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Psychopathy is characterized by antisocial behavior, poor behavioral control and lacking empathy, and structural alterations in the corresponding neural circuits. Molecular brain basis of psychopathy remains poorly characterized. Here we studied type 2 dopamine receptor (D2R) and mu-opioid receptor (MOR) availability in convicted violent offenders with high psychopathic traits (n = 11) and healthy matched controls (n = 17) using positron emission tomography (PET). D2R were measured with radioligand [11C]raclopride and MORs with radioligand [11C]carfentanil. Psychopathic subjects had lowered D2R availability in caudate and putamen, and striatal D2R availability was also associated with degree of psychopathic traits in this prisoner sample. No group differences were found in MOR availability, although in the prisoner sample, psychopathic traits were negatively correlated with MOR availability in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens. We conclude that D2R signaling could be the putative neuromolecular pathway for psychopathy, whereas evidence for alterations in the MOR system is more limited.

Summary: Background: Psoriasis (Pso) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that poses both physical and psychological challenges. Dysbiosis of the skin microbiome has been implicated in Pso, yet a comprehensive multi-omics analysis of host-microbe interactions is still lacking. To bridge this gap, we conducted an exploratory study by adopting the integrated approach that combines whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing with skin transcriptomics. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, adult patients with plaque-type Psoriasis (Pso) and healthy volunteers were included. Skin microbiota samples and biopsies were collected from both lesional and non-lesional skin areas on the lower back. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) was employed for co-expression network analysis, and cell deconvolution was conducted to estimate cell fractions. Taxonomic and functional features of the microbiome were identified using whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing. Association between host genes and microbes was analyzed using Spearman correlation. Findings: Host anti-viral responses and interferon-related networks were identified and correlated with the severity of psoriasis. The skin microbiome showed a greater prevalence of Corynebacterium simulans in the PASI severe-moderate groups, which correlated with interferon-induced host genes. Two distinct psoriatic clusters with varying disease severities were identified. Variations in the expression of cell apoptosis-associated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and microbial aerobic respiration I pathway may partly account for these differences in disease severity. Interpretation: Our multi-omics analysis revealed for the first time anti-viral responses and the presence of C. simulans associated with psoriasis severity. It also identified two psoriatic subtypes with distinct AMP and metabolic pathway expression. Our study provides new insights into understanding the host-microbe interaction in psoriasis and lays the groundwork for developing subtype-specific strategies for managing this chronic skin disease. Funding: The research has received funding from the FP7 (MAARS–Grant 261366) and the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 821511 (BIOMAP). The JU receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA. This publication reflects only the author's view and the JU is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. GAM was supported by a scholarship provided by CAPES-PRINT, financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES (Brazilian Government Agency). The authors thank all patients who participated in our study.

Ensimmäiset suomenkieliset väitöskirjat julkaistiin humanistisilta aloilta 1850-luvulla, lääketieteestä 1860-luvulla mutta muilta aloilta aikaisintaan 1880- ja 1890-luvuilla. Eri alojen esikoistöitä on tuotu esiin tämän katsauksen pohjana olevissa oppihistoriallisissa yleisesityksissä (kuten The History of Learning and Science in Finland 1828–1918 -sarjan niteissä) ja erillistutkimuksissa. Näissä ei kuitenkaan ole hahmoteltu, miten eri tieteenalojen välille hahmottuva kronologia heijastaa väitöskirjaa edeltävää kunkin alan julkaisutoimintaa, ennen kaikkea sitä, millaisia tieto- tai oppikirjoiksi katsottavia alan julkaisuja oli jo olemassa ja kuinka riittäviä kirjakielen sanastolliset resurssit olivat tällaisten laadintaan. Historian alan julkaisutoiminta käynnistyi muita varhemmin, koska tätä voitiin harrastaa pitkälti kielessä jo vanhastaan olleen sanaston pohjalta, kun taas luonnontieteitä varten piti ensin luoda suomenkielinen terminologia. Katsauksen lopuksi tarkastellaan vielä kokoavasti, millaiset syyt saivat katsauksessa tarkasteltujen alojen ensimmäisten suomenkielisten väitöskirjojen tekijät laatimaan opinnäytteensä suomeksi, vaikka tämä saattoi johtaa vaikeuksiin eikä läheskään aina edes onnistunut.

Temperature modifies the reproductive success of fish, yet, in many species, we lack the information on its role in the early development. In this study, the effect of temperature on the relation between maternal traits (length, age, somatic condition, and muscle lipid and ovarian thyroid hormone concentrations), egg quality (fertilization success, development rate, mortality, and hatching success), and offspring traits (size-at-hatch, yolk sac size, and proportion of malformations) were studied in Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) in the northern Baltic Sea. The experiments were conducted at an ambient temperature of 7 °C and at an elevated temperature of 14 °C using 5 to 10 females and 3 replicates per female. The results indicate that elevated temperature may result in a faster developmental rate, a lower early-stage mortality and hatching success, smaller size-at-hatch, a larger yolk sac size, and a higher amount of larval malformations when compared to an ambient temperature. The egg and offspring traits were also associated with the maternal traits, indicating especially that thyroid hormones play a mediating role in the physiological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burden of atopic dermatitis (AD) appears to be increasing in adult and elderly patients. The aim of this study was to analyse the nationwide database of the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare regarding the number of patients with AD and of general practitioner consultations in Finland during 2018. The database comprised the main diagnoses of all visits to public primary healthcare. There were 2,094,673 primary care patients (males/females 43.19/56.81%) and 20,905 patients with AD (1.00%) and 24,180 consultations due to AD (0.45%). The highest numbers of patients with AD were in the age groups 0–14 years (9,922 patients, 47.46%) and 15–65 years (9,144 patients, 43.74%). A substantial proportion of patients with AD were aged > 50 years (3,515 patients, 16.81%) or >65 years (1,947 patients, 9.31%). Regression analysis indicated a statistically significant association of age group with patient numbers (p = 0.032) and number of consultations (p = 0.030). There were no differences between direct age group comparisons (p = 0.303), sex (p = 0.389), or number of consultations/patient (p = 0.235). Patients with AD are prevalent in all age groups in Finnish primary care. Patient numbers were also relatively high in groups other than childhood, indicating that age-related distribution in primary care may be shifting to older ages.

The goal of this study was to elucidate the anatomical brain basis of social cognition through two disorders with distinctively different phenotypes of social interaction. We compared structural MR images of 20 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 19 violent offenders with high psychopathic traits, and 19 control participants using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Our earlier study showed lower grey matter volume (GMV) values in the insula, frontal cortex, and sensorimotor cortex of the offender group compared to controls. In the present study, the images of the ASD group revealed lower GMV in the left precuneus, right cerebellum, and right precentral gyrus in comparison with controls. The comparison between the offender and ASD groups showed lower GMV values for the right temporal pole and left inferior frontal gyrus in the offender group. There was also an overlap of both disorders in the right pre-central cortex, showing lower GMV compared to controls. Our findings suggest structural differences between violent offenders with high psychopathy traits and ASD individuals in the frontotemporal social brain network areas, previously associated with empathy. We also provide evidence of similar abnormal structures in the motor cortex for both of these disorders, possibly related to uniting issues of social cognition.

Abstract Background Left ventricle rotation and torsion are fundamental components of myocardial function, and several software packages have been developed for analysis of these components. The purpose of this study was to compare the suitability of two software packages with different technical principles for analysis of rotation and torsion of the left ventricle during systole. Methods A group of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients (N = 14, age 43 ± 11 years), mutation carriers without hypertrophy (N = 10, age 34 ± 13 years), and healthy relatives (N = 12, age 43 ± 17 years) underwent a cardiovascular magnetic resonance examination, including spatial modulation of magnetization tagging sequences in basal and apical planes of the left ventricle. The tagging images were analyzed offline using a harmonic phase image analysis method with Gabor filtering and a non-rigid registration-based free-form deformation technique. Left-ventricle rotation and torsion scores were obtained from end-diastole to end-systole with both software. Results Analysis was successful in all cases with both software applications. End-systolic torsion values between the study groups were not statistically different with either software. End-systolic apical rotation, end-systolic basal rotation, and end-systolic torsion were consistently higher when analyzed with non-rigid registration than with harmonic phase-based analysis (p

Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis (PSO) are associated with dysbiosis. Here, by analyses of skin microbiome and host transcriptome of AD and PSO patients, the authors find distinct microbial and disease-related gene transcriptomic signatures that differentiate both diseases.

Abstract Background Large myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling (LVR). We studied the nature of LVR, with specific attention to non-transmural MIs, and the association of peak CK-MB with recovery and chronic phase scar size and LVR. Methods Altogether 41 patients underwent prospectively repeated cardiovascular magnetic resonance at a median of 22 (interquartile range 9–29) days and 10 (8–16) months after the first revascularized MI. Transmural MI was defined as ≥75% enhancement in at least one myocardial segment. Results Peak CK-MB was 86 (40–216) μg/L in median, while recovery and chronic phase scar size were 13 (3–23) % and 8 (2–19) %. Altogether 33 patients (81%) had a non-transmural MI. Peak CK-MB had a strong correlation with recovery and chronic scar size (r ≥ 0.80 for all, r ≥ 0.74 for non-transmural MIs; p

A subset of adult-onset asthma patients attribute their symptoms to damp and moldy buildings. Symptoms of idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) may resemble asthma and these two entities overlap. We aimed to evaluate if a distinct clinical subtype of asthma related to damp and moldy buildings can be identified, to unravel its corresponding pathomechanistic gene signatures, and to investigate potential molecular similarities with IEI. Fifty female adult-onset asthma patients were categorized based on exposure to building dampness and molds during disease initiation. IEI patients (n = 17) and healthy subjects (n = 21) were also included yielding 88 study subjects. IEI was scored with the Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI) questionnaire. Inflammation was evaluated by blood cell type profiling and cytokine measurements. Disease mechanisms were investigated via gene set variation analysis of RNA from nasal biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Nasal biopsy gene expression and plasma cytokine profiles suggested airway and systemic inflammation in asthma without exposure to dampness (AND). Similar evidence of inflammation was absent in patients with dampness-and-mold-related asthma (AAD). Gene expression signatures revealed a greater degree of similarity between IEI and dampness-related asthma than between IEI patients and asthma not associated to dampness and mold. Blood cell transcriptome of IEI subjects showed strong suppression of immune cell activation, migration, and movement. QEESI scores correlated to blood cell gene expression of all study subjects. Transcriptomic analysis revealed clear pathomechanisms for AND but not AAD patients. Furthermore, we found a distinct molecular pathological profile in nasal and blood immune cells of IEI subjects, including several differentially expressed genes that were also identified in AAD samples, suggesting IEI-type mechanisms.

Staphylococcal enterotoxins have been shown to promote lymphoma-associated immune dysregulation. This study examined changes in the skin microbiome of parapsoriasis compared with intact skin. Swab microbiome specimens were taken of the parapsoriasis lesions of 13 patients. Control samples were taken from contralateral healthy sides of the body. Microbiotas were characterized by sequencing the V1–V3 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial genes on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The most common genera in the microbiome data were Propionibacterium (27.13%), Corynebacterium (21.20%) and Staphylococcus (4.63%). Out of the Staphylococcus sequences, 39.6% represented S. epidermidis, with the rest including S. hominis, S. capitis and unidentified species. No significant differences were observed between the patients’ parapsoriasis and contralateral healthy skin or between large- and small-plaque parapsoriasis. Notable interpersonal variation was demonstrated. These results suggest that parapsoriasis is not associated with significant alterations in the cutaneous bacterial microbiome.

This study tested whether Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg or Gd-DTPA exerts greater relaxation enhancement for blood and reperfused infarcted myocardium. Relaxivity of Gd-BOPTA is increased by weak binding to serum albumin. Thirty-six rats were subjected to reperfused infarction before contrast (doses = 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mmol/kg). delta R1 was repeatedly measured over 30 min. Gd-BOPTA caused greater delta R1 for blood and myocardium than did Gd-DTPA; clearance of both agents from normal- and infarcted myocardium was similar to blood clearance; plots of delta R1 myocardium/delta R1 blood showed equilibrium phase contrast distribution. Fractional contrast agent distribution volumes were approximately 0.24 for both agents in normal myocardium, 0.98 and 1.6 for Gd-DTPA and Gd-BOPTA, respectively, in reperfused infarction. The high value for Gd-BOPTPA was ascribed to greater relaxivity in infarction versus blood. It was concluded that Gd-BOPTA/Dimeg causes a greater delta R1 than Gd-DTPA in regions which contain serum albumin.