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Cable-hole transmission is widely applied in cable-driven mechanisms to reduce the mechanical size. However, the driving tension is attenuated with the cable threading through the hole caused by uncertain factors such as local deformation, friction, and other effects, and errors in cable-hole transmission occur. To improve the transmission accuracy of cable-driven mechanisms, a tension distribution model considering the cable lateral extrusion is established. Then, an analytical tension ratio of the cable-hole transmission is derived based on the perturbation method and tension distribution model. Parameters of the tension ratio are identified using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. An adaptive tension control method considering the cable lateral extrusion is designed and compared with the method excluding the cable lateral extrusion in the cable-hole transmission. Finally, a cable-hole transmission experimental device was constructed to verify the tension ratio, parameter identification, and servo control method of the cable-hole transmission. The results show the motion control accuracy of the cable-driven mechanism can be significantly improved with the tension ratio considering the cable lateral extrusion. Compared to the case excluding the cable lateral extrusion, the errors in cable-hole transmission considering the lateral extrusion are reduced by an order of magnitude, and the tension vibration is significantly weakened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cable-hole transmission is widely applied in cable-driven mechanisms to reduce the mechanical size. However, the driving tension is attenuated with the cable threading through the hole caused by uncertain factors such as local deformation, friction, and other effects, and errors in cable-hole transmission occur. To improve the transmission accuracy of cable-driven mechanisms, a tension distribution model considering the cable lateral extrusion is established. Then, an analytical tension ratio of the cable-hole transmission is derived based on the perturbation method and tension distribution model. Parameters of the tension ratio are identified using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. An adaptive tension control method considering the cable lateral extrusion is designed and compared with the method excluding the cable lateral extrusion in the cable-hole transmission. Finally, a cable-hole transmission experimental device was constructed to verify the tension ratio, parameter identification, and servo control method of the cable-hole transmission. The results show the motion control accuracy of the cable-driven mechanism can be significantly improved with the tension ratio considering the cable lateral extrusion. Compared to the case excluding the cable lateral extrusion, the errors in cable-hole transmission considering the lateral extrusion are reduced by an order of magnitude, and the tension vibration is significantly weakened.

The Olkhon Terrane is thought to preserve a record of the initial collision of the Siberian Craton with its peripheral orogenic system during the early Paleozoic. However, the related tectono‐metamorphic process and its time‐scale remain obscure. To address this issue, new structural observations combined with U‐Pb zircon and monazite and 40Ar/39Ar biotite geochronology were conducted in the migmatitic‐granitic Anga‐Sakhurta Zone of the terrane. An earliest syn‐collisional event associated with the development of a c. 500–480 Ma sub‐horizontal migmatitic fabric is confirmed. This early fabric was affected by later extensional doming in association with emplacement of partial melts (in terms of c. 470–445 Ma granite sills) parallel to the sub‐horizontal mechanical anisotropy. Subsequent upright folding leading to amplification of extensional domal structures and heterogeneous vertical transposition of composite horizontal fabric occurred soon after the doming, as indicated by intrusions of residual melts into the axial planes of the upright folds. The latest episode of deformation was marked by development of greenschist‐facies sinistral shear zones surrounding the Anga‐Sakhurta Zone at c. 420–400 Ma. An updated tectonic model involving (a) Middle–Late Ordovician crustal thinning associated with horizontal crustal flow, (b) Silurian crustal shortening related to northwards movement of Cambrian magmatic arc of the Birkhin Complex to the south, and (c) Early Devonian lateral extrusion and sinistral shearing associated with progression of the Birkhin Complex promontory, is proposed. Results from this study shed lights on the collisional evolution of peri‐Siberian orogenic system during the early stage evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Key Points: The Olkhon Terrane underwent Cambrian–Silurian shortening‐extension cycles and Devonian lateral extrusion and shearingCambrian to Devonian tectonic switches in the Olkhon Terrane mark the collisional evolution of peri‐Siberian orogenic systemGeodynamic evolution of the Olkhon Terrane closely matches to that of central segment of the Mongolian Collage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work in this paper concerns an analytical model for quantitatively describing the bending behaviour of aluminium profiles produced in a novel extrusion process: the differential velocity sideways extrusion (DVSE), in which two opposing rams with a velocity of v 1 and v 2 were employed, respectively. The analytical model was built on the basis of the upper bound theorem utilising a general streamline equation controlled by a shape factor n, and the curvature was calculated using the material flow velocity gradient across the die exit orifice. The predicted material flow velocity across the die exit orifice, and extrudate curvature agreed well with the finite element (FE) modelling results, which were found to be irrespective of the shape factor n of the streamline equation. For a given extrusion ratio, the minimum value of n = 2 leads to the minimum and closest theoretical extrusion pressure, the n value for obtaining the best approximated mean effective strain of the extruded profile increases with the increase of the velocity ratio v 2 / v 1 , and the value of n = 3.5 gives the closest mean effective strain as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recently developed design method for circular shaft–hub connections joined using the cold-forming process of lateral extrusion allows predefined contact stress distributions to be generated on the contact surface by gradient-less shape optimization. Using contact stress results from elastic-plastic finite-element analyses and simplified rules derived from cylindrical interference fits, the contact surface of the hub is adapted locally to the shape of the formed shaft in an iterative process. In this paper, the design method is expanded from circular to non-circular profile shapes based on complex cycloids to create optimized, polygon shaft–hub connections, minimizing sliding and fretting fatigue under dynamic loads. To enable local adaptation of non-circular contact surfaces, we introduce a suitable definition for 3D profiles, which allows simultaneous variation of the profile mean radius and eccentricity. This allows designers to create contact surface designs with complex shapes that conform to predefined contact stress distributions along the connection length. The feasibility of the method is finally demonstrated by undertaking a design adaptation study on a sample non-circular shaft–hub connection and comparing the results to the initial design. While the contact stress results for the adapted design agree very well with the specified target curves, an overall more uniform stress distribution in the hub is also achieved. Due to its combined form and friction-fit properties with high residual contact pressure, the connection is predestined for use in novel electric and hybrid drive applications, where lightweight design as well as high power density and rotational speeds are required.

The Iberian Massif of the Variscan Belt is a big area of exposed Palaeozoic rocks holding an S-shaped regional bend. Profuse data and genetic models support the existence of the northern arch (Ibero-Armorican Orocline: IAO) created by Late-Variscan buckling. The southern arch (Central-Iberian Orocline: CIO) was proposed near a century ago but it remains controversial. Tectono-metamorphic studies in the core of the CIO constrain its geometry and kinematics and provide crucial data to unravel the geological evolution of the region. The CIO is here envisaged as produced by the lateral thin-skinned extrusion of a fan-like wedge (with fragments of the NW Iberia allochthonous complexes) onto the Iberian autochthon, using the parautochthon as the lower tectonic sheet. The progression of a roughly E-W linear orogen towards the W (today's NW Iberia) controlled by the obliquity of the continental collision of Gondwana and Laurussia created an escape way for the collapsing materials coming from the accretionary prism. The extrusion wedge expanded westwards along the orogenic extensional vector and progressively curved areas to the west, dragging the previous structures and the stratigraphy while incorporating the Variscan foreland basins at the base. We propose the French Massif Central (FMC) as a provenance area for the extrusion. In this sector, evidences of Eo-Variscan (~410-360Ma) subduction-obduction stages match to those described in the NW Iberia allochthonous complexes. The synorogenic extension towards NW and gneiss-dome formation in the FMC at 370-355 Ma fits with the known ages and kinematics (after restoring the IAO) of the first compressive stages in the parautochthon/autochthon of NW Iberia (360-340Ma) evidencing the relationship between regions. Tightening of the CIO occurred in the late-Variscan compressive stage, due to the formation of the IAO that wrapped the entire CIO thus rotating the extrusion fan more than 90ºcounter-clockwise in the latest Palaeozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work in this paper concerns an analytical model for quantitatively describing the bending behaviour of aluminium profiles produced in a novel extrusion process: the differential velocity sideways extrusion (DVSE), in which two opposing rams with a velocity of v1 and v2 were employed, respectively. The analytical model was built on the basis of the upper bound theorem utilising a general streamline equation controlled by a shape factor n, and the curvature was calculated using the material flow velocity gradient across the die exit orifice. The predicted material flow velocity across the die exit orifice, and extrudate curvature agreed well with the finite element (FE) modelling results, which were found to be irrespective of the shape factor n of the streamline equation. For a given extrusion ratio, the minimum value of n = 2 leads to the minimum and closest theoretical extrusion pressure, the n value for obtaining the best approximated mean effective strain of the extruded profile increases with the increase of the velocity ratio v2/v1, and the value of n = 3.5 gives the closest mean effective strain as a whole.

Lateral cylinder extrusion is a potential complication of penile prosthesis implantation. Several methods have been proposed for repairing this complication. We present a case where a cylinder re-routing technique, first described by Dr. John Mulcahy, was used and a revision of the literature.

New structural and thermochronological (zircon and apatite fission track) data from the eastern most Alps highlight distinct deformation phases affecting the Austroalpine unit along a major sinistral strike‐slip fault system, the Mur‐Mürz fault (MMF). The data link deformation to vertical motions prior to, during, and after the main phase of lateral extrusion of the orogen. Zircon fission track ages document rapid (ca. 15 °C/Myr) and diachronous (eastward younging) cooling and rock exhumation during the latest Cretaceous to Paleocene. Subsequent regional Eocene to early Miocene cooling below the closure temperature of the apatite fission track system occurred at slow rates (ca. 2 °C/Myr), suggesting that the region was not subject to major surface uplift and erosion during that period. Fault kinematic analysis along the MMF document pre‐extrusion NNW‐SSE contraction, middle Miocene syn‐extrusion NE‐SW to NNE‐SSW directed shortening, and Late Miocene E‐W contraction. All phases are characterized by strike‐slip fault regimes. Formation of the complex MMF zone triggered the exhumation of small, fault‐bound crustal blocks within the fault zone as documented by middle Miocene apatite fission track ages. Overall, ages are similar on both sides of the fault suggesting that lateral extrusion along the MMF was not associated with significant differential vertical motions. Local Pliocene rock cooling and exhumation was probably related to the buttressing effect of the underthrust Bohemian basement spur. Whereas large‐scale, post‐extrusion surface uplift of the extruding crustal wedges, such as the "Styrian block," must have been related to long‐wavelength deformation processes affecting the easternmost Alps. Key Points: Fission track and fault kinematic data document horizontal and vertical motions of fault‐bound crustal blocks in the eastern Eastern AlpsDiachronous Late Cretaceous to Paleocene fast cooling of Austroalpine units was followed by slow Eocene‐Oligocene coolingThe Mur‐Mürz fault did not accommodate significant differential vertical motions during and after the extrusion of the Styrian block [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaft-hub connections, which are joined by plastic deformation of at least one component (e.g. joining by lateral extrusion), can meet today's contradictory requirements for high power densities with low manufacturing costs. As opposed to classical manufacturing methods, the tight manufacturing tolerances of shafts and hubs are not required here since the shaft is formed in the hub during the process to generate a combined frictional and positive-locking connection. However, plastic deformation generally results in an uneven distribution of contact stress, which causes negative effects such as increased hub stress and deformation, as well as the reduced transmission capacity of the connection. To overcome this effect, an iterative design approach for plastically stressed shaft-hub connections was developed in Ulrich et al. (2019)[1], in which the contact-stress distribution is influenced by contouring of the hub contact surface. Nonetheless, one major challenge in this process is the high sensitivity of the stress distribution to contour changes, particularly in the edge area of the connection, meaning that a dependency on tight manufacturing tolerances is present here, too. Therefore, an investigation is conducted to determine the extent to which deviations in the manufacturing process of the components, in the tool quality and during joining by lateral extrusion influence the resulting contact stress. In order to achieve this goal, numerical investigations are carried out, and the effects on the resulting contact-stress distribution are analysed. Finally, recommendations for manufacturing accuracy and process limits are derived in order to ensure manufacturability and enable the transfer of technology to industrial applications involving shaft-hub connections joined by lateral extrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Quantifying the strike- and dip-slip subcomponents of the Mashhad earthquake. • Assessment for the future seismic hazard for the Mashhad regions. • Provide a new tectonic implications for the strain partitioning dynamics of NE Iran. Abstract The outward expansion of the northeastern Iranian Plateau is mainly accommodated by a series of widely distributed range-normal thrust and range-parallel strike-slip faults. However, the role of the strike-slip faults in this region's strain-partitioning kinematics remains unclear. The occurrence of the 5 April 2017 Mw 6.1 Mashhad earthquake provides us a rare opportunity to study this topic because this earthquake struck the southern Binalud Mountains, which are experiencing an oblique convergence between the northward-moving Lut Block and the NW-striking Binalud and Kopeh Dagh mountain ranges. We process two paired ascending and descending Sentinel-1A radar-image observations to determine the relative contributions from the dip and strike-dip subcomponents in such an oblique collisional domain. The interferograms along the line-of-sight direction and their converted horizontal and vertical displacements indicate that a thrust with a right-lateral strike-slip fault controlled the rupture process of the Mashhad earthquake, with the maximum dextral shearing and vertical displacements reaching 19.5 cm and 14 cm, respectively. Coseismic surface deformation measurements are also used to estimate the fault geometry and invert the slip distribution along the underlying seismogenic fault. Our best-fit faulting model suggests that the coseismic rupture occurred on a fault plane with a dip angle of 37.5° and strike angle of 324°. The strike-slip subcomponent was more significant than the dip-slip, approaching ∼95 cm, and the dip-slip varied from 10 cm to 47 cm. The seismic-moment release of our preferred fault model is 1.71 × 1018 Nm, equivalent to a Mw 6.16 earthquake event. We also use the preferred fault model to calculate the Coulomb failure stress (CFS) change at the nearby receiver faults. Combined with an analysis of historical earthquakes and the consistent dextral river deflections along the strike-slip fault systems of the southern Binalud and Kopeh Dagh Mountains, we speculate that the seismogenic structure that triggered the Mashhad earthquake should have been one strand fault of the NW–SE-striking Kashafrud fault system. The strike-slip faults in NE Iran play an important role in accommodating the lateral transport of crustal material from the convergence front of the Lut Block and Binalud fragments and providing commonly distributed anticlockwise rotation around a vertical axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use earthquake focal mechanisms to study present‐day deformation and stress in the western part of the Eastern European Alps. We define the following regions, based on seismicity and kinematically compatible focal mechanism types: (1) the northern and western parts of the Dolomites indenter, the western and central Tauern Window, and the northern Alpine margin and foreland lack significant seismicity. (2) The indenter boundaries are characterized by strike‐slip faulting. Based on earthquake and geodetic data, the western and northern indenter boundaries are active sinistral and dextral strike‐slip/oblique slip faults. (3) West and north of the indenter corner, we observe normal and strike‐slip faulting in an up to 70 km‐wide zone. From west to east, the minimum horizontal stress rotates clockwise about 10–20°, from NE to ENE. (4) North of (3), east of the Swiss/Austrian border, we find evidence for N to NNW directed thrust faulting, and local orogen‐parallel extension. From our results and geodetic data, we infer that relative to a fixed northern foreland, NNW directed indentation is transferred at depth via the Sub‐Tauern thrust system to this 100‐km‐wide zone of localized thrusting. A lack of evidence for major, active strike‐slip faulting north of the Tauern Window is in line with geodetic data, which show no significant velocity difference between the northern part of the Eastern Alps and their foreland. Key Points: We calculate 162 new focal mechanisms for the western and central Eastern Alps. Earthquakes and mechanisms only partially fit with mapped surface faultsStress orientation is deflected by 10–20° in a 70‐km‐wide zone around the boundaries of the Dolomites indenterPart of the Europe‐Adria convergence is transferred to a 100‐km‐wide, seismically active thrusting zone 30 km north of the indenter corner [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The procedure of a numerical shape optimization of the cold forging tool geometry allows for a reduction and a homogenization of tool load stresses. This procedure considers the workpiece-tool-machine interaction by means of the FEM/BEM coupling. The coupling requires modifications to insure accurate integration in TOSCA software for further shape optimization. The resulting distribution of the nodal displacements and changes of tool geometry are discussed and analyzed. Additionally, the numerical validation of the results by means of mechanical simulation of the optimized geometry with the extended FEM/BEM model is given. The equivalent stresses distribution at the end of lateral extrusion in the tool and in workpiece is presented. The numerical shape optimization leads to the maximum equivalent stress value reduction on the press shoulder on 856 MPa, corresponding to a percentage decrease of 24.3 % in comparison with the initial geometry. The approach for the compensation of load induced workpiece deviations, involving the described optimization procedure, is presented as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of analogue experiments simulating intra-continental subduction contemporaneous with lateral extrusion of the upper plate are performed to study the interference between these two processes at crustal levels and in the lithospheric mantle. The models demonstrate that intra-continental subduction and coeval lateral extrusion of the upper plate are compatible processes leading to similar deformation structures within the extruding region as compared to the classical setup, lithosphere-scale indentation. Strong coupling across the subduction boundary allows for the transfer of stresses to the upper plate, where strain regimes are characterized by crustal thickening near a confined margin and dominated by lateral displacement of material near a weak lateral confinement. The strain regimes propagate laterally during ongoing convergence creating an area of overlap characterized by transpression. When subduction is oblique to the convergence direction, the upper plate is less deformed and as a consequence the amount of lateral extrusion decreases. In addition, strain is partitioned along the oblique plate boundary resulting in less subduction in expense of right lateral displacement close to the weak lateral confinement. Both oblique and orthogonal subduction models have a strong resemblance to lateral extrusion tectonics of the Eastern Alps (Europe), where subduction of the adjacent Adriatic plate beneath the Eastern Alps is debated. Our results imply that subduction of Adria is a valid mechanisms to induce extrusion-type deformation within the Eastern Alps lithosphere. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the Oligocene to Late Miocene structural evolution of the Eastern Alps reflects a phase of oblique subduction followed by a later stage of orthogonal subduction conform a Miocene shift in the plate motion of Adria. Oblique subduction also provides a viable mechanism to explain the rapid decrease in slab length of the Adriatic plate beneath the Eastern Alps towards the Pannonian Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beardmore-Geraldton belt (BGB) is a boundary zone between the Wabigoon and Quetico subprovinces of the Archean Superior Province, Canada. It consists of interleaved metavolcanic and metasedimentary panels that were imbricated during an early D 1 thrusting event and regionally folded during a D 2 event. D 1 and D 2 steepened stratigraphy and produced contact-parallel shear zones and a regional bedding-parallel cleavage, which controlled the development of a D 3 dextral transpression zone. During D 3 , the panels deformed by pure shear and were overprinted by a second regional cleavage. Bedding and the early cleavage acted as subvertical planes of anisotropy that were reactivated during D 3 dextral shearing. Z-shaped drag folds and pre-existing D 1 and D 2 folds are parallel to a shallowly-plunging (20°–30°) stretching lineation, which together with the fold axes rotated towards the extensional flow apophysis during D 3 shearing. As the lineation and fold axes are oblique to the sub-horizontal shear direction expressed by the intersection between synthetic shear bands and the early cleavage, the reactivated shear zones are transpression zones with shallowly-plunging lateral extrusion and triclinic symmetry. Thus, the shear zones are transpressive within a regional tectonic transpression zone that extends across the BGB and over 500 km along the Quetico-Wabigoon boundary. • Development of transpression zone with lateral extrusion and triclinic symmetry. • Pre-existing foliation controlled development of transpression zone. • Rotation of drag folds and pre-existing folds into the extrusion direction. • Regionally extensive over 500 km along Archean subprovince boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to characterize the lateral extrusion of crustal material during the Cenozoic, we conducted a paleomagnetic study of the Eocene-Oligocene Zhushan Formation and Paleocene Muguahe Formation in the central part of the Baoshan Terrane (BST), on the southeastern edge of Tibetan Plateau. A primary magnetic component and a remagentized component with the Miocene acquisition age were isolated from the Muguahe Formation and Zhushan Formation, respectively. These data indicate that the BST did not commence clockwise rotation in the period of the Paleocene and the Oligocene and that the BST experienced ~80° clockwise rotation relative to East Asia, since the Miocene. Combining with the documented history of crustal boundary strike-slip faults on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau shows that the BST and Tengchong Terrane (TCT) first underwent latitudinal crustal shortening in the Oligocene, and the eastward extension was the main type of motion of the crustal material during this period, which induced the initial strike-slip movement of their boundary faults. Since the Miocene, the main form of crustal motion of BST, TCT, and Simao Terrane was gradually transformed into clockwise rotation, which possibly indicates that the fold and thrusting fault system-induced crustal shortening and thickening in the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau have reached extremity, and the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau has already been uplifted to the similar elevation with today's elevation in the Miocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the test results of a new cold bonding method in a copper - aluminum system using friction-assisted lateral extrusion. The bonding method is based on lateral extrusion of two stocks placed inside a container. As a result of the combination of axial forces acting on the stock and friction generated by the rotating disk, the two materials are extruded and bonded. The testing cycle was conducted at different rotational speeds: 8, 28 rpm, at two values of pressing force 31, 126 kN, and at three stock positions. The bonded material was subjected to deformation with a degree of processing λ=8. M1E electrolytic copper (99.9% Cu) and pure 1050 aluminum (99.9% Al) were used in tests, and the possibility of achieving bonding with other aluminum alloys was tested for these materials. Permanent bonding of sections and their surface quality were obtained at high rotational speeds and at the maximum force pressing the stock into the rotating disk. The stock's position in the container also had a significant impact on bonding of the section, and permanent bonding was achieved when aluminum was positioned first relative to the direction of the disk's rotation. This position of the stock guarantees achievement of permanent bonding of the section as well as high surface quality. Obtained bonds were observed under a microscope, and a quality test of the obtained bond was performed. Observations under a microscope and the quality test were also performed for sections obtained with process parameters: 28 rpm of disk and pressing force equal to 126 kN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Distal extrusion of penile prosthesis cylinders is a challenging problem that is associated with pain and imminent erosion through penile skin. Distal extrusion and other perforation injuries, including crural and urethral, are other manifestations of tunica albuginea injuries that result in poor clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Aim A description of Dr. John Mulcahy's landmark article for management of lateral extrusion is presented along with discussion of techniques for managing other types of perforation injuries associated with penile implants. Methods Dr. Mulcahy's original article is reviewed and critiqued. Surgical methods to manage perforation injuries are discussed. Main Outcomes Measures The main outcome measures used were the review of original article, subsequent articles, and commentary by Dr. Mulcahy. Results Knowledge of techniques for management intraoperative and postoperative complications related to tunical perforation is necessary for implant surgeons. Conclusions Perforation injuries are challenging noninfectious complications of penile prosthesis surgery. Familiarity with techniques to manage these problems is essential for ensuring good outcomes and patient satisfaction. Stember DS, Kohler TS, Morey AF. Management of perforation injuries during and following penile prosthesis surgery. J Sex Med 2015;12(suppl 7):456-461. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of studies on sections manufactured by friction-assisted lateral extrusion on a machine found at the Metal Forming Institute in Poznań. The forming method is based on lateral extrusion of material placed inside of a heated container as a result of the combination of axial forces acting on the specimen and friction generated by the rotating disk. The test cycle was performed at three rotational speeds: 8, 18, and 28 rpm and at three values of extruding force 30, 55, and 80 kN. The extruded grade 15 steel stock was heated to 600° C and subjected to degree of processing λ=8. The structures of sections obtained in this manner were observed under a light microscope. The section with the finest grains (8 rpm, 80 kN) was examined by EBSD, which made it possible to determine a 0.53 µm average grain size. This fine-grained structure is the effect of the combination of strong deformation of a layer of the material and the presumably dynamic recrystallization taking place during the forming process. The best exterior surface of sections was achieved at low rotational speeds and maximum force punching the stock into the rotating disk. At rotational speeds 18, 28 rpm, the surface of sections was characterized by high irregularity of traces formed on the surface in contact with the rotating disk. Testing of HV0.3 microhardness distribution on the cross-section was conducted for sections with the best exterior surface condition -- the greatest hardness was obtained for sections produced at 8 rpm and 80 kN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mori et al. (2013) identified the current commercial requirements for higher performance, higher productivity, lower cost and joining of dissimilar materials to lead to a strong demand for new joining and especially joining by forming processes. When joining a shaft-hub-connection by lateral extrusion of the shaft a combination of form- and friction locked join is established. The internal hub profile which defines the form-closed joint in circumferential direction significantly affects the forming process and hence connection properties. The internal hub profile is mainly characterized by the profile eccentricity e, the number of teeth n and type of profile. This study mainly deals with the experimental investigations concerning the influence of the internal hub profile parameters on the forming process and part properties. To identify a suitable internal hub profile characterized by low punch forces, minimal and homogeneous radial deformations and high hub cavity filling numerous joining by forming processes are carried out wherein the mentioned profile parameters are varied. To evaluate the influence of internal hub profile the punch force-stroke curves, the roundness deviation of the hub and the hub cavity filling are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Study of the hinterland part of the Balkan and Hellenic orogens. [•] New methodological approach to define heterogeneous fault-slip data by taking into account the similarities of their geometry and kinematics. [•] New tectonic scenario of the South Balkan Peninsula since the Oligocene. [•] A model using concepts like lateral extrusion, retreating and advancing plate boundaries, transpressional tectonics. [•] Study of the brittle deformation driven by late orogenic and post-orogenic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Gidyea-structure east of the MTI reflects 1600 Ma Nuna suture in NE-Australia. • E-W, 1560–1490 Ma S-I-A-type granites reflect opening of the mantle wedge during slab rollback. • Hybrid tectonic model for Proterozoic NE Australia between fast–hard Himalayan and slow-soft Aegean collision. The tectonic regimes that drove the 1560–1490 Ma granitic magmatism c. 50 m.yr. after the final assembly of the Proterozoic supercontinent Nuna in NE Australia remain elusive. Collision between NE Australia (Mount Isa Inlier—MTI) and NW Laurentia (Georgetown Inlier—GTI) occurred at c. 1600 Ma and was associated with a west-dipping subduction zone, with the MTI as the upper plate and the GTI as the lower plate. Structural studies in the GTI showed that the collisional event involved 1600 Ma WNW-ESE shortening, followed by 1550 Ma WNW-ESE directed extension. During this later stage, a crustal-scale, west-dipping detachment fault-system juxtaposed middle- to lower-crustal levels, associated with voluminous, 1550 Ma S-type granites against greenschist facies upper crustal rocks. Regionally, post-collisional magmatism defines a westward, chemical, and temporal trend from 1560 to 1550 Ma, dominantly S-type confined to the lower plate (GTI) through c. 1545–1540 Ma I-/A-type (below the Carpenteria Basin) to 1540–1490 Ma A-type granites that intruded further west the Australian upper plate (eastern MTI). This transition from hydrous (S-type) granites in the east to drier (A-type) granites in the west is also supported by increasing zircon saturation temperatures and geochemical discriminators. Recent zircon Lu–Hf and new in-situ monazite Sm–Nd analyses in granites show increasingly radiogenic initial (at the time of crystallization) isotopic ratios from the GTI to the MTI, reflecting a concomitant westward increase in mantle input. Combined, these features suggest a spatio–temporal evolution of hotter and drier crustal conditions westward associated with progressive lithospheric extension. Classical Phanerozoic upper-plate delamination, slab break-off, and slab rollback and/or tearing tectonic models do not account for all the features of this post-collisional magmatic record. Alternatively, a hybrid tectonic scenario between fast–hard Indian and slow–soft Aegean collision better explains the attributes of Mesoproterozoic NE Australia during Nuna assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Continental collision has been extensively investigated with 2-D numerical models assuming infinitely wide plates or insignificant along-strike deformation in the third dimension. However, the corners of natural collision zones normally have structural characteristics that differ from linear parts of mountain belt. We conducted 3-D high-resolution numerical simulations to study the dynamics of a continental corner (lateral continental/oceanic transition zone) during subduction/collision. The results demonstrate different modes between the oceanic subduction side (continuous subduction and retreating trench) and the continental collision side (slab break-off and topography uplift). Slab break-off occurs at a depth (⩽100 km to ∼300 km) that depends on the convergence velocity. The numerical models produce lateral extrusion of the overriding crust from the collisional side to the subduction side, which is also a phenomenon recognized around natural collision of continental corners, for instance around the western corner of the Arabia–Asia collision zone and around the eastern corner of the India–Asia collision zone. Modeling results also indicate that extrusion tectonics may be driven both from above by the topography and gravitational potentials and from below by the trench retreat and asthenospheric mantle return flow, which supports the link between deep mantle dynamics and shallower crustal deformation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Tauern Window exposes a Paleogene nappe stack consisting of highly metamorphosed oceanic (Alpine Tethys) and continental (distal European margin) thrust sheets. In the eastern part of this window, this nappe stack (Eastern Tauern Subdome, ETD) is bounded by a Neogene system of shear (the Katschberg Shear Zone System, KSZS) that accommodated orogen-parallel stretching, orogen-normal shortening, and exhumation with respect to the structurally overlying Austroalpine units (Adriatic margin). The KSZS comprises a ≤5-km-thick belt of retrograde mylonite, the central segment of which is a southeast-dipping, low-angle extensional shear zone with a brittle overprint (Katschberg Normal Fault, KNF). At the northern and southern ends of this central segment, the KSZS loses its brittle overprint and swings around both corners of the ETD to become subvertical, dextral, and sinistral strike-slip faults. The latter represent stretching faults whose displacements decrease westward to near zero. The kinematic continuity of top-east to top-southeast ductile shearing along the central, low-angle extensional part of the KSZS with strike-slip shearing along its steep ends, combined with maximum tectonic omission of nappes of the ETD in the footwall of the KNF, indicates that north-south shortening, orogen-parallel stretching, and normal faulting were coeval. Stratigraphic and radiometric ages constrain exhumation of the folded nappe complex in the footwall of the KSZS to have begun at 23-21 Ma, leading to rapid cooling between 21 and 16 Ma. This exhumation involved a combination of tectonic unroofing by extensional shearing, upright folding, and erosional denudation. The contribution of tectonic unroofing is greatest along the central segment of the KSZS and decreases westward to the central part of the Tauern Window. The KSZS formed in response to the indentation of wedge-shaped blocks of semi-rigid Austroalpine basement located in front of the South-Alpine indenter that was part of the Adriatic microplate. Northward motion of this indenter along the sinistral Giudicarie Belt offsets the Periadriatic Fault and triggered rapid exhumation of orogenic crust within the entire Tauern Window. Exhumation involved strike-slip and normal faulting that accommodated about 100 km of orogen-parallel extension and was contemporaneous with about 30 km of orogen-perpendicular, north-south shortening of the ETD. Extension of the Pannonian Basin related to roll-back subduction in the Carpathians began at 20 Ma, but did not affect the Eastern Alps before about 17 Ma. The effect of this extension was to reduce the lateral resistance to eastward crustal flow away from the zone of greatest thickening in the Tauern Window area. Therefore, we propose that roll-back subduction temporarily enhanced rather than triggered exhumation and orogen-parallel motion in the Eastern Alps. Lateral extrusion and orogen-parallel extension in the Eastern Alps have continued from 12 to 10 Ma to the present and are driven by northward push of Adria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of lateral extrusion process was carried out. A three dimensional FE model was developed to analyze the effects of some important geometrical parameters such as initial billet dimensions, gap height and frictional condition on the required forging load, the material flow pattern and effective plastic strain distribution. The FE code of DEFORM-3D was employed. A series of experimental tests on commercial lead billets were carried out to verify the FE results. The simulation work has been performed by the rigid-plastic FE method. The results obtained using the numerical solutions have been compared with the experimental data for each case study in terms of required forming load and material flow pattern in different regions. Comparison between FE and experiment results showed good agreement. Both the simulation and experimental results highlight the major role of above mentioned parameters on the required forming load and material flow pattern. The results showed that the gap height has the greatest effect on the forming load and material flow. The results presented in this paper could be used as basic data in the design of the lateral extrusion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]