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Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 3,000 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at https://lastexam.ai., Comment: 25 pages, 6 figures

Many active galaxies harbor powerful relativistic jets, however, the detailed mechanisms of their formation and acceleration remain poorly understood. To investigate the area of jet acceleration and collimation with the highest available angular resolution, we study the innermost region of the bipolar jet in the nearby low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) galaxy NGC 1052. We combined observations of NGC 1052 taken with VLBA, GMVA, and EHT over one week in the spring of 2017. For the first time, NGC 1052 was detected with the EHT, providing a size of the central region in-between both jet bases of 250 RS (Schwarzschild radii) perpendicular to the jet axes. This size estimate supports previous studies of the jets expansion profile which suggest two breaks of the profile at around 300 RS and 10000 RS distances to the core. Furthermore, we estimated the magnetic field to be 1.25 Gauss at a distance of 22 {\mu}as from the central engine by fitting a synchrotron-self absorption spectrum to the innermost emission feature, which shows a spectral turn-over at about 130 GHz. Assuming a purely poloidal magnetic field, this implies an upper limit on the magnetic field strength at the event horizon of 26000 Gauss, which is consistent with previous measurements. The complex, low-brightness, double-sided jet structure in NGC 1052 makes it a challenge to detect the source at millimeter (mm) wavelengths. However, our first EHT observations have demonstrated that detection is possible up to at least 230 GHz. This study offers a glimpse through the dense surrounding torus and into the innermost central region, where the jets are formed. This has enabled us to finally resolve this region and provide improved constraints on its expansion and magnetic field strength., Comment: 22 pages, 10 figures, published in A&A

Climate change impacts ecosystems worldwide, affecting animal behaviour and survival both directly and indirectly through changes such as the availability of food. For animals reliant on leaves as a primary food source, understanding how climate change influences leaf production of trees is crucial, yet this is understudied, especially in moist evergreen tropical forests. We analyzed a 23-year dataset of young leaf phenology from a moist tropical forest in Kibale National Park, Uganda, to examine seasonal and long-term patterns of 12 key tree species consumed by folivorous primates. We described phenological patterns and explored relationships between young leaf production of different tree species and climate variables. We also assessed the suitability of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) as a proxy for young leaf production in moist evergreen tropical forests. Our results showed that tree species exhibited distinct phenological patterns, with most species producing young leaves during two seasonal peaks aligned with the rainy seasons. Rainfall, cloud cover, and maximum temperature were the most informative predictors of seasonal variation in young leaf production. However, solar radiation and atmospheric CO$_2$ were most informative regarding long-term trends. EVI was strongly correlated with young leaf production within years but less effective for capturing inter-annual trends. These findings highlight the complex relationship between climate and young leaf phenology in moist evergreen tropical forests, and helps us understand the changes in food availability for tropical folivores., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures

The 2017 observing campaign of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) delivered the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images at the observing frequency of 230 GHz, leading to a number of unique studies on black holes and relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN). In total, eighteen sources were observed: the main science targets, Sgr A* and M87 along with various calibrators. We investigated the morphology of the sixteen AGN in the EHT 2017 data set, focusing on the properties of the VLBI cores: size, flux density, and brightness temperature. We studied their dependence on the observing frequency in order to compare it with the Blandford-K\"onigl (BK) jet model. We modeled the source structure of seven AGN in the EHT 2017 data set using linearly polarized circular Gaussian components and collected results for the other nine AGN from dedicated EHT publications, complemented by lower frequency data in the 2-86 GHz range. Then, we studied the dependences of the VLBI core flux density, size, and brightness temperature on the frequency measured in the AGN host frame. We compared the observations with the BK jet model and estimated the magnetic field strength dependence on the distance from the central black hole. Our results indicate a deviation from the standard BK model, particularly in the decrease of the brightness temperature with the observing frequency. Either bulk acceleration of the jet material, energy transfer from the magnetic field to the particles, or both are required to explain the observations.

Trained neural networks (NN) are attractive as surrogate models to replace costly calculations in physical simulations, but are often unknowingly applied to states not adequately represented in the training dataset. We present the novel technique of soft checksums for scientific machine learning, a general-purpose method to differentiate between trustworthy predictions with small errors on in-distribution (ID) data points, and untrustworthy predictions with large errors on out-of-distribution (OOD) data points. By adding a check node to the existing output layer, we train the model to learn the chosen checksum function encoded within the NN predictions and show that violations of this function correlate with high prediction errors. As the checksum function depends only on the NN predictions, we can calculate the checksum error for any prediction with a single forward pass, incurring negligible time and memory costs. Additionally, we find that incorporating the checksum function into the loss function and exposing the NN to OOD data points during the training process improves separation between ID and OOD predictions. By applying soft checksums to a physically complex and high-dimensional non-local thermodynamic equilibrium atomic physics dataset, we show that a well-chosen threshold checksum error can effectively separate ID and OOD predictions., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

The magnetic properties of CrI$_3$ monolayers, which were recently measured, have been investigated considering electronic repulsion and localization effects in Cr 3d orbitals. In this study, we propose a DFT approach using Hubbard U corrections to improve accuracy. We compare the valence density-of-states using the HSE06 hybrid functional and the DFT+U approach, which includes U parameters for both Cr 3d and I 5p orbitals. The results of our study indicate that the optimal values for U(Cr$_{3d}$) and U(I$_{5p}$) are 3.5 eV and 2.0 eV, respectively. This approach is further applied to improve calculations of electronic and magnetic properties in CrI$_3$ monolayers and, more importantly, in bilayers combined with van der Waals functionals. These refinements hold promise for further studies of complex CrI$_3$ nanostructures, and may also be of interest for other trihalide few-layer systems., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

This paper introduces an extension to the arbitration graph framework designed to enhance the safety and robustness of autonomous systems in complex, dynamic environments. Building on the flexibility and scalability of arbitration graphs, the proposed method incorporates a verification step and structured fallback layers in the decision-making process. This ensures that only verified and safe commands are executed while enabling graceful degradation in the presence of unexpected faults or bugs. The approach is demonstrated using a Pac-Man simulation and further validated in the context of autonomous driving, where it shows significant reductions in accident risk and improvements in overall system safety. The bottom-up design of arbitration graphs allows for an incremental integration of new behavior components. The extension presented in this work enables the integration of experimental or immature behavior components while maintaining system safety by clearly and precisely defining the conditions under which behaviors are considered safe. The proposed method is implemented as a ready to use header-only C++ library, published under the MIT License. Together with the Pac-Man demo, it is available at github.com/KIT-MRT/arbitration_graphs., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, handed in for possible publication at IEEE ICRA 2025, source code available at github.com/KIT-MRT/arbitration_graphs

Background: Type I X-Ray bursts (XRBs) are energetic stellar explosions that occur on the surface of a neutron star in an accreting binary system with a low-mass H/He-rich companion. The rate of the $^{34}$Ar($\alpha,p$)$^{37}$K reaction may influence features of the light curve that results from the underlying thermonuclear runaway, as shown in recent XRB stellar modelling studies. Purpose: In order to reduce the uncertainty of the rate of this reaction, properties of resonances in the compound nucleus $^{38}$Ca, such as resonance energies, spins, and particle widths, must be well constrained. Method: This work discusses a study of resonances in the $^{38}$Ca compound nucleus produced in the $^{34}$Ar($\alpha,p$) reaction. The experiment was performed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, with the ReA3 facility by measuring proton scattering using an unstable $^{37}$K beam. The kinematics were designed specifically to identify and characterize resonances in the Gamow energy window for the temperature regime relevant to XRBs. Results: The spins and proton widths of newly identified and previously known states in $^{38}$Ca in the energy region of interest for the $^{34}$Ar($\alpha,p$)$^{37}$K reaction have been constrained through an R-Matrix analysis of the scattering data. Conclusions: Using these constraints, a newly estimated rate is applied to an XRB model built using Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA), to examine its impact on observables, including the light curve. It is found that the newly determined reaction rate does not substantially affect the features of the light curve.

The precision measurement of the tritium $\beta$-decay spectrum performed by the KATRIN experiment provides a unique way to search for general neutrino interactions (GNI). All theoretical allowed GNI terms involving neutrinos are incorporated into a low-energy effective field theory, and can be identified by specific signatures in the measured tritium $\beta$-spectrum. In this paper an effective description of the impact of GNI on the $\beta$-spectrum is formulated and the first constraints on the effective GNI parameters are derived based on the 4 million electrons collected in the second measurement campaign of KATRIN in 2019. In addition, constraints on selected types of interactions are investigated, thereby exploring the potential of KATRIN to search for more specific new physics cases, including a right-handed W boson, a charged Higgs or leptoquarks.

We present IR photometry and HST imaging and spectroscopy of Sab galaxy NGC 4826. Schwarzschild dynamical modeling is used to measure its central black hole mass $M$. Photometric decomposition is used to enable a comparison of $M$ to published scaling relations between black hole masses and properties of host bulges. This decomposition implies that NGC 4826 contains classical and pseudo bulges of approximately equal mass. The classical bulge has best-fit S\'ersic index $n=3.27$. The pseudobulge is made up of three parts, an inner lens ($n=0.18$ at $r\lesssim4^{\prime\prime}$), an outer lens ($n=0.17$ at $r \lesssim 45^{\prime\prime}$), and a $n=0.58$ component required to match the surface brightness between the lens components. The total $V$-band luminosity of the galaxy is $M_{VT}=-21.07$, the ratio of classical bulge to total light is $B/T\simeq0.12$, and the ratio of pseudobulge to total light is $PB/T\simeq0.13$. The outer disk is exponential ($n=1.07$) and makes up $D/T=0.75$ of the light of the galaxy. Our best-fit Schwarzschild model has a black hole mass with $1\sigma$ uncertainties of $M=8.4^{+1.7}_{-0.6}\times10^6\ M_\odot$ and a stellar $K$-band mass-to-light ratio of $\Upsilon_K=0.46\pm0.03\ M_{\odot}\ \mathrm{L}_{\odot}^{-1}$ at the assumed distance of 7.27 Mpc. Our modeling is marginally consistent with $M=0$ at the $3\sigma$ limit. These best-fit parameters were calculated assuming the black hole is located where the velocity dispersion is largest; this is offset from the maximum surface brightness, probably because of dust absorption. The black hole mass -- one of the smallest measured by modeling stellar dynamics -- satisfies the well known correlations of $M$ with the $K$-band luminosity, stellar mass, and velocity dispersion of the classical bulge only in contrast to total (classical plus pseudo) bulge luminosity., Comment: Accepted by ApJ. 27 or so pages, 18 figures I think. Online data is available at https://doi.org/10.7302/kr8z-fj98

A new image-reconstruction algorithm, PRIMO, applied to the interferometric data of the M87 black hole collected with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), resulted in an image that reached the native resolution of the telescope array. PRIMO is based on learning a compact set of image building blocks obtained from a large library of high-fidelity, physics-based simulations of black hole images. It uses these building blocks to fill the sparse Fourier coverage of the data that results from the small number of telescopes in the array. In this paper, we show that this approach is readily justified. Since the angular extent of the image of the black hole and of its inner accretion flow is finite, the Fourier space domain is heavily smoothed, with a correlation scale that is at most comparable to the sizes of the data gaps in the coverage of Fourier space with the EHT. Consequently, PRIMO or other machine-learning algorithms can faithfully reconstruct the images without the need to generate information that is unconstrained by the data within the resolution of the array. We also address the completeness of the eigenimages and the compactness of the resulting representation. We show that PRIMO provides a compact set of eigenimages that have sufficient complexity to recreate a broad set of images well beyond those in the training set., Comment: Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal

Object detectors encounter challenges in handling domain shifts. Cutting-edge domain adaptive object detection methods use the teacher-student framework and domain adversarial learning to generate domain-invariant pseudo-labels for self-training. However, the pseudo-labels generated by the teacher model tend to be biased towards the majority class and often mistakenly include overconfident false positives and underconfident false negatives. We reveal that pseudo-labels vulnerable to adversarial attacks are more likely to be low-quality. To address this, we propose a simple yet effective framework named Adversarial Attacked Teacher (AAT) to improve the quality of pseudo-labels. Specifically, we apply adversarial attacks to the teacher model, prompting it to generate adversarial pseudo-labels to correct bias, suppress overconfidence, and encourage underconfident proposals. An adaptive pseudo-label regularization is introduced to emphasize the influence of pseudo-labels with high certainty and reduce the negative impacts of uncertain predictions. Moreover, robust minority objects verified by pseudo-label regularization are oversampled to minimize dataset imbalance without introducing false positives. Extensive experiments conducted on various datasets demonstrate that AAT achieves superior performance, reaching 52.6 mAP on Clipart1k, surpassing the previous state-of-the-art by 6.7%.

The projected sensitivity of the effective electron neutrino-mass measurement with the KATRIN experiment is below 0.3 eV (90 % CL) after five years of data acquisition. The sensitivity is affected by the increased rate of the background electrons from KATRIN's main spectrometer. A special shifted-analysing-plane (SAP) configuration was developed to reduce this background by a factor of two. The complex layout of electromagnetic fields in the SAP configuration requires a robust method of estimating these fields. We present in this paper a dedicated calibration measurement of the fields using conversion electrons of gaseous $^\mathrm{83m}$Kr, which enables the neutrino-mass measurements in the SAP configuration., Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures

We report the detection of 239 trans-Neptunian Objects discovered through the on-going New Horizons survey for distant minor bodies being performed with the Hyper Suprime-Cam mosaic imager on the Subaru Telescope. These objects were discovered in images acquired with either the r2 or the recently commissioned EB-gri filter using shift and stack routines. Due to the extremely high stellar density of the search region down stream of the spacecraft, new machine learning techniques had to be developed to manage the extremely high false positive rate of bogus candidates produced from the shift and stack routines. We report discoveries as faint as r2$\sim26.5$. We highlight an overabundance of objects found at heliocentric distances $R\gtrsim70$~au compared to expectations from modelling of the known outer Solar System. If confirmed, these objects betray the presence of a heretofore unrecognized abundance of distant objects that can help explain a number of other observations that otherwise remain at odds with the known Kuiper Belt, including detections of serendipitous stellar occultations, and recent results from the Student Dust Counter on-board the New Horizons spacecraft., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Planetary Science Journal, 28 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables

The Chandra Source Catalog (CSC) is a virtual X-ray astrophysics facility that enables both detailed individual source studies and statistical studies of large samples of X-ray sources detected in ACIS and HRC-I imaging observations obtained by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The catalog provides carefully-curated, high-quality, and uniformly calibrated and analyzed tabulated positional, spatial, photometric, spectral, and temporal source properties, as well as science-ready X-ray data products. The latter includes multiple types of source- and field-based FITS format products that can be used as a basis for further research, significantly simplifying followup analysis of scientifically meaningful source samples. We discuss in detail the algorithms used for the CSC Release 2 Series, including CSC 2.0, which includes 317,167 unique X-ray sources on the sky identified in observations released publicly through the end of 2014, and CSC 2.1, which adds Chandra data released through the end of 2021 and expands the catalog to 407,806 sources. Besides adding more recent observations, the CSC Release 2 Series includes multiple algorithmic enhancements that provide significant improvements over earlier releases. The compact source sensitivity limit for most observations is ~5 photons over most of the field of view, which is ~2x fainter than Release 1, achieved by co-adding observations and using an optimized source detection approach. A Bayesian X-ray aperture photometry code produces robust fluxes even in crowded fields and for low count sources. The current release, CSC 2.1, is tied to the Gaia-CRF3 astrometric reference frame for the best sky positions for catalog sources., Comment: 66 pages, 17 figures, 16 tables, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

We obtained New Horizons LORRI images to measure the cosmic optical background (COB) intensity integrated over $0.4\lesssim\lambda\lesssim0.9{~\rm\mu m}.$ The survey comprises 16 high Galactic-latitude fields selected to minimize scattered diffuse Galactic light (DGL) from the Milky Way galaxy, as well as scattered light from bright stars. This work supersedes an earlier analysis based on observations of one of the present fields. Isolating the COB contribution to the raw total sky levels measured in the fields requires subtracting the remaining scattered light from bright stars and galaxies, intensity from faint stars within the fields fainter than the photometric detection-limit, and the DGL foreground. DGL is estimated from Planck HFI $350 {~\rm\mu m}$ and $550 {~\rm\mu m}$ intensities, using a new self-calibrated indicator based on the 16 fields augmented with eight additional DGL calibration fields obtained as part of the survey. The survey yields a highly significant detection ($6.8\sigma$) of the COB at ${\rm 11.16\pm 1.65~(1.47~sys,~0.75~ran) ~nW ~m^{-2} ~sr^{-1}}$ at the LORRI pivot wavelength of 0.608 $\mu$m. The estimated integrated intensity from background galaxies, ${\rm 8.17\pm 1.18 ~nW ~m^{-2} ~sr^{-1}},$ can account for the great majority of this signal. The rest of the COB signal, ${\rm 2.99\pm2.03~ (1.75~sys,~1.03~ran) ~nW ~m^{-2} ~sr^{-1}},$ is formally classified as anomalous intensity but is not significantly different from zero. The simplest interpretation is that the COB is completely due to galaxies., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal; 30 pages, 14 figures. v3 has updated version of fig 14 to show total error value for Symons et al. 2023 result

The frequency dependence of soil electromagnetic properties contain valuable information of the porous material due to strong contributions to the dielectric relaxation behavior by interactions between aqueous pore solution and mineral phases due to interface effects. Soil hydraulic properties such as matric potential are also influenced by different surface bonding forces due to interface processes. For this reason, a new analysis methodology was developed, which allows a simultaneous determination of the soil water characteristic curve and the dielectric relaxation behavior of undisturbed soil samples. This opens the possibility to systematically analyze coupled hydraulic/dielectric soil properties for the development of pedotransfer functions to estimate physico-chemical parameters with broadband HF-EM measurement techniques., Comment: 2012 IEEE IGARSS

The fact that neutrinos carry a non-vanishing rest mass is evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles. Their absolute mass bears important relevance from particle physics to cosmology. In this work, we report on the search for the effective electron antineutrino mass with the KATRIN experiment. KATRIN performs precision spectroscopy of the tritium $\beta$-decay close to the kinematic endpoint. Based on the first five neutrino-mass measurement campaigns, we derive a best-fit value of $m_\nu^{2} = {-0.14^{+0.13}_{-0.15}}~\mathrm{eV^2}$, resulting in an upper limit of $m_\nu < {0.45}~\mathrm{eV}$ at 90 % confidence level. With six times the statistics of previous data sets, amounting to 36 million electrons collected in 259 measurement days, a substantial reduction of the background level and improved systematic uncertainties, this result tightens KATRIN's previous bound by a factor of almost two., Comment: 61 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables

When using graphs and graph transformations to model systems, consistency is an important concern. While consistency has primarily been viewed as a binary property, i.e., a graph is consistent or inconsistent with respect to a set of constraints, recent work has presented an approach to consistency as a graduated property. This allows living with inconsistencies for a while and repairing them when necessary. For repairing inconsistencies in a graph, we use graph transformation rules with so-called {\em impairment-indicating and repair-indicating application conditions} to understand how much repair gain certain rule applications would bring. Both types of conditions can be derived from given graph constraints. Our main theorem shows that the difference between the number of actual constraint violations before and after a graph transformation step can be characterized by the difference between the numbers of violated impairment-indicating and repair-indicating application conditions. This theory forms the basis for algorithms with look-ahead that rank graph transformations according to their potential for graph repair. An evaluation shows that graph repair can be well supported by rules with these new types of application conditions in terms of effectiveness and scalability., Comment: 46 pages, 24 Figures, new, mor efficient method for constructing application conditions, theoretical comparison to other concepts of consistency, extended evaluation

With growing complexity and criticality of automated driving functions in road traffic and their operational design domains (ODD), there is increasing demand for covering significant proportions of development, validation, and verification in virtual environments and through simulation models. If, however, simulations are meant not only to augment real-world experiments, but to replace them, quantitative approaches are required that measure to what degree and under which preconditions simulation models adequately represent reality, and thus, using their results accordingly. Especially in R&D areas related to the safety impact of the "open world", there is a significant shortage of real-world data to parameterize and/or validate simulations - especially with respect to the behavior of human traffic participants, whom automated driving functions will meet in mixed traffic. We present an approach to systematically acquire data in public traffic by heterogeneous means, transform it into a unified representation, and use it to automatically parameterize traffic behavior models for use in data-driven virtual validation of automated driving functions., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures

Existing object detectors encounter challenges in handling domain shifts between training and real-world data, particularly under poor visibility conditions like fog and night. Cutting-edge cross-domain object detection methods use teacher-student frameworks and compel teacher and student models to produce consistent predictions under weak and strong augmentations, respectively. In this paper, we reveal that manually crafted augmentations are insufficient for optimal teaching and present a simple yet effective framework named Adversarial Defense Teacher (ADT), leveraging adversarial defense to enhance teaching quality. Specifically, we employ adversarial attacks, encouraging the model to generalize on subtly perturbed inputs that effectively deceive the model. To address small objects under poor visibility conditions, we propose a Zoom-in Zoom-out strategy, which zooms-in images for better pseudo-labels and zooms-out images and pseudo-labels to learn refined features. Our results demonstrate that ADT achieves superior performance, reaching 54.5% mAP on Foggy Cityscapes, surpassing the previous state-of-the-art by 2.6% mAP.

Validating robotic systems in safety-critical appli-cations requires testing in many scenarios including rare edgecases that are unlikely to occur, requiring to complement real-world testing with testing in simulation. Generative models canbe used to augment real-world datasets with generated data toproduce edge case scenarios by sampling in a learned latentspace. Autoencoders can learn said latent representation for aspecific domain by learning to reconstruct the input data froma lower-dimensional intermediate representation. However, theresulting trajectories are not necessarily physically plausible, butinstead typically contain noise that is not present in the inputtrajectory. To resolve this issue, we propose the novel Physics-Informed Trajectory Autoencoder (PITA) architecture, whichincorporates a physical dynamics model into the loss functionof the autoencoder. This results in smooth trajectories that notonly reconstruct the input trajectory but also adhere to thephysical model. We evaluate PITA on a real-world dataset ofvehicle trajectories and compare its performance to a normalautoencoder and a state-of-the-art action-space autoencoder.

Connected automated vehicles (CAV), which incorporate vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication into their motion planning, are expected to provide a wide range of benefits for individual and overall traffic flow. A frequent constraint or required precondition is that compatible CAVs must already be available in traffic at high penetration rates. Achieving such penetration rates incrementally before providing ample benefits for users presents a chicken-and-egg problem that is common in connected driving development. Based on the example of a cooperative driving function for bottleneck traffic flows (e.g. at a roadblock), we illustrate how such an evolutionary, incremental introduction can be achieved under transparent assumptions and objectives. To this end, we analyze the challenge from the perspectives of automation technology, traffic flow, human factors and market, and present a principle that 1) accounts for individual requirements from each domain; 2) provides benefits for any penetration rate of compatible CAVs between 0 % and 100 % as well as upward-compatibility for expected future developments in traffic; 3) can strictly limit the negative effects of cooperation for any participant and 4) can be implemented with close-to-market technology. We discuss the technical implementation as well as the effect on traffic flow over a wide parameter spectrum for human and technical aspects., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures

The Local Volume Complete Cluster Survey (LoVoCCS) is an on-going program to observe nearly a hundred low-redshift X-ray-luminous galaxy clusters (redshifts $0.0310^{44}$ erg/s) with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), capturing data in $u,g,r,i,z$ bands with a $5\sigma$ point source depth of approximately 25-26th AB magnitudes. Here, we map the aperture masses in 58 galaxy cluster fields using weak gravitational lensing. These clusters span a variety of dynamical states, from nearly relaxed to merging systems, and approximately half of them have not been subject to detailed weak lensing analysis before. In each cluster field, we analyze the alignment between the 2D mass distribution described by the aperture mass map, the 2D red-sequence (RS) galaxy distribution, and the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). We find that the orientations of the BCG and the RS distribution are strongly aligned throughout the interiors of the clusters: the median misalignment angle is 19 deg within 2 Mpc. We also observe the alignment between the orientations of the RS distribution and the overall cluster mass distribution (by a median difference of 32 deg within 1 Mpc), although this is constrained by galaxy shape noise and the limitations of our cluster sample size. These types of alignment suggest long-term dynamical evolution within the clusters over cosmic timescales., Comment: 40 pages, 16 figures, 5 tables; revised and accepted for publication in ApJ

Human Digital Twins (HDTs) are a fast-emerging technology with significant potential in fields ranging from healthcare to sports. HDTs extend the traditional understanding of Digital Twins by representing humans as the underlying physical entity. This has introduced several significant challenges, including ambiguity in the definition of HDTs and a lack of guidance for their design. This survey brings together the recent advances in the field of HDTs to guide future developers by proposing a first cross-domain definition of HDTs based on their characteristics, as well as eleven key design considerations that emerge from the associated challenges., Comment: This paper is an extension of the following paper: Lauer-Schmaltz MW, Cash P, Hansen JP, Maier A. Designing Human Digital Twins for Behaviour-Changing Therapy and Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review. Proceedings of the Design Society. 2022;2:1303-1312. doi:10.1017/pds.2022.132

3C84 is a nearby radio source with a complex total intensity structure, showing linear polarisation and spectral patterns. A detailed investigation of the central engine region necessitates the use of VLBI above the hitherto available maximum frequency of 86GHz. Using ultrahigh resolution VLBI observations at the highest available frequency of 228GHz, we aim to directly detect compact structures and understand the physical conditions in the compact region of 3C84. We used EHT 228GHz observations and, given the limited (u,v)-coverage, applied geometric model fitting to the data. We also employed quasi-simultaneously observed, multi-frequency VLBI data for the source in order to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the core structure. We report the detection of a highly ordered, strong magnetic field around the central, SMBH of 3C84. The brightness temperature analysis suggests that the system is in equipartition. We determined a turnover frequency of $\nu_m=(113\pm4)$GHz, a corresponding synchrotron self-absorbed magnetic field of $B_{SSA}=(2.9\pm1.6)$G, and an equipartition magnetic field of $B_{eq}=(5.2\pm0.6)$G. Three components are resolved with the highest fractional polarisation detected for this object ($m_\textrm{net}=(17.0\pm3.9)$%). The positions of the components are compatible with those seen in low-frequency VLBI observations since 2017-2018. We report a steeply negative slope of the spectrum at 228GHz. We used these findings to test models of jet formation, propagation, and Faraday rotation in 3C84. The findings of our investigation into different flow geometries and black hole spins support an advection-dominated accretion flow in a magnetically arrested state around a rapidly rotating supermassive black hole as a model of the jet-launching system in the core of 3C84. However, systematic uncertainties due to the limited (u,v)-coverage, however, cannot be ignored., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, published in A&A

Sequential model synchronisation is the task of propagating changes from one model to another correlated one to restore consistency. It is challenging to perform this propagation in a least-changing way that avoids unnecessary deletions (which might cause information loss). From a theoretical point of view, so-called short-cut (SC) rules have been developed that enable provably correct propagation of changes while avoiding information loss. However, to be able to react to every possible change, an infinite set of such rules might be necessary. Practically, only small sets of pre-computed basic SC rules have been used, severely restricting the kind of changes that can be propagated without loss of information. In this work, we close that gap by developing an approach to compute more complex required SC rules on-the-fly during synchronisation. These higher-order SC rules allow us to cope with more complex scenarios when multiple changes must be handled in one step. We implemented our approach in the model transformation tool eMoflon. An evaluation shows that the overhead of computing higher-order SC rules on-the-fly is tolerable and at times even improves the overall performance. Above that, completely new scenarios can be dealt with without the loss of information.