Stavert, Ann, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Tachiiri, Kaoru, Terhaar, Jens, Thompson, Rona, Tian, Hanqin, Turnbull, Jocelyn, Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., Wang, Xuhui, Wanninkhof, Rik, Williamson, Phil, Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Conners, S. L., Pean, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekci, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B.

Published
2021

37. Compound high-temperature and low-chlorophyll extremes in the ocean over the satellite period

Author

Le Grix, Natacha, Zscheischler, Jakob, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Rousseaux, Cecile S., and Frölicher, Thomas L.

Subjects
530 Physics
Abstract

Extreme events in the ocean severely impact marine organisms and ecosystems. Of particular concern are compound events, i.e., when conditions are extreme for multiple potential ocean ecosystem stressors such as temperature and chlorophyll. Yet, little is known about the occurrence, intensity, and duration of such compound high-temperature (a.k.a. marine heatwaves – MHWs) and low-chlorophyll (LChl) extreme events, whether their distributions have changed in the past decades, and what the potential drivers are. Here we use satellite-based sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration estimates to provide a first assessment of such compound extreme events. We reveal hotspots of compound MHW and LChl events in the equatorial Pacific, along the boundaries of the subtropical gyres, in the northern Indian Ocean, and around Antarctica. In these regions, compound events that typically last 1 week occur 3 to 7 times more often than expected under the assumption of independence between MHWs and LChl events. The occurrence of compound MHW and LChl events varies on seasonal to interannual timescales. At the seasonal timescale, most compound events occur in summer in both hemispheres. At the interannual timescale, the frequency of compound MHW and LChl events is strongly modulated by large-scale modes of natural climate variability such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, whose positive phase is associated with increased compound event occurrence in the eastern equatorial Pacific and in the Indian Ocean by a factor of up to 4. Our results provide a first understanding of where, when, and why compound MHW and LChl events occur. Further studies are needed to identify the exact physical and biological drivers of these potentially harmful events in the ocean and their evolution under global warming.

Published
2021
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38. Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks

Author

Canadell, Josep G., Monteiro, Pedro M.S., Costa, Marcos H., Cunha, Leticia Cotrim Da, Cox, Peter M., Eliseev, Alexey V., Henson, Stephanie, Ishii, Masao, Jaccard, Samuel, Koven, Charles, Lohila, Annalea, Patra, Prabir K., Piao, Shilong, Syampungani, Stephen, Zaehle, Sönke, Zickfeld, Kirsten, Alexandrov, Georgii A., Bala, Govindasamy, Bopp, Laurent, Boysen, Lena, Cao, Long, Chandra, Naveen, Ciais, Philippe, Denisov, Sergey N., Dentener, Frank J., Douville, Hervé, Fay, Amanda, Forster, Piers, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Fu, Weiwei, Fuss, Sabine, Garçon, Véronique, Gier, Bettina, Gillett, Nathan P., Gregor, Luke, Haustein, Karsten, Haverd, Vanessa, He, Jian, Hewitt, Helene T., Hoffman, Forrest M., Ilyina, Tatiana, Jackson, Robert, Jones, Christopher, Keller, David P., Kwiatkowski, Lester, Lamboll, Robin D., Lan, Xin, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Quéré, Corinne Le, Lenton, Andrew, Lewis, Jared, Liddicoat, Spencer, Lorenzoni, Laura, Lovenduski, Nicole, Macdougall, Andrew H., Mathesius, Sabine, Matthews, Damon H., Meinshausen, Malte, Mokhov, Igor I., Naik, Vaishali, Nicholls, Zebedee R. J., Nurhati, Intan Suci, O’sullivan, Michael, Peters, Glen, Pongratz, Julia, Poulter, Benjamin, Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, Saunois, Marielle, Schuur, Edward A.G., I.Seneviratne, Sonia, Stavert, Ann, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Tachiiri, Kaoru, Terhaar, Jens, Thompson, Rona, Tian, Hanqin, Turnbull, Jocelyn, Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., Wang, Xuhui, Wanninkhof, Rik H., Williamson, Phil, Brovkin, Victor, Feely, Richard A., Lebehot, Alice D., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Aptel, Florence, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

39. Empirical Lagrangian parametrization for wind-driven mixing of buoyant particles at the ocean surface

Author

Onink, Victor, Sebille, Erik van, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Onink, Victor, Sebille, Erik van, and Laufkötter, Charlotte

Abstract

Turbulent mixing is a vital component of vertical particulate transport, but ocean global circulation models (OGCMs) generally have low resolution representations of near-surface mixing. Furthermore, turbulence data is often not provided in reanalysis products. We present 1D parametrizations of wind-driven turbulent mixing in the ocean surface mixed layer, which are 5 designed to be easily included in 3D Lagrangian model experiments. Stochastic transport is computed by Markov-0 or Markov1 models, and we discuss the advantages/disadvantages of two vertical profiles for the vertical diffusion coefficient Kz. All vertical diffusion profiles and stochastic transport models lead to stable concentration profiles for buoyant particles, which for particles with rise velocities of 0.03 and 0.003 m s−1 agree relatively well with concentration profiles from field measurements of microplastics. Markov-0 models provide good model performance for integration timesteps of ∆t ≈ 30 seconds, and can be 10 readily applied in studying the behaviour of buoyant particulates in the ocean. Markov-1 models do not consistently improve model performance relative to Markov-0 models, and require an additional parameter that is poorly constrained.

Published
2021

40. Global simulations of marine plastic transport show plastic trapping in coastal zones

Author

Onink, Victor, Jongedijk, Cleo E, Hoffman, Matthew J, Sebille, Erik van, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Onink, Victor, Jongedijk, Cleo E, Hoffman, Matthew J, Sebille, Erik van, and Laufkötter, Charlotte

Abstract

Global coastlines potentially contain significant amounts of plastic debris, with harmful implications for marine and coastal ecosystems, fisheries and tourism. However, the global amount, distribution and origin of plastic debris on beaches and in coastal waters is currently unknown. Here we analyze beaching and resuspension scenarios using a Lagrangian particle transport model. Throughout the first 5 years after entering the ocean, the model indicates that at least 77% of positively buoyant marine plastic debris (PBMPD) released from land-based sources is either beached or floating in coastal waters, assuming no further plastic removal from beaches or the ocean surface. The highest concentrations of beached PBMPD are found in Southeast Asia, caused by high plastic inputs from land and limited offshore transport, although the absolute concentrations are generally overestimates compared to field measurements. The modeled distribution on a global scale is only weakly influenced by local variations in resuspension rates due to coastal geomorphology. Furthermore, there are striking differences regarding the origin of the beached plastic debris. In some exclusive economic zones (EEZ), such as the Indonesian Archipelago, plastic originates almost entirely from within the EEZ while in other EEZs, particularly remote islands, almost all beached plastic debris arrives from remote sources. Our results highlight coastlines and coastal waters as important reservoirs of marine plastic debris and limited transport of PBMPD between the coastal zone and the open ocean.

Published
2021

41. Global simulations of marine plastic transport show plastic trapping in coastal zones

Author

Sub Physical Oceanography, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Onink, Victor, Jongedijk, Cleo E, Hoffman, Matthew J, Sebille, Erik van, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Sub Physical Oceanography, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Onink, Victor, Jongedijk, Cleo E, Hoffman, Matthew J, Sebille, Erik van, and Laufkötter, Charlotte

Published
2021

43. Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks

Author

Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Conners, S. L., Pean, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekci, O., Yu, R., Zhou, B., Costa, Marcos H., Cotrim da Cunha, Leticia, Cox, Peter M., Eliseev, Alexey V., Hensen, Stephanie, Ishii, Masao, Jaccard, Samuel, Koven, Charles, Lohila, Annalea, Patra, Prabir K., Piao, Shilong, Rogelj, Joeri, Syampungani, Stephen, Zaehle, Sönke, Zickfeld, Kirsten, Alexandrov, Georgii, Bala, Govindasamy, Bopp, Laurent, Boysen, Lena, Cao, Long, Chandra, Naveen, Ciais, Philippe, Denisov, Sergey N., Dentener, Frank J., Douville, Herve, Fay, Amanda, Forster, Piers, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Fu, Weiwei, Fuss, Sabine, Garcon, Veronique, Gier, Bettina, Gillett, Nathan P., Gregor, Luke, Haustein, Karsten, Haverd, Vanessa, He, Jian, Hewitt, Helene T., Hoffman, Forrest M., Ilyina, Tatiana, Jackson, Robert, Jones, Christopher, Keller, David P., Kwiatkowski, Lester, Lamboll, Robin D., Lan, Xin, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Le Quere, Corinne, Lenton, Andrew, Lewis, Jared, Liddicoat, Spencer, Lorenzoni, Laura, Lovenduski, Nicole, MacDougall, Andrew H., Mathesius, Sabine, Matthews, Damon H., Meinshausen, Malte, Mokhov, Igor I., Naik, Vaishali, Nicholls, Zebedee R. J., Nurhati, Intan Suci, O'Sullivan, Michael, Peters, Glen, Pongratz, Julia, Poulter, Benjamin, Sallee, Jean-Baptiste, Saunois, Marielle, Schuur, Edward A. G., Seneviratne, Sonia I., Stavert, Ann, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Tachiiri, Kaoru, Terhaar, Jens, Thompson, Rona, Tian, Hanqin, Turnbull, Jocelyn, Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., Wang, Xuhui, Wanninkhof, Rik, Williamson, Phil, Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Conners, S. L., Pean, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekci, O., Yu, R., Zhou, B., Costa, Marcos H., Cotrim da Cunha, Leticia, Cox, Peter M., Eliseev, Alexey V., Hensen, Stephanie, Ishii, Masao, Jaccard, Samuel, Koven, Charles, Lohila, Annalea, Patra, Prabir K., Piao, Shilong, Rogelj, Joeri, Syampungani, Stephen, Zaehle, Sönke, Zickfeld, Kirsten, Alexandrov, Georgii, Bala, Govindasamy, Bopp, Laurent, Boysen, Lena, Cao, Long, Chandra, Naveen, Ciais, Philippe, Denisov, Sergey N., Dentener, Frank J., Douville, Herve, Fay, Amanda, Forster, Piers, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Fu, Weiwei, Fuss, Sabine, Garcon, Veronique, Gier, Bettina, Gillett, Nathan P., Gregor, Luke, Haustein, Karsten, Haverd, Vanessa, He, Jian, Hewitt, Helene T., Hoffman, Forrest M., Ilyina, Tatiana, Jackson, Robert, Jones, Christopher, Keller, David P., Kwiatkowski, Lester, Lamboll, Robin D., Lan, Xin, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Le Quere, Corinne, Lenton, Andrew, Lewis, Jared, Liddicoat, Spencer, Lorenzoni, Laura, Lovenduski, Nicole, MacDougall, Andrew H., Mathesius, Sabine, Matthews, Damon H., Meinshausen, Malte, Mokhov, Igor I., Naik, Vaishali, Nicholls, Zebedee R. J., Nurhati, Intan Suci, O'Sullivan, Michael, Peters, Glen, Pongratz, Julia, Poulter, Benjamin, Sallee, Jean-Baptiste, Saunois, Marielle, Schuur, Edward A. G., Seneviratne, Sonia I., Stavert, Ann, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Tachiiri, Kaoru, Terhaar, Jens, Thompson, Rona, Tian, Hanqin, Turnbull, Jocelyn, Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., Wang, Xuhui, Wanninkhof, Rik, and Williamson, Phil

Published
2021

47. High-impact marine heatwaves attributable to human-induced global warming

Author

Laufkötter, Charlotte, Zscheischler, Jakob, and Frölicher, Thomas

Subjects
530 Physik
Abstract

Marine heatwaves (MHWs)—periods of extremely high ocean temperatures in specific regions—have occurred in all of Earth’s ocean basins over the past two decades, with severe negative impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems. However, for most individual MHWs, it is unclear to what extent they have been altered by human-induced climate change. We show that the occurrence probabilities of the duration, intensity, and cumulative intensity of most documented, large, and impactful MHWs have increased more than 20-fold as a result of anthropogenic climate change. MHWs that occurred only once every hundreds to thousands of years in the preindustrial climate are projected to become decadal to centennial events under 1.5°C warming conditions and annual to decadal events under 3°C warming conditions. Thus, ambitious climate targets are indispensable to reduce the risks of substantial MHW impacts.

Published
2020
Full Text
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48. The physical oceanography of the transport of floating marine debris

Author

Van Sebille, Erik, Aliani, Stefano, Law, Kara Lavender, Maximenko, Nikolai, Alsina, José M., Bagaev, Andrei, Bergmann, Melanie, Chapron, Bertrand, Chubarenko, Irina, Cózar, Andrés, Delandmeter, Philippe, Egger, Matthias, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Garaba, Shungudzemwoyo P., Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke, Hardesty, Britta Denise, Hoffman, Matthew J., Isobe, Atsuhiko, Jongedijk, Cleo E., Kaandorp, Mikael L.A., Khatmullina, Liliya, Koelmans, Albert A., Kukulka, Tobias, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Lebreton, Laurent, Lobelle, Delphine, Maes, Christophe, Martinez-Vicente, Victor, Morales Maqueda, Miguel Angel, Poulain-Zarcos, Marie, Rodríguez, Ernesto, Ryan, Peter G., Shanks, Alan L., Shim, Won Joon, Suaria, Giuseppe, Thiel, Martin, Van Den Bremer, Ton S., Wichmann, David, Van Sebille, Erik, Aliani, Stefano, Law, Kara Lavender, Maximenko, Nikolai, Alsina, José M., Bagaev, Andrei, Bergmann, Melanie, Chapron, Bertrand, Chubarenko, Irina, Cózar, Andrés, Delandmeter, Philippe, Egger, Matthias, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Garaba, Shungudzemwoyo P., Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke, Hardesty, Britta Denise, Hoffman, Matthew J., Isobe, Atsuhiko, Jongedijk, Cleo E., Kaandorp, Mikael L.A., Khatmullina, Liliya, Koelmans, Albert A., Kukulka, Tobias, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Lebreton, Laurent, Lobelle, Delphine, Maes, Christophe, Martinez-Vicente, Victor, Morales Maqueda, Miguel Angel, Poulain-Zarcos, Marie, Rodríguez, Ernesto, Ryan, Peter G., Shanks, Alan L., Shim, Won Joon, Suaria, Giuseppe, Thiel, Martin, Van Den Bremer, Ton S., and Wichmann, David

Abstract

Marine plastic debris floating on the ocean surface is a major environmental problem. However, its distribution in the ocean is poorly mapped, and most of the plastic waste estimated to have entered the ocean from land is unaccounted for. Better understanding of how plastic debris is transported from coastal and marine sources is crucial to quantify and close the global inventory of marine plastics, which in turn represents critical information for mitigation or policy strategies. At the same time, plastic is a unique tracer that provides an opportunity to learn more about the physics and dynamics of our ocean across multiple scales, from the Ekman convergence in basin-scale gyres to individual waves in the surfzone. In this review, we comprehensively discuss what is known about the different processes that govern the transport of floating marine plastic debris in both the open ocean and the coastal zones, based on the published literature and referring to insights from neighbouring fields such as oil spill dispersion, marine safety recovery, plankton connectivity, and others. We discuss how measurements of marine plastics (both in situ and in the laboratory), remote sensing, and numerical simulations can elucidate these processes and their interactions across spatio-temporal scales.

Published
2020

49. The physical oceanography of the transport of floating marine debris

Author

Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Physical Oceanography, Van Sebille, Erik, Aliani, Stefano, Law, Kara Lavender, Maximenko, Nikolai, Alsina, José M., Bagaev, Andrei, Bergmann, Melanie, Chapron, Bertrand, Chubarenko, Irina, Cózar, Andrés, Delandmeter, Philippe, Egger, Matthias, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Garaba, Shungudzemwoyo P., Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke, Hardesty, Britta Denise, Hoffman, Matthew J., Isobe, Atsuhiko, Jongedijk, Cleo E., Kaandorp, Mikael L.A., Khatmullina, Liliya, Koelmans, Albert A., Kukulka, Tobias, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Lebreton, Laurent, Lobelle, Delphine, Maes, Christophe, Martinez-Vicente, Victor, Morales Maqueda, Miguel Angel, Poulain-Zarcos, Marie, Rodríguez, Ernesto, Ryan, Peter G., Shanks, Alan L., Shim, Won Joon, Suaria, Giuseppe, Thiel, Martin, Van Den Bremer, Ton S., Wichmann, David, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Physical Oceanography, Van Sebille, Erik, Aliani, Stefano, Law, Kara Lavender, Maximenko, Nikolai, Alsina, José M., Bagaev, Andrei, Bergmann, Melanie, Chapron, Bertrand, Chubarenko, Irina, Cózar, Andrés, Delandmeter, Philippe, Egger, Matthias, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Garaba, Shungudzemwoyo P., Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke, Hardesty, Britta Denise, Hoffman, Matthew J., Isobe, Atsuhiko, Jongedijk, Cleo E., Kaandorp, Mikael L.A., Khatmullina, Liliya, Koelmans, Albert A., Kukulka, Tobias, Laufkötter, Charlotte, Lebreton, Laurent, Lobelle, Delphine, Maes, Christophe, Martinez-Vicente, Victor, Morales Maqueda, Miguel Angel, Poulain-Zarcos, Marie, Rodríguez, Ernesto, Ryan, Peter G., Shanks, Alan L., Shim, Won Joon, Suaria, Giuseppe, Thiel, Martin, Van Den Bremer, Ton S., and Wichmann, David

Published
2020

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