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This article examines the educational challenges and linguistic diversity of indigenous students from Latin America in U.S. schools, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and honoring their native languages which often differ from Spanish. It advocates for culturally relevant pedagogies that not only facilitate learning but also preserve the linguistic and cultural identities of these students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latin Cuengh is a kind of language used in China's minority areas. Due to its complex pronunciation and semantic system, it is difficult to spread widely. To deal with and protect this language further, this paper considers using the current word vector representation technology to study it. Word vector representation is the basic method and an important foundation of current research on natural language processing. It relies on a large number of data resources and is obtained through the paradigm of pre-training and feature learning. Due to the extreme lack of Latin Cuengh corpus resources, it is very difficult to obtain word vectors by relying on a large amount of data training. In this study, we propose a word vector representation method that combines the root features of Latin Cuengh words. Specifically, while training and learning the Latin Cuengh language corpus, this method uses the special word roots in the Latin Cuengh language to modify the training process, which can enhance the expression ability of the root features. The method uses the mask method based on BERT to mask the word roots after word segmentation and predict the masked word roots in the output layer of the model to obtain a better vector representation of Latin Cuengh words. The experimental results show that the word vector representation method proposed in this paper is effective and has the ability to express Latin Cuengh semantics. The accuracy rate of words semantic is nearly 2% points higher than that of BERT representation, and the judgment of the semantic similarity of words is more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying Latin in secondary education is still widespread in Europe and believed to result in cognitive benefits, even beyond the linguistic domain. In this study we explored the relation between such study and later academic achievement in higher education (N = 1,898). First, we demonstrated that Latin students exhibit increased levels of study achievement in higher education, particularly in study programs other than those covering science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Second, we explored where the instruction of Latin was a significant predictor in models of academic achievement, explaining incremental variance over 21 other cognitive, attitudinal, and demographic variables. Latin instruction was included as a variable in the prediction models in 42% of the programs (mainly in the non‐STEM ones), but the incremental predictive validity was substantial only in the linguistic programs. Our results highlight how the study of Latin can be a valuable predictor of academic achievement in other study fields. A one‐page Accessible Summary of this article in nontechnical language is freely available in the Supporting Information online and at https://oasis‐database.org [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In English medical terminology, there is a steady tendency for the functioning and even an increase in the number of eponymous terms. The authors focus on the term formation potential of eponyms, ways of their creation, and the semantics of derived units. This paper highlights the main morphological methods of creating eponymous terms in English medical terminology. The suffixation is represented by the suffixes: -ia, -(i)an, -ean, -ella, -(i)al, -ic, -osis, -iasis, -ism, -itis, -oma, -ize. The productivity of this method is provided by derivational suffixes with a semantic burden borrowed from Greek and Latin languages. The semantic range of suffixes contributes to creating new terms with similar meanings. Prefixation in eponymous terms was limited to using prefixes pre- and non-. Only two terms were identified in our investigation: pre-Alzheimer's brain and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The majority of eponymous terminological units are found to be formed by affix combination. The components of this type of eponymous term are the prefixes a-, anti-, de-, hemi-, non-, post-, pre-, and the suffixes -ian, -ic, -ism,-ize such as anti-Mullerian hormone or hemiparkinsonism. The prefix performs a word-building role as an affix with a mutational meaning, while the suffix generalizes and specifies the meaning of the term. The methods of the word and stem composition are not prevailing. There are structural models with the morphemes pseudo- in the preposition and -like in the postposition: pseudo-Cushing syndrome and Burkitt-like lymphoma. Morphological methods of creating eponymous terms combine borrowed and native English morphemes where the elucidation of derivatives relies on the meanings of their components. Suffixation occupies a dominant position in the creation of eponymous terminological units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the lexeme sal and its lexical family in Latin, as attested in various written sources. The terms formed from sal have been classified in partes orationis (nomen et verbum), and their semantic spectrum (e.g., preservation, occupations, literal and figurative meanings). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper stems from the project A World of Possibilities. Modal pathways over an extra-long period of time: the diachrony of modality in the Latin language (WoPoss) which involves a corpus-based approach to the study of modality in the history of the Latin language. Linguistic annotation and, in particular, the semantic annotation of modality is a keystone of the project. Besides the difficulties intrinsic to any annotation task dealing with semantics, our annotation scheme involves multiple layers of annotation that are interconnected, adding complexity to the task. Considering the intricacies of our fine-grained semantic annotation, we needed to develop well-documented schemas in order to control the consistency of the annotation, but also to enable an efficient reuse of our annotated corpus. This paper presents the different elements involved in the annotation task, and how the description and the relations between the different linguistic components were formalised and documented, combining schema languages with XML documentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lampas is the property of Amsterdam University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presented research deals with one of the components of the functional-semantic field of aspectuality namely the microfield of verbal plurality. Despite the fact that verbal plurality is the subject of numerous studies, it has not been analyzed on the material of the Latin language, which determines the relevance of the study. Within the framework of the aforementioned microfield, the analysis made it possible to single out the semantic zones of iterativity, multiplicativity, and distributivity. The presence of a certain number of similar acts separated by a time interval, the identity of actants and situations are characteristic features of iterativity with its subspecies refactivity, rarity and exaggerativity. Refactivity indicates a single repetition of a situation, realized at the word-forming level with the help of the prefix re- or the single use of the adverbs like rursum, iterum. Rarity and exaggerativity are scalar values, denoting situations whose frequency is lower or higher than expected. Multiplicativity implies the repetition of the same type of situation with the same set of actants in one time interval without intervals between its “quanta”, as a result of which the situation is presented as continuous within the time interval. A type of multiplicativity is habituality to expres habitual situations, which are considered as a characteristic feature of the subject. Usitativity is distinguished as a subtype of habituality to characterize habitual situations existing under certain conditions. Distributivity involves the performance of an action by one of a set of actants and, depending on the sphere of distribution of the situation. Its subspecies are subjective, objective, locative, subversive and cislocative distributivity. The existence of certain semantic differences between iterativity, multiplicativity, and distributivity gives reason to consider them as subfields united within the microfield of verbal plurality by the sign of quantification. All of them are characterized by an identical set of markers, with lexical ones dominating. An extremely important role in the formation of verba plurality belongs to the context, which is decisive in the absence of formal means of expression.

The relationship between genetic inheritance and recent innovation, and between parallel evolutions and specific particularizations of related languages, is difficult to reduce to an acceptable analytical scheme. No matter how efficient the research methods, specialists cannot firmly decide whether a certain phenomenon can be framed within a relatively linear historical evolution, with visible marks of expected filiations, or is the result of general language laws, acting through specific mechanisms on the phonetic, lexicosemantic, grammatical and pragmatic-stylistic manifestations of languages. Among the strange, difficult phenomena, hard to fit into the morphological systems of languages, at least through some particularities, is, alongside interjections and onomatopoeias, for example, the “perfect passive participle,” as it has been codified in grammars over time. With ambiguous belonging and manifestations – verb and adjective, with possibilities of substantivization, adverbialization etc., with a permanent predisposition to evade the rigour of morphological, syntactic and semantic paradigms, the passive participle seems to carry with it its entire versatility, protean, creative and expressive character – from Indo-European to Ancient Greek and Latin, and from there, into the Romance languages, including Romanian. But we are not very sure that it did not reinvent each time, with small particularities in each language, in accordance with certain springs of human thought and speech, difficult to penetrate at this stage of the development of sciences. In fact, the “oddities” of the participle manifest themselves in other languages as well – not only in Latin and Romance ones and not only in Indo-European languages…

This article is dedicated to a stylistic feature of 17th-century scholarly texts, namely the incorporation of poetic quotations into polemical scientific discourse, which enhances the expressiveness of evaluations concerning opponents and their concepts. An analysis of Gottlieb Bayer's texts is conducted. A number of works by the academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694–1738), focus on the early history of Ancient Rus. In preparing these works, Bayer extensively relied on ancient historical sources, and his articles were written in Latin, which naturally involved the traditions of classical literature in discussions pertaining to the historical issues of early Rus. This publication examines quotations and reminiscences from classical Latin poetry introduced by G. S. Bayer in his article “Origines russicae” (“The Origins of the Russians,” posthumously published in 1741). The poetic interpolations within the scholarly text serve as elements of the author’s style and fulfill two purposes. Firstly, they are utilized by the author to illustrate his assertions, lending emotional depth to academic reasoning and subtly indicating the breadth of his intellectual horizon, which enhances the perception of the scholarly reliability of his work. Secondly, they sustain Bayer’s polemical stance towards certain established historical concepts of his time, allowing for a sharp critical tone that accentuates the polemical fervor without resorting to personal attacks.

The relationship between genetic inheritance and recent innovation, and between parallel evolutions and specific particularizations of related languages, is difficult to reduce to an acceptable analytical scheme. No matter how efficient the research methods, specialists cannot firmly decide whether a certain phenomenon can be framed within a relatively linear historical evolution, with visible marks of expected filiations, or is the result of general language laws, acting through specific mechanisms on the phonetic, lexicosemantic, grammatical and pragmatic-stylistic manifestations of languages. Among the strange, difficult phenomena, hard to fit into the morphological systems of languages, at least through some particularities, is, alongside interjections and onomatopoeias, for example, the "perfect passive participle," as it has been codified in grammars over time. With ambiguous belonging and manifestations - verb and adjective, with possibilities of substantivization, adverbialization etc., with a permanent predisposition to evade the rigour of morphological, syntactic and semantic paradigms, the passive participle seems to carry with it its entire versatility, protean, creative and expressive character - from Indo-European to Ancient Greek and Latin, and from there, into the Romance languages, including Romanian. But we are not very sure that it did not reinvent each time, with small particularities in each language, in accordance with certain springs of human thought and speech, difficult to penetrate at this stage of the development of sciences. In fact, the "oddities" of the participle manifest themselves in other languages as well - not only in Latin and Romance ones and not only in Indo-European languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes how the experiences and observations of Indigenous people from Latin America who work as legal interpreters reveal the ways that the position of court interpreter is racialized. The meaning of the norms of the "invisibility" and "neutrality" of the interpreter and the role of the interpreter as erasing barriers become points of contestation in the context of interpreting Indigenous languages of Latin America, revealing the ways that dominant norms and practices governing interpreting privilege a white speaker. Organizations of Indigenous interpreters articulate these experiences as a language rights issue of a transnational movement and point to the way that institutional claims to neutrality are symptomatic of a larger historical pattern of racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The birth of such innovative newspapers as The Tatler and The Spectator enables the readers to observe and join the public debate through a new intellectual lens. The use of Latin epigrams opening every issue of The Spectator emphasizes not only the close interest in classical literature and culture, but also the communicative strategy focused on the celebration of wit through the moral paradigms of ancient Roman poets, at a time of the rise of modern public opinion. The poetical and rhetorical choices of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, along with other Latin poetry enthusiasts such as Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope, bitingly denounce social hypocrisies and contradictions through parody and mockery. Their purpose was to rebut conventional behavior through the permeating force of Enlightenment wit inspired by cleverness, satire and sarcasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin Cuengh is a low-resource dialect that is prevalent in select ethnic minority regions in China. This language presents unique challenges for intelligent research and preservation efforts, primarily due to its oral tradition and the limited availability of textual resources. Prior research has sought to bolster intelligent processing capabilities with regard to Latin Cuengh through data augmentation techniques leveraging scarce textual data, with modest success. In this study, we introduce an innovative multimodal seed data augmentation model designed to significantly enhance the intelligent recognition and comprehension of this dialect. After supplementing the pre-trained model with extensive speech data, we fine-tune its performance with a modest corpus of multilingual textual seed data, employing both Latin Cuengh and Chinese texts as bilingual seed data to enrich its multilingual properties. We then refine its parameters through a variety of downstream tasks. The proposed model achieves a commendable performance across both multi-classification and binary classification tasks, with its average accuracy and F1 measure increasing by more than 3%. Moreover, the model's training efficiency is substantially ameliorated through strategic seed data augmentation. Our research provides insights into the informatization of low-resource languages and contributes to their dissemination and preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on an unknown Latin translation of Georg Ernst Stahl's treatise on the nature of sulfur (Zufällige Gedancken und Nützliche Bedencken über den Streit von dem so genannten Sulfure). The original edition, published in 1718, laid the foundation for the phlogiston theory, which dominated European chemistry until the early 1770s. However, the dissemination of the treatise on sulfur outside the German states remained limited. Its Latin translation proposes a different scenario as it was owned by three prominent French chemists: Étienne-François Geoffroy, Jean Hellot and Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier. Geoffroy's early interest in Stahl's chemistry has been evidenced and it is suggested that the acquisition of the manuscript might be linked to his connection with Stahl through Caspar Neumann, a chemist from Berlin. When he entered in the possession of the manuscript Jean Hellot wrote a long excerpt of Stahl's work. Lavoisier acquired the manuscript in 1766, and his critical reading of Stahl's work significantly influenced his own effort to outline a new theory of combustion. This manuscript represents a significant historical connection between Stahl's phlogiston theory and Lavoisier's revolutionary ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The value of classical language education is subject to a fierce dispute, waged continuously and internationally. While some dismiss Classics as useless or elitist, others herald its extraordinary formative value and the many benefits that await pupils. This article aims to give a novel overview of the public debate regarding classical language education, which is defined as follows: the controversy about the instruction of Latin and/or Ancient Greek at the secondary educational level, as it emerges from Western traditional media in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The reader is provided with historical insight into this debate that many classicists find themselves in the middle of, as well as with a logical and coherent framework of the various arguments pro and contra. The arguments are embedded in the history of classical language education, classified into categories, analysed and discussed at length. The classification of arguments hinges on the two main lines of criticism towards the study of classical languages, which are inspired by egalitarianism and utilitarianism respectively. As a backdrop to the analysis, we rely on the sociolinguistic theory of language ideology. The general conclusions of this paper are that the value of classical language education is indeed a highly ideologically charged matter, and that the surrounding public debate has known a remarkably high level of continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From my experience as a student of Latin, I have always perceived the transition from studying GCSE (sat at ages 14–16) to A Level Latin (sat at ages 17–18) as challenging. As a student, I used the inductive Cambridge Latin Course textbooks, which, as a reading comprehension course, fostered an intuitive sense of grammar. This was appropriate preparation for the GCSE exam. For the A Level exam however, which features greater quantities of difficult original literature and requires explicitly identifying grammatical forms, I had to undertake a lot of independent study, in addition to bridging work. Original Latin was a definite challenge for my peers and me: unusual vocabulary, creative generic form and lapses in grammatical convention were exciting but unfamiliar. With this in mind, I sought to investigate the experience of current Year 12 students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United Kingdom, especially since its re-introduction into GCSE exams by the coalition government of 2010, Latin composition attracts strong opinions. Indeed, Latin teaching methodologies altogether are highly debated. Traditional methods of grammar-translation are avoided by reading courses because of their supposed elitist nature, yet they are still used by many practitioners, and this is typically where prose composition is seen. This study investigates the use of composition in the teaching of Latin to a group of Year 7 students who usually follow a reading course, to see if writing Latin can be of any benefit to students who otherwise would not write any Latin. There is a great deal of literature on the topic, both in favour and against the pedagogical uses of composition. The aim of this study was to implement techniques from the literature into the students' lessons, and to see what the outcomes were of this new skill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not many of us ever get to see an actual papyrus roll, codex, or manuscript of a Greek or Latin literary text, though increasingly we are able to see digital copies of them online. The differences of format between any of the above and the texts we are accustomed to seeing are striking. This article is concerned with the effect that the format of a text had on the reception, written or aural, of word order as a literary device in the ancient world. We pay great attention to word order, but our reception of it is based on the format of the modern text, not on the format of the text as it was experienced in the ancient world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminologia Anatomica (TA) is a unique collection of technical terms that allow communication in anatomy and medicine around the world. Considering this, we reviewed articles published by Latin American authors on Terminologia Anatomica and synthesized the main results found in this article. This study is a systematic review about Terminologia Anatomica that focuses on non-English-speaking countries in Latin America. The database used was Scopus via Elsevier. 207, and candidate articles were identified after applying the search strategy and with no restriction of year of publication. After the exclusion of articles whose authorship was not Latin American, 68 articles were filtered based on their titles and abstracts without the exclusion of any of them. These articles were fully evaluated resulting in 66 articles that met all the inclusion criteria of this review. We collected the following data: title of the article, year of publication, journal of publication, keywords of the study, country of origin, and aim of the article. Among the analyzed articles, 22 proposed changes to terms present in Terminologia Anatomica, 15 of them proposed the inclusion of terms for Terminologia Anatomica, and several articles sought to explain the existence of the existing terms. It is necessary to analyze the terms that are and their origins in the Latin America languages to evaluate their coherence and anatomical correspondence. A standard descriptor for Terminologia Anatomica was not obtained and it is a limitation since eventual articles may not have been obtained. As the study evaluates only articles that were published in journals indexed in Scopus, some articles published in non-indexed journals were not included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the rapid development of globalisation observed over the last few decades, the English language has emerged as the default language for the communication of cross-border payments. Concurrently, the Latinisation of communication has resolved most of the problems related to the use of non-Latin languages. However, with the G20 cross-border payment roadmap promoting connectivity with local payment systems, this paper suggests that supporting the use of non- Latin language data in certain scenarios and transaction channels could improve the efficiency of cross-border payments and help enhance financial inclusion. This paper examines the use of language data in cross-border payments, reflects on how cross-border payments might support non-Latin language data, and makes relevant suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Action nouns can be formed from verbal roots in Vedic Old Indo-Aryan following various derivational patterns. The question is whether, and to what extent, such nouns, if derived from the same underlying root, can be considered equivalent or synonymous. It has been argued by several scholars that deverbal *-ti-stem and *-tu-stem action nouns were functionally-semantically different in Proto-Indo-European and ancient Indo-European languages such as Greek, Latin and the Indo-Iranian languages basically preserved this distinction. In this context, Benveniste pointed out that support-verb constructions in Ancient Greek, as a rule, involved -σι-stems (< *-ti-) as nominal hosts and not -τυ-stems (< *-tu-). The present paper shows that the same distribution of the two types of action nouns can be observed in the support-verb constructions of Early Vedic as well, a fact that nicely corroborates the assumption of their fundamental functional-semantic difference. It may be expected that further research will be able to reveal similar distinctions between other types of action nouns on the basis of analogous distributional patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to trace the etymology of the Late Latin word brūtes/brūtis ‘(Latin-speaking?) wife’ and try to decide whether the exact origin of this word can go back without doubt to the Gothic form *brūþs attested in the form of the acc. sg. in the Gothic translation of the Bible made by the bishop Wulfila in the 4th century AD, as is usually assumed in the scholarly literature. It is concluded that the origins of the word should rather be traced to East Germanic *brūþiz although all of the details are still not clear due to the lack of direct evidence and other hypotheses should also be considered.

The methodology of teaching Latin has undergone significant changes in recent years, and traditional approaches do not produce high-quality results. Therefore, the search for new effective methods of teaching this discipline becomes relevant. The teaching of the ancient language at a non-linguistic university should form competencies among students related not only to the expansion of their philological horizons, but also those that will be useful in the future profession. The current methodology for teaching the ancient language is based on the traditional structural approach and does not correspond to the new tasks of learning. Students do not understand the importance of this discipline in the formation of non-linguistic competencies. The main general scientific methods of this research are analysis and synthesis, as well as the comparative method. The practical part was carried out using the survey method. As a result of the study, the authors believe that the emphasis in teaching should be shifted to the wider use of algorithms, exercises, trainings in order to make the learning process more active. A new textbook that meets the requirements of time and psychological characteristics of students must also comply with the new methodology focused on a competency approach in higher education.

This paper examines the Latin formula debitum reddere ('settling a debt'), found in both pagan and Christian inscriptions with the meaning of 'dying'. In this formula, death is depicted as the fulfilment of a legal obligation, a debt typically owed to Nature, Fate or the Christian God. Although the primary focus is epigraphic, both inscriptions and literary sources are analysed to trace the origin and development of this metaphor, which is interpreted in light of its Stoic philosophical background. The paper also explores other related formulae with similar meanings (e.g. uitam/spiritum/animam reddere), possible folk-etymological associations (such as obitum reddere and uotum reddere in funerary contexts), and further developments of the concept of dying as the return of a borrowed existence (including the absolute use of reddere to mean 'dying' and the use of redditio as a synonym for 'death'). Several references suggest that the metaphor debitum reddere may have been particularly popular in Roman Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this material, Dimitrie Cantemir's work Curanus by Nicodim Locusteanu, is published for the first time, translated from Latin, in Romanian. Based on the copy brought from Russia, for the Romanian Academy by Grigore Tocilescu in 1878, Locusteanu published only two fragments, in the September 28 and October 1, 1938 issues of the Literary Universe magazine. Another 63 pages of the manuscript are currently preserved in the National Library of Romania. In this material, all the fragments were brought together into a single, critically edited form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A standard interpretation of the Latin phrase "Ars longa, vita brevis" is that it takes a long time to master an art or technology. Another interpretation is that art lasts, longer even than a human life. Paul Chan suggests a third possibility: that art extends life itself. To support this reading, he discusses the work of Chris Marker and the artist duo Arakawa and Gins, as well as describing experiences from his own private research in the domain of artificial intelligence. Hellenistic mathematicians Archimedes and Eratosthenes, who fused poetry with calculation to capture the "unbounded" or "infinite," are invoked through the work of the scholar Reviel Netz. Naturally, Faust appears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of bilingual and multilingual legal dictionaries in translation and legal communication is changing as the availability of various online resources increases. It turns out that most legal dictionaries published in the EU do not meet the standards of an ideal legal dictionary, in which linguistic data are supplemented with relevant law-related information. Furthermore, there is a strong disparity in terms of availability between dictionaries of major European languages and those of languages of limited diffusion. In the Czech context, bibliographic data indicate that a massive wave of legal lexicographic activity culminated around the year 2000. Since then, the trend has been dropping sharply. The authorship of the dictionaries, among which major European languages and Latin predominate, is almost exclusively in the hands of Czech authors. The decline of paper dictionaries does not seem to be fully compensated by online dictionaries for the time being. Yet the potential of electronic platforms for legal lexicography is considerable in terms of capacity, userfriendliness, accessibility and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the adaptation of anthroponyms of foreign origin in Slovak and Spanish across historical periods. We analyze ancient names of Latin and Greek origin where Spanish shows, in general, a deeper level of adaptation. We have also included biblical, Near Eastern, and Egyptian names and names from the medieval and early modern periods, where the predominant tendency is to find native equivalents, not only for first names, but for surnames as well (in a significantly more systematic way in the case of Spanish). Nowadays the clear tendency is to maintain the original graphic form of foreign names in languages using the Latin alphabet, except for names of popes and monarchs. Searching more widely, the article analyzes rules for transcribing names from Slavic languages, Arabic, and Chinese, noting a greater degree of adaptation in Spanish. Different approaches are found in transcription of Chinese names, with Spanish using pinyin and Slovak employing a system of transcription based on its own alphabet. The article concludes with translations of anthroponyms, highlighting variations in the use or absence of translation of descriptive names (nombres parlantes, e.g. Schneewittchen) into the two languages analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cato the Elder's De agricultura , the first farming manual in Latin, inspired a genre of farming manuals and didactic texts; yet Cato's real-life participation in farming and the accuracy of his knowledge has been called into question. Centuries later, we see the rise in agricultural writing among British gentlemen of the 18th and 19th centuries; here wealthy landowners wrote detailed instructions about menial labor. This paper explores the emergence of the farming genre among elite authors in these two contexts and considers how it reflects the tensions of two nascent empires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the graphemic system, Polish, like many other languages using the Latin alphabet, displays a certain characteristic analogy with the ideographic Sino-Japanese script used in the Japanese language. The analogy involves the presence of a small set of digital ideograms used to write numerical expressions. These expressions, contrary to digital rows representing mathematical formulae, are elements of the natural language lexicon, and their digital notation is abbreviated following the principle of linguistic economy. This principle prompts users to annotate digital ideograms with alphabetical markers that cue their pronunciation in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diversité Urbaine is the property of Chaire BMO en diversite et gouvernance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the UK, Latin is often seen as an elitist subject taught largely at fee-paying schools. Over the past generation, however, great strides have been made in opening up the subject to students from all backgrounds. A major hindrance to widening access to Latin at university level is that the language can often prove challenging for students. Data collected for this article reveal that only 77% of Latin students on beginners' modules in UK universities achieved a pass. Or in other words, nearly a quarter of students embarking on the study of Latin either fail or withdraw from their module. This article seeks to investigate the problems of retention and progression in support of the battle to make the study of Latin sustainable and accessible in higher education. By analysing survey responses from 29 UK universities offering beginners' Latin modules, it explores the impact of factors such as module weighting and duration, contact hours, class sizes, textbooks and assessment methods. In so doing, it breaks new ground in its rigorous statistical analysis of a significant set of quantitative data in an effort to improve our understanding of successful ancient language teaching, tackle real-world issues of retention, and promote student success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to trace the linguistic thinking of the author of a Romanian language textbook, used as a “Romanian as a second language” coursebook. The novelty lies in the fact that the work we have studied is the first of its kind in the history of Romanian language grammars and that its author is not a native speaker of Romanian, but a Frenchman, i.e., one of the declared beneficiaries of this particular type of book. It gathers multiple perspectives as it is a descriptive, synchronic but also diachronic grammar. At the same time, it is contrastive-typological research, but it also contains teaching methodology indications. Furthermore, it bears the marks of interculturality and alterity, as language facts are explained from the point of view of the foreigner who receives them, not of the native speaker who utters them.

Apocryphal and hagiographic works about the life and work of Christ's youngest apostle, John, appeared very early on. The 2nd-century Greek Acts of John (Acta Iohannis) were the basis of many later adaptations and compilations in oriental languages and Latin, which, in turn, had a significant influence on the development and tradition of Johannine hagiography in Western Europe. Descriptions of the apostle's life, martyrdom and death became part of the liturgical texts, including breviary lessons for his feast day. The temporale section of many Croatian Glagolitic breviaries from the 14th to the middle of the 16th century contain the text of the Passion of John the Apostle (Passio Iohannis apostoli), which is to be read on 27 December. The integral version of the Passion of John in the First Breviary of Novi Vinodolski (1459) contains six extensive readings, with textual parallels in Latin apocrypha about John the Apostle (Passio Iohannis BHL 4320, 4321; Virtutes Iohannis, BHL 4316). A textological analysis shows that the passion corresponds to Croatian Glagolitic breviaries of the southern, Zadar-Krbava group. The Passion of John the Apostle in the First Breviary of Novi Vinodolski holds a unique position among apocryphal apostolic texts of the Croatian Glagolitic tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to trace the linguistic thinking of the author of a Romanian language textbook, used as a "Romanian as a second language" coursebook. The novelty lies in the fact that the work we have studied is the first of its kind in the history of Romanian language grammars and that its author is not a native speaker of Romanian, but a Frenchman, i.e., one of the declared beneficiaries of this particular type of book. It gathers multiple perspectives as it is a descriptive, synchronic but also diachronic grammar. At the same time, it is contrastive-typological research, but it also contains teaching methodology indications. Furthermore, it bears the marks of interculturality and alterity, as language facts are explained from the point of view of the foreigner who receives them, not of the native speaker who utters them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to fill a gap in the current literature on the pragmatics of Latin by proposing a corpus-based analysis of the different words (e.g., ut, uelut, sicut), phrases (e.g., exempli gratia, uerbi causa), and constructions (e.g., ut puta, si dicas) exploited to signal the process of exemplification. The structures and devices that perform this discursive operation are essentially neglected in Latin handbooks of syntax and stylistics, and only sparse comments on individual forms can be found in the lexica and in recent literature. To investigate these understudied issues, we have devised a functional taxonomy centred around the notions of meta-exemplification, canonical exemplification, and para-exemplification. The analysis of the data illustrating the different strategies and signals of exemplification is based on the tenets of historical pragmatics. The discussion focuses on the multiple roles and emergence of example markers in different textual genres, with special attention to technical prose and grammatical treatises, where examples are crucial in describing natural categories and explaining linguistic phenomena. The significance of the results extends beyond the Latin language and sheds light on the origin and development of example markers in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthology "German Studies in Latin America - Developments and Trends" provides a comprehensive overview of German studies in Latin America. The contributions address topics such as the adaptation of German language programs at Brazilian universities, the professional training of German teachers in Rio de Janeiro, and the connection between teacher education and German instruction in the North and Northeast of Brazil. The authors employ various methodological approaches to analyze the development of German studies in Brazil. Ullrich's contribution examines the German language and culture in Bolivia and emphasizes the importance of integrating the German language into the Bolivian education system. The editors' afterword summarizes the discussions on German studies in eleven Latin American countries and emphasizes the importance of networking and identifying trends. The anthology provides a solid foundation for future research aimed at improving teacher education and strengthening the German language in Latin America. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Although the challenges associated with big data are increasing, the question of the most suitable big data analytics (BDA) platform in libraries is always significant. The purpose of this study is to propose a solution to this problem. Design/methodology/approach: The current study identifies relevant literature and provides a review of big data adoption in libraries. It also presents a step-by-step guide for the development of a BDA platform using the Apache Hadoop Ecosystem. To test the system, an analysis of library big data using Apache Pig, which is a tool from the Apache Hadoop Ecosystem, was performed. It establishes the effectiveness of Apache Hadoop Ecosystem as a powerful BDA solution in libraries. Findings: It can be inferred from the literature that libraries and librarians have not taken the possibility of big data services in libraries very seriously. Also, the literature suggests that there is no significant effort made to establish any BDA architecture in libraries. This study establishes the Apache Hadoop Ecosystem as a possible solution for delivering BDA services in libraries. Research limitations/implications: The present work suggests adapting the idea of providing various big data services in a library by developing a BDA platform, for instance, providing assistance to the researchers in understanding the big data, cleaning and curation of big data by skilled and experienced data managers and providing the infrastructural support to store, process, manage, analyze and visualize the big data. Practical implications: The study concludes that Apache Hadoops' Hadoop Distributed File System and MapReduce components significantly reduce the complexities of big data storage and processing, respectively, and Apache Pig, using Pig Latin scripting language, is very efficient in processing big data and responding to queries with a quick response time. Originality/value: According to the study, there are significantly fewer efforts made to analyze big data from libraries. Furthermore, it has been discovered that acceptance of the Apache Hadoop Ecosystem as a solution to big data problems in libraries are not widely discussed in the literature, although Apache Hadoop is regarded as one of the best frameworks for big data handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our article presents the little known so-called Ratiu collection of documents from the years 18501877 regarding the death of the Romanian hero Avram Iancu. The documents were donated in 2015 by Indrei Ratiu to the Lucian Blaga Central University Library in Cluj-Napoca. They are valuable legal historical documents regarding the testaments of Avram Iancu (1824-1872) and of his father, Alesandru Iancu (1797-1855), as well as their trials for succession. The documents were written mostly in the Romanian language with Cyrillic and Latin letters, but inserts and documents in German and Hungarian were also added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a review of the activities and successes of the 43rd residential JACT Latin Summer School, run in July 2023. Specifically, it covers our typical teaching arrangement, lectures, trips and events and acknowledges the generosity of our sponsors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea for this special issue of Journal of Classics Teaching arose from the conference 'Monsters in the classroom: Latin and Greek at primary school' which Steve Hunt (Cambridge), Lidewij Van Gils (Amsterdam), and myself (Ghent) co-organised in January of 2022. This conference gathered teaching expertise from eight countries and attracted more than 120 participants from 20 countries to discuss both the successes and challenges related to current international practice in the teaching of Classical languages at primary school. It became a constructive and fruitful event, where participants from different countries shared good practice in order to learn from each other and formulate steps forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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