Search

Background: Comorbid chronic diseases, such as obesity, Type-2 Diabetes (T2D), and hypertension (HTN), are major public health issues and highly prevalent among underserved African Americans (AA) and Latin Americans (LA). Elevated inflammatory cytokines are underlying processes in comorbidities (obesity, T2D, and HTN) that could contribute to tumorigenesis and adverse cancer outcomes. Methods: A panel of 19 cytokines was measured by Luminex assay from 570 AA and LA women's serum samples. The comorbidities and breast cancer information were extracted from our existing clinical database. Comorbidity-associated cytokines were identified by linear regression analysis, and the odds ratios of increasing cytokines for breast cancer were evaluated by Logistic regression. Results: Women with obesity, T2D, and HTN elevated specific groups of cytokines. EGF, MCP1, MDC, MIP-1b, and Groα were independent of T2D and HTN significantly associated with obesity. TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 were T2D-associated cytokines, and MIB-1b, TNFα, and VEGFα were HTN-associated cytokines. Among those comorbidity-associated cytokines, CXCL1, CCL4, CXCL10, TNFα, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2 were also significantly associated with breast cancer diagnosed at age < 50. Two or more comorbidities further increased the levels of Groα, MIP-1b, TNFα, and TGFβs. Conclusions: Comorbidity-associate cytokines could augment the risk of breast cancer for AA and LA women.

OBJECTIVES: Mortality due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major global health problem. Knowledge of epidemiological data on ARDS is crucial to design management, treatment strategies, and optimize resources. There is ample data regarding mortality of ARDS from high-income countries; in this review, we evaluated mortality due to ARDS in Latin America. DATA SOURCES: We searched in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature databases from 1967 to March 2023. STUDY SELECTION: We searched prospective or retrospective observational studies and randomized controlled trials conducted in Latin American countries reporting ARDS mortality. DATA EXTRACTION: Three pairs of independent reviewers checked all studies for eligibility based on their titles and abstracts. We performed meta-analysis of proportions using a random-effects model. We performed sensitivity analyses including studies with low risk of bias and with diagnosis using the Berlin definition. Subgroup analysis comparing different study designs, time of publication (up to 2000 and from 2001 to present), and studies in which the diagnosis of ARDS was made using Pao2/Fio2 less than or equal to 200 and regional variations. Subsequently, we performed meta-regression analyses. Finally, we graded the certainty of the evidence (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). DATA SYNTHESIS: Of 3315 articles identified, 32 were included (3627 patients). Mortality was 52% in the pooled group (low certainty of evidence). In the sensitivity analysis (according to the Berlin definition), mortality was 46% (moderate certainty of evidence). In the subgroup analysis mortality was 53% (randomized controlled trials), 51% (observational studies), 66% (studies published up to 2000), 50% (studies after 2000), 44% (studies with Pao2/Fio2 ≤ 200), 56% (studies from Argentina/Brazil), and 40% (others countries). No variables were associated with mortality in the meta-regression. CONCLUSIONS: ARDS mortality in Latin America remains high, as in other regions. These results should constitute the basis for action planning to improve the prognosis of patients with ARDS (PROSPERO [CRD42022354035]). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the approaches taken by the reconceptualisation movement to find out whether it is still an enduring process in the frameworks of international social work. The conclusions reached are that the discourses of these organisations are still ostensibly politically committed, but their ideological position is very moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Interamericana de Psicología is the property of Sociedad Interamericana de Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Interamericana de Psicología is the property of Sociedad Interamericana de Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The exposome approach, emphasizing lifelong environmental exposures, is a holistic framework exploring the intricate interplay between genetics and the environment in shaping health outcomes. Complementing this, the one health approach recognizes the interconnectedness of human and ecological health within a shared ecosystem, extending to planetary health, which encompasses the entire planet. Integrating Disease Surveillance Systems with exposome, one health, and planetary health signifies a paradigm shift in health management, fostering a comprehensive public health framework. This publication advocates for combining traditional health surveillance with exposome and one health/planetary health approach, proposing a three-step approach: ecological analysis, territorial intervention in identified issues, and an analytical phase for assessing interventions. Particularly relevant for Latin American countries facing a double burden of diseases, integrating the exposome into traditional health surveillance proves cost-effective by leveraging existing data and environmental measurements. In conclusion, the integration of exposome and one health approaches into traditional health surveillance presents a robust framework for monitoring population health, especially in regions like Latin America with complex health challenges. This innovative approach enables tailored interventions, disease outbreak predictions, and a holistic understanding of the intricate links between human health and the environment, offering substantial benefits for public health and disease prevention despite existing challenges.

Background: Gastric cancer has a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Epidemiological, clinical, and molecular features significantly impact patient outcomes. In regions lacking a national gastric cancer registry, hospital-based registries can provide crucial data that may aid in planning therapeutic strategies for the disease. Methods: A retrospective observational cohort design was carried out in European Union (EU) and Latin American (LATAM) countries participating in the LEGACy project. Survival estimates were determined using actuarial Kaplan–Meier curves. Comparison was carried out with the log-rank test, and differences were considered statistically significant for P values ≤0.05. Results: A total of 689 patients diagnosed with gastric cancer from November 2018 to November 2019 were included. Both cohorts had the body as the most common site reported (34.4% for EU and 51% for LATAM). The most used method for staging was computed tomography for both cohorts, although 6.9% of the LATAM population had positron emission tomography/computed tomography instead. Intestinal histological subtype was the most common (41.9% and 46.3% reported by EU and LATAM), while diffuse subtype was 44.9% for the LATAM and 21.3% for the EU population. Among patients tested for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), 12.5% were positive in the EU cohort and 13.8% in the LATAM cohort. For both cohorts, the most common site of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity was the gastroesophageal junction. Systemic treatment with curative intention was indicated in 50.7% in the EU cohort and 46.4% of the LATAM cohort. The most frequent scheme indicated for both the localized and the advanced setting was platinum-based (42.6% and 84.8% for EU and LATAM). Considering both cohorts, only 14.4% of the patients received second-line treatment, and 3% received a third-line treatment. After using Cox regression analysis, no difference in overall survival was reported, with a median of 10.9 months. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of hospital-based registry analysis, our study has provided valuable insights into clinical characteristics and treatment approaches of EU and LATAM populations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Latin American populations remain underrepresented in genetic studies of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Most genetic association studies of IBD rely on Caucasian, African, and Asian individuals. These associations have yet to be evaluated in detail in the Andean region of South America. We explored the contribution of IBD-reported genetic risk variants to a Chilean cohort and the ancestry contribution to IBD in this cohort. METHODS: A total of 192 Chilean IBD patients were genotyped using Illuminas Global Screening Array. Genotype data were combined with similar information from 3,147 Chilean controls. The proportions of Aymara, African, European, and Mapuche ancestries were estimated using the software ADMIXTURE. We calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for gender, age, and ancestry proportions. We also explored associations with previously reported IBD-risk variants independently and in conjunction with genetic ancestry. RESULTS: The first and third quartiles of the proportion of Mapuche ancestry in IBD patients were 24.7 and 34.2%, respectively, and the corresponding OR was 2.30 (95%CI 1.52-3.48) for the lowest vs. the highest group. Only one variant (rs7210086) of the 180 reported IBD-risk SNPs was associated with IBD risk in the Chilean cohort (adjusted P = 0.01). This variant is related to myeloid cells. CONCLUSION: The type and proportion of Native American ancestry in Chileans seem to be associated with IBD risk. Variants associated with IBD risk in this Andean region were related to myeloid cells and the innate immune response.

Are memory studies part of Latin American thought? In this article we will seek to demonstrate that memory studies constitute sources for Latin American thought of the 20th century, as they seek to problematize the notion of Latin American identity based on analysis of the social ways of remembering state violence and its consequences in the configuration of the Latin American identity. To do so, we will take the Condor Plan as the problematic axis, as an integral and regional process, and its subsequent memorial reconstruction. In this work we will analyze three volumes of the collection Repression Memories that deepen the study on identities and ways of remembering: Commemorations: disputes on "unhappy" dates (Jelin 2002); Local struggles, communities and identities (del Pino, Jelin 2003); Monuments, memorials and land marks (Jelin and Langland 2003). These volumes will be compared and analyzed based on bibliographic guidelines regarding Latin American thought. Based on this problem, we will seek to answer the initial question, proposing that memory studies are sources of Latin American thought since they produce inputs to answer and attend to some of the central questions of this thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pharmacogenomic knowledge as a biomarker for cancer care has transformed clinical practice, however, as current guidelines are primarily derived from Eurocentric populations, this limits their application in Latin America, particularly among Hispanic or Latino groups. Despite advancements, systemic chemotherapy still poses challenges in drug toxicity and suboptimal response. This study explores pharmacogenetic markers related to anticancer drugs in a Chilean cohort, filling a gap in Latin American research. Notably, the influence of native South American Mapuche-Huilliche ancestry. Methods: To explore pharmacogenetic markers related to anticancer drugs, we utilized an ethnically Admixed Chilean genome-wide association studies (GWAS) dataset of 1095 unrelated individuals. Pharmacogenomic markers were selected from PharmGKB, totaling 36 level 1 and 2 evidence single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 571 level 3 SNPs. Comparative analyses involved assessing SNP frequencies across diverse populations from the 1000 Genomes Project. Haplotypes were estimated, and linkage disequilibrium was examined. Ancestry-based association analyses explored relationships between SNPs and Mapuche-Huilliche and European ancestries. Chi-square distribution with p ≤ 0.05 and Bonferroni's multiple adjustment tests determined statistical differences between allele frequencies. Results: Our study reveals significant disparities in SNP frequency within the Chilean population. Notably, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) variants (rs75017182 and rs67376798), linked to an increased risk of severe fluoropyrimidine toxicity, exhibit an exceptionally low frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.005). Nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) rs116855232, associated with hematological mercaptopurine toxicity, is relatively common (MAF = 0.062), and is further linked to Mapuche-Huilliche ancestry. Thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme (TPMT), implicated in severe toxicity to mercaptopurines, SNPs rs1142345 and rs1800460 of TMPT gene demonstrate higher MAFs in Admixed Americans and the Chilean population (MAF range 0.031–0.057). Finally, the variant in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 gene (UGT1A1) rs4148323, correlated with irinotecan neutropenia, exhibits the highest MAF in East Asian (MAF = 0.136) and Chilean (MAF = 0.025) populations, distinguishing them from other investigated populations. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive pharmacogenetic characterization of cancer therapy-related SNPs and highlights significant disparities in SNP frequencies within the Chilean population. Our findings underscore the necessity for inclusive research and personalized therapeutic strategies to ensure the equitable and effective application of precision medicine across diverse global communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) comprises clinical and genetic factors. In fact, GDM is associated with several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study aimed to build a prediction model of GDM combining clinical and genetic risk factors. A total of 1588 pregnant women from the San Carlos Cohort participated in the present study, including 1069 (67.3%) Caucasian (CAU) and 519 (32.7%) Latin American (LAT) individuals, and 255 (16.1%) had GDM. The incidence of GDM was similar in both groups (16.1% CAU and 16.0% LAT). Genotyping was performed via IPLEX Mass ARRAY PCR, selecting 110 SNPs based on literature references. SNPs showing the strongest likelihood of developing GDM were rs10830963, rs7651090, and rs1371614 in CAU and rs1387153 and rs9368222 in LAT. Clinical variables, including age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at 12 gestational weeks, predicted the risk of GDM (AUC 0.648, 95% CI 0.601–0.695 in CAU; AUC 0.688, 95% CI 0.628–9.748 in LAT), and adding SNPs modestly improved prediction (AUC 0.722, 95%CI 0.680–0.764 in CAU; AUC 0.769, 95% CI 0.711–0.826 in LAT). In conclusion, adding genetic variants enhanced the prediction model of GDM risk in CAU and LAT pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the second decade of the 21st century, Latin American migration to Spain showed a new quantitative increase in flows of such magnitude that we can speak of the existence of a second migratory boom. In contrast to what happened with the first migration boom at the beginning of the century, when pull factors dominated (mainly due to the expansion of the Spanish labour market), after the economic crisis of 2008 push factors played a more important role. Three processes leading to large-scale emigration are identified in Latin America: high levels of political instability in many Latin American countries such as Venezuela; growing insecurity, especially—but not only—in Central American countries, where it also coincides with increasing difficulties in entering the USA; and the effect of neoliberal policies, with growing tensions in many countries, as would be the case of Argentine migrants. COVID-19 has slowed down these flows and has led to increased numbers of returnees although the previous migratory intensities began to recover at the end of 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdisciplinary STEM and STEAM education gives us the opportunity for training students to achieve all educational objectives in a sustainable development framework. Land in a rural area is a scenario with a range of educational resources for the development of STEM and STEAM projects to train students to interact with the rural environment. The possibilities of the land in order to prepare students for the needs of today's world are linked and sensitized to the environment. In this article, we will offer contemporary examples of STEM and STEAM projects that have been carried out in Latin America. These projects are being developed in which young people establish links with their environment, territory, and the local environment surrounding them. We must look carefully at projects and works in which students' ties to their land and environment are valued through the STEM and STEAM education necessary today. In this scenario, a comparison has been made between the projects in Latin American countries and Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory pathology that generates a substantial and progressive deterioration of functionality and quality of life. It is associated with comorbidities (cardiovascular and metabolic) and involvement of mental health. In Latin America, information regarding the disease is limited. This study reviews the burden of disease (disease activity, functional involvement, clinical manifestations, comorbidities, patient-reported outcomes, quality of life, and use of health resources) in PsA patients in Latin America. Methods: Systematic literature review of publications in PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews–CDSR/Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, LILACS, Scielo, Redalyc, conference abstracts, and grey literature. Two independent assessors selected studies and extracted information. Quality was assessed according to the type of study. Results: We identified 692 references, selecting 50 studies: 41 cross-sectional, four economic-studies, four cohort studies and one systematic review. The information comes mainly from Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico. The estimated disease prevalence for Latin America ranges from 0.004 to 0.08% (95% CI 0.02–0.20). Measurements with validated instruments suggest suboptimal assessment of disease domains, significant functional compromise, loss of productivity, and high frequency of comorbidities, including mental health. Methodological and population considerations limit the generalizability of the findings. Conclusions: The available information reports a considerable burden of disease in patients with PsA in Latin America, with involvement of quality of life associated with disability in relation to disease activity and its various manifestations. Future research and funding efforts should be aimed at generating more standardized information about the impact of PsA in the region. Key Points •The functional involvement related to disease activity, the impact on the quality of life, and the frequency of cardiometabolic and psychological comorbidities are remarkable in Latin American patients with PsA. •The current synthesis offers an overview of the burden of disease (disease activity, functional involvement, clinical manifestations, comorbidities, patient-reported outcomes, quality of life, and use of health resources) in PsA patients in Latin America. •Future research efforts and clinical strategies are required in order to generate standardized data on the patients and better estimate the burden of disease in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is responsible for causing chronic gastritis, which can cause peptic ulcer and premalignant lesions such as atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia, with the risk of developing gastric cancer. Recent data describe that H. pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of more than 50% of the world's population; however, this bacterium has been described as infecting the human population since its prehistory. This review focuses on the populations and subpopulations of H. pylori, differentiated by the polymorphisms present in their constitutive and virulence genes. These genes have spread and associated with different human populations, showing variability depending on their geographical distribution, and have evolved together with the human being. The predominant genotypes worldwide, Latin America and Chile, are described to understand the genetic diversity and pathogenicity of H. pylori in different populations and geographic regions. The high similarity in the sequence of virulence genes between H. pylori strains present in Peruvian and Spanish natives in Latin America suggests a European influence. The presence of cagA-positive strains and vacA s1 m1 allelic variants is observed with greater prevalence in Chilean patients with more severe gastrointestinal diseases and is associated with its geographical distribution. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the genetic diversity of H. pylori in different regions of the world for a more accurate assessment of the risk of associated diseases and their potential impact on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impacts of oil price shocks on the stock markets of six Latin American countries – Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru – by employing a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) approach. This is during periods of global turbulence triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s war in Ukraine. The study used data gathered from January 2020 to July 2023, daily stock prices of the six countries, and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) as a proxy of the oil price index. The analysis revealed that the complex relationship between oil price shocks and stock markets in Latin America has changed significantly since the start of the pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian War. The findings indicate that the relationship between oil price changes and stock markets is not a straightforward linear correlation, but rather is more complex, with non-linear and counteracting effects, likely due to the uncertainty created by the pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian War, which has caused investors to be more cautious when responding to oil price shocks.

Copyright of Revista Pretexto is the property of Revista Pretexto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aquaculture offers solutions to meet the growing global demand for fish, and reports from the UN‐FAO indicate that aquaculture production in Latin America (LA) has grown at rates above the world average in recent years. One of the major constraints in the diversification of LA aquaculture is the control of reproduction in several popular native fish species for which difficulties in captive propagation have not yet been sufficiently overcome. This article reviews the use of hormone treatments to promote reproduction in females of these native fish species. LA has played a key role in the history of development of hormone administration, including the first hormonally induced spawning. That contribution is included in a historical overview of the discovery of the major hormones used in fish culture. The review provides a summary of difficulties to propagate females of various native fishes and the effects of administering hormones to enhance reproduction. Induced spawning of certain freshwater species was mainly achieved with pituitary extracts or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), although gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) treatments are being researched, and successful studies suggest that low doses may be more effective. Research on new and emerging aquaculture species has applied both gonadotropins (Gths) and GnRHa‐based treatments, and GnRHa treatments have shown potential for marine species. However, native marine species new to aquaculture have also been conditioned to spawn spontaneously without hormones. Finally, we proposed future lines of research to examine reproductive strategies and GnRHa‐based hormone treatments to improve reproductive control for economically important fish species of LA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on urban agriculture (UA) has revealed that alongside the opportunities these spaces open for community building, UA can also (re)produce exclusionary practices, especially towards minority groups. Engaging with critical debates, we conducted a collective autoethnography project to explore the nuances of joining UA as Latin American migrant women of colour in Wellington, Aotearoa. We discuss how weaving critical race theory and collective autoethnography helped us reflect and amplify our counter‐stories of racial oppression. By pushing academic thinking, we also aim to inspire others to recognise, resist and rework racist (and sexist) structures, building solidarity towards decolonial and antiracist spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the case of Guatemalan Pentecostalism as a highly relevant expression of Latin American Pentecostalism that helps to clarify the debate about the syncretic nature of Pentecostalism. We use the Guatemalan case to test the thesis of Juan Sepúlveda, a Chilean Pentecostal historian and theologian, who explains the success of Latin American Pentecostalism in light of its syncretic character. His argument about the syncretic character of Pentecostalism is based on the Chilean case. Paying attention to its historical development, we present Guatemalan Pentecostal theology in relation to traditional Mayan culture and religion and in relation to popular Catholicism and traditional Latin American Protestantism. Specific attention is paid to the espoused theology of Pentecostal pastors as they provide an account of indigenous Pentecostals' lived faith. Finally, we answer the question: Does Juan Sepulveda's approach (still) provide an adequate framework for the theological assessment of possible syncretic characteristics of (Latin American) Pentecostalism? The Guatemalan case indicates ways to improve certain limitations of Sepúlveda's approach, such as its static understanding of culture and its exclusion of the theological understanding of syncretism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with conspiracy narratives regarding two deceased Latin American leaders from Venezuela and Argentina, Hugo Chávez and Néstor Kirchner. These narratives, circulating on the Internet, are supported by allusions to ritualized communications with the dead, such as the supernatural apparition of Chávez as a speaking bird and of Kirchner as a “cosmic kite.” Such symbols are used as argumentative strategies to legitimate political programs, in narratives whose rhetorical construction is based on a synecdochic logic connected with the global threats to local cultures. These discourses show a folklorization process of these political figures, presented as emblematic metaphors of local identities rooted in the traditional past.

The present study is an interpretation of the trajectories of quality assurance policies in higher education in Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Costa Rica. These trajectories are presented as cases of two instances of reform: one in the first generation and the other in the second generation, each stemming from different variants of the neoliberal economic-cultural program in Latin America that affected the role of the State and bureaucracies. The methodological strategy used in this article is a case study that includes a qualitative design for the production and analysis of data through a review of laws and relevant literature. Content analysis was used to analyze and interpret the data. The most significant results establish that both the first and the second-generation reforms use their own logics when promoting quality assurance in their respective countries in matters such as central state systems, in the case of the first generation, and public-private systems, in the case of the second. Likewise, the concentration of the bureaucratic functions of evaluation and accreditation are characteristic of the first generation, while decentralized bureaucracies are characteristic of the second.

This qualitative study of the situation of Latin American migrants with Chagas Disease in Geneva analyses how precarious migration-related socioeconomic conditions determine health priorities and disease perception. The study was conducted between 2016 and 2019 and is based on survey data collected in three Chagas-related community events, as well as on open-ended interviews with Bolivian migrants. This research contributes to more appropriate development of public health policies for migrants, as well as to a more nuanced and culturally sensitive understanding of how precarity affects the delivery of, and access to, healthcare in Western Europe. The significance of this research is to highlight how perceptions of Chagas Disease provide a lens to better understand the links between precarity and health among Bolivian migrants.

Postcolonial criticism is one of the critical derivations of recent times. Nevertheless, not many works have undertaken studies based upon comparative analyses grounded on its episteme(s). The present study demonstrates that there is more than one episteme in postcolonial criticism. To prove it, the analysis considers key points in the evolution of the ideology and criticism of Anglophone and Latin American postcolonial realms. It first covers the evolution of the Anglophone postcolonial ideology and criticism. After that, it deals with Latin American postcolonial criticism. It concludes by establishing a comparison between both. It leads us to see that the postcolonial Anglophone and Latin American epistemes are asymmetric phenomena that share common features and mutual benefits. Additionally and on equal terms, the present study shows that the post- and de- prefixes linked to the “colonial” term and applied to the Anglophone and Latin American realms, respectively, are indicators that mark an ideological turn in the conception of both terms. Despite the shared plurality and multiplicity of the postcolonial world, the apparent wish for the release and unleashing from the matrix of power, and the paradoxical “sameness convergence” into globalization, these indicators are different, as in fact they show different degrees of epistemic disobedience and social dissidence.

Lactose intolerance (LI) and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) have been linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We conducted an observational study in 192 Chilean IBD patients to investigate the prevalence of a specific gene variant (LCT-13910 CC genotype) associated with LI and the prevalence of VDD/Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene variants. Blood samples were analyzed using Illumina's Infinium Global Screening Array. The LCT-13910 CC genotype was found in 61% of IBD patients, similar to Chilean Hispanic controls and lower than Chilean Amerindian controls. The frequency of the LCT-13910-C allele in Chilean IBD patients (0.79) was comparable to the general population and higher than Europeans (0.49). Regarding VDR and VDD variants, in our study, the rs12785878-GG variant was associated with an increased risk of IBD (OR = 2.64, CI = 1.61–4.32; p-value = 0.001). Sixty-one percent of the Chilean IBD cohort have a genetic predisposition to lactose malabsorption, and a significant proportion exhibit genetic variants associated with VDD/VDR. Screening for LI and VDD is crucial in this Latin American IBD population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Witchcraft in Honduras is an unprotected marginalized woman's efforts to gain social, economic, and political power through an informal economy by utilizing the cultural belief in the witches' supernatural power. The Honduran post-colonial Latin American culture allows for a persistent informal economy, in part, based on the commoditization of witchcraft and exorcism. The case study provides a specific example through ethnographic interviews of this under-researched informal economy driven by fear and economic desperation. Further research and analysis of these poorly understood and rarely recorded modern phenomena and the associated informal economy is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contending against colonial and liberal explanations of racialized identity, the authors offer new articulations of race and Indigeneity as a journey from roots to reefs. This work is inspired by the author's relationships as communities born from Moana Nui (the Pacific Ocean) and Abya Yala (Latin America). The article begins with the theoretical genealogies of trans-Indigeneity as conceptualized by Chadwick Allen and the Tongan (Indigenous people of Tonga) Tā-Vā (time–space) theory of reality. Drawing and applying trans-Indigenous scholarship allows them to use art or poetry to demonstrate pathways of inter-connections among both communities with tā-vā as a conceptual lens to identify relational moments in time and space. Their work is informed by a K'iche' Maya (the largest group of Mayan peoples currently living in Central America) scholar with Pacific Islander relationships as a relational praxis that is possible among both communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformative Innovation Policy (TIP) is a new paradigm in science, technology, and innovation policy that seeks to produce a transition to sustainable development. In this paradigm, universities are crucial actors in the dynamics of science, technology, and innovation, but their role in the implementation of TIP should be defined. The objective of this article is to contribute to the understanding of the ideal role of Latin American universities in the implementation of TIP. Therefore—to describe and analyze the concepts of university and TIP in Latin America—this case study examines the co-creation of a public policy of science, technology, and innovation by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in that region. This article underscores the vital role of universities in promoting transformative innovation that fosters social inclusion and sustainability. To achieve this goal, structural policy changes should be implemented, and different stakeholders (including researchers, students, and civil society) should be actively engaged. This paper also highlights the importance of addressing socio-economic, cultural, political, cognitive, and environmental issues faced by marginalized communities. By embracing the principles of transitions theory and prioritizing transformative innovation, universities can make significant contributions towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disability among Latin American indigenous peoples is frequent and has particular characteristics. On the one hand, people understand and experience disability from their own worldview and cultural practices, but on the other hand, these cultural characteristics coexist with the reality of a disability produced by colonialism, colonization and forced assimilation into the states. Additionally, the socioeconomic conditions in which indigenous peoples live, as well as the political violence to which they are subjected, create a complex panorama that challenges disability studies to dialogue with other philosophies. Decoloniality, interculturality, epistemologies of the South, and indigenous thought can be approaches that discuss and problematize the study of disability in indigenous cultures from a more just and situated perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pharmacogenomic knowledge as a biomarker for cancer care has transformed clinical practice, however, as current guidelines are primarily derived from Eurocentric populations, this limits their application in Latin America, particularly among Hispanic or Latino groups. Despite advancements, systemic chemotherapy still poses challenges in drug toxicity and suboptimal response. This study explores pharmacogenetic markers related to anticancer drugs in a Chilean cohort, filling a gap in Latin American research. Notably, the influence of native South American Mapuche-Huilliche ancestry. Methods: To explore pharmacogenetic markers related to anticancer drugs, we utilized an ethnically Admixed Chilean genome-wide association studies (GWAS) dataset of 1095 unrelated individuals. Pharmacogenomic markers were selected from PharmGKB, totaling 36 level 1 and 2 evidence single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 571 level 3 SNPs. Comparative analyses involved assessing SNP frequencies across diverse populations from the 1000 Genomes Project. Haplotypes were estimated, and linkage disequilibrium was examined. Ancestry-based association analyses explored relationships between SNPs and Mapuche-Huilliche and European ancestries. Chi-square distribution with p ≤ 0.05 and Bonferroni’s multiple adjustment tests determined statistical differences between allele frequencies. Results: Our study reveals significant disparities in SNP frequency within the Chilean population. Notably, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) variants (rs75017182 and rs67376798), linked to an increased risk of severe fluoropyrimidine toxicity, exhibit an exceptionally low frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.005). Nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) rs116855232, associated with hematological mercaptopurine toxicity, is relatively common (MAF = 0.062), and is further linked to Mapuche-Huilliche ancestry. Thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme (TPMT), implicated in severe toxicity to mercaptopurines, SNPs rs1142345 and rs1800460 of TMPT gene demonstrate higher MAFs in Admixed Americans and the Chilean population (MAF range 0.031–0.057). Finally, the variant in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 gene (UGT1A1) rs4148323, correlated with irinotecan neutropenia, exhibits the highest MAF in East Asian (MAF = 0.136) and Chilean (MAF = 0.025) populations, distinguishing them from other investigated populations. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive pharmacogenetic characterization of cancer therapy-related SNPs and highlights significant disparities in SNP frequencies within the Chilean population. Our findings underscore the necessity for inclusive research and personalized therapeutic strategies to ensure the equitable and effective application of precision medicine across diverse global communities.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is responsible for causing chronic gastritis, which can cause peptic ulcer and premalignant lesions such as atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia, with the risk of developing gastric cancer. Recent data describe that H. pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of more than 50% of the world’s population; however, this bacterium has been described as infecting the human population since its prehistory. This review focuses on the populations and subpopulations of H. pylori, differentiated by the polymorphisms present in their constitutive and virulence genes. These genes have spread and associated with different human populations, showing variability depending on their geographical distribution, and have evolved together with the human being. The predominant genotypes worldwide, Latin America and Chile, are described to understand the genetic diversity and pathogenicity of H. pylori in different populations and geographic regions. The high similarity in the sequence of virulence genes between H. pylori strains present in Peruvian and Spanish natives in Latin America suggests a European influence. The presence of cagA-positive strains and vacA s1 m1 allelic variants is observed with greater prevalence in Chilean patients with more severe gastrointestinal diseases and is associated with its geographical distribution. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the genetic diversity of H. pylori in different regions of the world for a more accurate assessment of the risk of associated diseases and their potential impact on health.

More than 1,400 Latin American professional baseball players, age 16-21, are employed by 30 Major League Baseball (MLB) academies in the Dominican Republic. The popular press has highlighted scandals related to professional youth baseball player recruitment, selection, and exploitation in the academies, but little attention has been given to the academy experiences of youth baseball players from the perspective of the players themselves. For this research, 11 professional baseball players residing at an MLB Academy in the Dominican Republic participated in semi-structured interviews. Players described their transitions into the baseball academy system, their experiences in the academy, and their perceptions and expectations upon leaving or being released from the academy. Themes that emerged from the data included athletes' hopes and dreams, stress, faith, and career transitions. Clinical implications of these findings for sport psychology practitioners are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aimsLatin American populations remain underrepresented in genetic studies of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Most genetic association studies of IBD rely on Caucasian, African, and Asian individuals. These associations have yet to be evaluated in detail in the Andean region of South America. We explored the contribution of IBD-reported genetic risk variants to a Chilean cohort and the ancestry contribution to IBD in this cohort.MethodsA total of 192 Chilean IBD patients were genotyped using Illumina's Global Screening Array. Genotype data were combined with similar information from 3,147 Chilean controls. The proportions of Aymara, African, European, and Mapuche ancestries were estimated using the software ADMIXTURE. We calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for gender, age, and ancestry proportions. We also explored associations with previously reported IBD-risk variants independently and in conjunction with genetic ancestry.ResultsThe first and third quartiles of the proportion of Mapuche ancestry in IBD patients were 24.7 and 34.2%, respectively, and the corresponding OR was 2.30 (95%CI 1.52–3.48) for the lowest vs. the highest group. Only one variant (rs7210086) of the 180 reported IBD-risk SNPs was associated with IBD risk in the Chilean cohort (adjusted P = 0.01). This variant is related to myeloid cells.ConclusionThe type and proportion of Native American ancestry in Chileans seem to be associated with IBD risk. Variants associated with IBD risk in this Andean region were related to myeloid cells and the innate immune response.

Those of African American or Latin American descent have been demonstrated to have more severe clinical presentations of multiple sclerosis (MS) than non-Latin American White people with MS. Concurrently, radiological burden of disease on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in African Americans with MS has also been described as being more aggressive. Here, we review MRI studies in diverse racial and ethnic groups (adult and pediatric) investigating lesion burden, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and imaging response to disease modifying therapy. We also discuss why such disparities may exist beyond biology, and how future studies may provide greater insights into underlying differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors sought to determine the impact of selected social determinants of health (SDoH) on psychological health and well-being (defined as depression, cognition, and self-rated health) among Black and Hispanic/Latinx adults relative to White adults 51–89 years of age. Disparities in depressive symptomatology, cognition, and self-rated health were measured among 2,306 non–Hispanic/Latinx Black, 1,593 Hispanic/Latinx, and 7,244 non–Hispanic/Latinx White adults who participated in the Health and Retirement Study (N=11,143). Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition was used to examine whether differences in selected SDoH explained a larger share of the disparities than age, sex, measures of health, health behaviors, and health care utilization. Selected SDoH included education, parental education, number of years worked, marital status, veteran status, geographic residence, nativity status, income, and insurance coverage. Black and Hispanic/Latinx adults reported worse depressive symptomatology, cognition, and self-rated health than White adults. Selected SDoH were associated with a larger proportion of the Black–White disparities in depressive symptomatology (51%), cognition (39%), and self-rated health (37%) than were age, sex, measures of health, health behaviors, and health care utilization. SDoH were associated with a larger proportion of the Hispanic/Latinx–White disparity in cognition (76%) and self-rated health (75%), but age and physical health correlated with the disparity in depressive symptomatology (28%). Education, parental education, years worked, income, and insurance parity were SDoH associated with these disparities. Differences in SDoH underlie racial/ethnic disparities in depression, cognition, and self-rated health among older adults. Education, income, number of years worked, and insurance parity are key SDoH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Artystyczne - Uniwersytet Artystyczny im. Magdaleny Abakanowicz w Poznaniu / Abakanowicz University of the Arts in Poznan is the property of Wydawnictwo PWSSP and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Latin American reports on genetic cancer risk assessments are scarce. In Chile, current breast cancer (BC) guidelines do not define strategies for germline genetic testing. Our study sought to quantify the disparities in access to genetic testing in Chilean BC patients, according to international standards and their clinical characteristics to explore improvement strategies. Methods: Retrospective analysis of invasive BC databases including patients treated in a Public Hospital (PH) and in an Academic Private Center (AC) in Santiago, Chile between 2012 and 2021. Results: Of 5438 BC patients, 3955 had enough data for National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) categorization. From these, 1911 (48.3%) fulfilled NCCN criteria for germline testing, of whom, 300 were tested for germline mutations and 268 with multigene panels. A total of 65 pathogenic variants were found in this subset. As expected, BRCA1/2 mutations were the most frequent (17.7%). Access to genetic testing was higher in AC versus PH (19.6% vs. 10.3%, p = 0.0001). Other variables associated with germline genetic testing were BC diagnosis after 2018, being 45 years old or younger at diagnosis, BC family history (FH), FH of ovarian cancer, non-metastatic disease, and triple-negative subtype. Conclusion: In our cohort, 15% of BC patients who met NCCN criteria for germline testing were effectively tested. This percentage was even lower at the PH. Current recommendations encourage universal genetic testing for BC patients; however, our findings suggest that Chile is far from reaching such a goal and national guidelines in this regard are urgently needed. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in Chile and Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current research was to investigate the relationship between parenting style, culture, and infant development in a sample of Latin American mother‐infant dyads in Toronto, Canada. We examined associations between mothers' self‐reported parenting style and infant cognitive and socioemotional development, which we compared to results from mothers belonging to two other Canadian immigrant populations. We further examined whether specific cultural correlates, including affiliation with traditional Latinx cultural beliefs familism and fatalism and acculturation, were associated with positive parenting behaviors in the Latin American sample. Across all three cultural groups, authoritative parenting predicted adaptive socio‐emotional development, an effect which differed in magnitude across groups, providing support for the hypothesis that the effect of parenting behaviors on infant development are moderated by culture. Within the Latin American sample, affiliation with the value of familism was associated with higher scores of authoritative parenting, but familism decreased as acculturation to the host culture increased. This research adds to our understanding of factors that contribute to the well‐being of Latin American families in Canada. Findings carry implications for provision of infant mental health services to Latin American immigrant families by identifying cultural variables which should be considered when providing parenting interventions to make such interventions more culturally relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ivone Gebara, Brazilian Catholic nun, philosopher, and eco-feminist theologian, writes an insightful and hopeful memoire of their common work together to help save the planet and deconstruct its destructive patriarchal overuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensified pediatric chemotherapy regimens to treat adolescents and young adults (AYA) patients with Philadelphia negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been associated with better outcomes. The local BFM 2009-based scheme complements the risk stratification assessing the measurable residual disease (MRD) along the induction phase with increasing levels of sensitivity. The present retrospective multicenter analysis included 171 AYA (15–40 years) patients treated accordingly between 2013 and 2019. Ninety-one percent obtained morphological complete remission, 67% a negative (<0.1%) MRD at day 33 (TP1), and 78% a negative (<0.01%) MRD at day 78 (TP2). The overall survival (OS) and the event-free survival (EFS) at 2 years were 62%±4.1 and 55%±4.1, respectively. The OS and EFS were significant better for prednisone responders, who achieved <10% BM blast at day 15, a negative MRD at TP1 or at TP2, and for low-risk patients. Age ≤30 years and WBC <30×109/L, particularly among B-phenotype, were also associated with longer OS. In the multivariable analyses, TP1 MRD positive (OS HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4–5.7, p=0.004; EFS HR 3.0, 95% CI 1.6–5.7, p=0.001) and at TP2 (OS HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–5.3, p=0.012; EFS HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–5.1, p=0.006) were independently associated with earlier events. Age >30 years was also associated with a shorter survival (HR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3–7.5, p=0.014). Therefore, those 68 patients ≤30 years with TP1/TP2 negative MRD depicted a longer OS (2 years 85%±4.8). Based on our real-world data, the pediatric-based scheme is feasible in Argentina associated with better outcomes for younger AYA patients who achieved negative MRD at day 33 and 78. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand the factors that drive actors belonging to the sector of organizations in Latin America (LA) to adopt Industry 4.0. The proposed model results from the analysis and integration of the technology adoption model (TAM), green information technology adoption model (GITAM), and theory of planned behavior (TPB). To determine the predictive factors for internal organizational actors, the research team surveyed information on organizations belonging to Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Peru. Information was collected from strategic, tactical, and operational personnel. Data were collected from 499 organizational actors in the productive sector, processed, and analyzed using a structural equation model with the partial least squares technique. The study model explains, first there is an influence of the variables Industry 4.0 perceived ease of use (PEU) and Industry 4.0 perceived utility (PUT) on Industry 4.0 attitude towards use (ATU). Second, there is a positive influence of Industry 4.0 technological context (ICO), Industry 4.0 subjective norm (SNO), Industry 4.0 attitude (ATT), Industry 4.0 attitude towards to use (ATU), and Industry 4.0 attitude behavioral control (BCO) on intention to adopt Industry 4.0 in the organization (IAI). Third, what was not supported is the influence of Industry 4.0 technological context (ICO) on the intention to adopt Industry 4.0 in the organization (IAI). The model results are consistent with those of other studies on technology adoption, and propose a model for Industry 4.0, which is a significant contribution to this study, especially for developing countries.

Abstract Background Despite the advances in the management of advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the access to genetic profiling and target therapies remains a challenge in Latin America, even in countries with a higher rate of targetable mutations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) treatment in a Peruvian real‐world setting. Methods This is a retrospective study of recurrent or advanced NSCLC EGFR mutated patients diagnosed and treated with anti‐EGFR TKI at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) between January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. The outcomes were objective response rate (ORR), progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results We identify 613 stage IV or recurrent NSCLC patients who were tested for EGFR mutations and found a pathogenic mutation in 39.5% of patients. Only 51.2% of them received anti‐EGFR TKI as institutional treatment. ORR was 58%, after median follow‐up of 32 months, the estimated median PFS was 13.9 months (11.1–16.7 months), and the estimated median OS was 21.7 months (18.5–24.9 months). No differences were found in PFS according to line of treatment or brain metastases at diagnosis (p = 0.46 and p = 0.07, respectively), respect to OS there were no differences line of treatment (p = 0.12), significant difference were found in presence of brain metastases (p = 0.006). Conclusion Our study demonstrates that erlotinib for advanced NSCLC harboring EGFR‐activating mutations is effective even in patients usually excluded from clinical trial, like those previously exposed to one or more lines of chemotherapy or with brain metastases.

Abstract A large group of countries constitute Latin American (LATAM) countries, where hemophilia care is as varied as the landscape of this region. To better understand the care provided to persons with bleeding disorders, especially hemophilia, a symposium was organized as part of the CLAHT Congress 2021 in Colombia to highlight the issues of hemophilia care and challenges faced by persons with hemophilia in four LATAM countries, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, and Mexico. A summary of the symposium is provided. Four clinicians highlighted the issues in their own country, the status, and the path forward to bring the standard of care to the international level in each of these countries. The geography of the country, the health infrastructure, and the resources available are obstacles in these countries to provide state‐of‐the‐art care to the bleeding disorder community. However, depending on the country, its infrastructure and the resources available, progress is being made to upend the care provided. Indeed, the care of persons with hemophilia has been greatly improved, including personalized prophylaxis. The information summarized here first emphasizes how the geography of a country and the different healthcare infrastructures play a major role in how care is offered. It also provides a path for other countries to evaluate these issues in their own realities. In parallel, these data provide hope to many developing countries; despite obstacles, strides can be made in the care of the bleeding disorder community.

Background and Aims: A noninterventional prospective study was performed in Colombia and Peru. The aim was to describe the impact of access to treatment on Patient‐reported outcomes (PRO) in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after failure to conventional disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in real‐life conditions. Methods: The impact of access to treatment was measured by access barriers, time to supply (TtS) and interruption evaluating their effect in changes of PROs between baseline and 6‐month follow‐up between February 2017 and November 2019. The association of access to care with disease activity, functional status, health‐related quality of life was assessed using bivariate and multivariable analysis. Results are expressed in least mean difference; TtS in mean number of days for delivery of treatment at baseline. Variability measures were standard deviation and standard error. Results: One hundred seventy patients were recruited, 70 treated with tofacitinib and 100 with biological DMARDs. Thirty‐nine patients reported access barriers. The mean of TtS was 23 ± 38.83 days. The difference from baseline to 6‐month visit in PROs were affected by access barriers and interruptions. There was not statistically significant difference in the of PRO's score among visits in patients that reported delay of supply of more than 23 days compared to patients with less days of delay. Conclusion: This study suggested the access to treatment can affect the response to the treatment at 6 months of follow‐up. There seems to be no effect in the PROs for delay of TtS during the studied period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) misdiagnosis (i.e. the incorrect diagnosis of patients who truly have NMOSD) remains an issue in clinical practice. We determined the frequency and factors associated with NMOSD misdiagnosis in patients evaluated in a cohort from Latin America. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with NMOSD, according to the 2015 diagnostic criteria, from referral clinics in six Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela). Diagnoses prior to NMOSD and ultimate diagnoses, demographic, clinical and paraclinical data, and treatment schemes were evaluated. Results: A total of 469 patients presented with an established diagnosis of NMOSD (73.2% seropositive) and after evaluation, we determined that 56 (12%) patients had been initially misdiagnosed with a disease other than NMOSD. The most frequent alternative diagnoses were multiple sclerosis (MS; 66.1%), clinically isolated syndrome (17.9%), and cerebrovascular disease (3.6%). NMOSD misdiagnosis was determined by MS/NMOSD specialists in 33.9% of cases. An atypical MS syndrome was found in 86% of misdiagnosed patients, 50% had NMOSD red flags in brain and/or spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 71.5% were prescribed disease-modifying drugs. Conclusions: NMOSD misdiagnosis is relatively frequent in Latin America (12%). Misapplication and misinterpretation of clinical and neuroradiological findings are relevant factors associated with misdiagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically analyses the non-incorporation of the principle of non-refoulement in the Chilean Immigration and Aliens Law 21.325 of 20 April 2021. It was published in the context of migratory pressures within the Latin American region, deriving mainly from the Venezuelan socio-political crisis. It was also published after the recommendations given by the CMW in the last two periodic reviews of 2011 and 2021 to update the previous version dictated during the Pinochet dictatorship. As a state party to the core international human rights treaties and the American Convention on Human Rights, an urgent claim existed in Chile to adapt its migration law. Following a heated debate in 2019, the parliament eliminated the recognition of the principle of non-refoulement contained in the draft law arguing it was already recognised in refugee legislation. Instead, they identified a ‘complementary protection’. This paper examines whether this decision breaches human rights standards, particularly the obligation to adopt legislative measures to give effect to the principle of non-refoulement. It begins by analysing the principle of non-refoulement in international refugee law. Then, it turns into identifying the human rights obligations emanating from the principle of non-refoulement. Finally, the paper applies this standard to law 21.325. The paper concludes that not incorporating the principle of non-refoulement into law 21.325 constitutes a breach of Chile’s human rights obligations, facing the risk of incurring international responsibility.