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This paper identifies the inherent strengths/weaknesses of rigid timber-framed partitions and quantifies the onset drifts for different damage thresholds under bi-directional seismic actions. It reports construction and quasi-static lateral cyclic testing of a multi-winged timber-framed partition wall specimen with details typical of New Zealand construction practice. Furthermore, the cyclic performance of the tested rigid timber-framed partition wall is also compared with that of similar partition walls incorporating ‘partly-sliding’ connectiondetails, and ‘seismic gaps’, previously tested under the same test setup. Based on the experimentally recorded cyclic performance measures, theoretical equations proposed/derived in the literature to predict the ultimate strength, initial stiffness, and drift capacity of different damage states are scrutinized, and some equations are updated in order to alleviate identified possible shortcomings. These theoretical estimates are then validated with the experimental results. It is found that the equations can reasonably predict the initial stiffness and ultimate shear strength of the partitions, as well as the onset-driftscorresponding to the screw damage and diagonal buckling failure mode of the plasterboard. The predicted bi-linear curve is also found to approximate the backbone curve of the tested partition wall sensibly.

Precast concrete building cores are a widely used lateral load resisting system in low and mid-rise multi-storey buildings. However, despite their widespread use in countries like Australia or New Zealand, a very little research or experimental testing has been undertaken to assess their lateral drift behaviour. This article will present the findings and observations of a recent experimental testing programme into reinforced concrete precast building cores, which included three large-scale ‘box-shaped’ precast building core specimens. Adjacent panels in each specimen were connected together using welded stitch plate connections and then connected to foundation blocks on the top and bottom using grout tube connections. The results of the testing showed that the welded stitch plate connections were too flexible to allow full composite action to be developed in the cross-section, which meant the precast building core specimens were around 25% more flexible than an equivalent cast in-situ version. The testing also highlighted common detailing and construction deficiencies that can severely inhibit the ductility of the core.

Stremersch (2021) and Wierenga (2021) provide valuable reactions to our ideas in Kohli and Haenlein (2021) . We highlight some of their suggestions we found particularly helpful and use this opportunity to clarify some of our ideas. In particular, we like the concept of a “project funnel,” the notions of “vertical drift” and “lateral drift,” and a “Universal Marketing Knowledge Classification System.” We clarify our ideas relating to the role of “supplying” or foundational disciplines, importance of theory, selfidentities of scholars, evaluation of research rigor, and learning about marketing phenomena.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the seismic behavior of shear walls reinforced with CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) bars as longitudinal reinforcement. Three full-scale shear walls with same geometry and dimension were tested up to failure under pseudostatic cyclic lateral loading. The first one was a conventional reinforced wall (as a reference specimen). The second was reinforced with steel bars in boundary elements and CFRP bars in the wall web as vertical reinforcements. The third was reinforced with CFRP bars totally in the vertical direction. Residual deformations and cracks were of particular interest. The experimental results show that the CFRP-reinforced shear wall achieved comparable lateral strength, post-yield stiffness, acceptable lateral drift and lower level of energy dissipation compared with the reference wall. Besides, excellent self-centering behavior was observed, and the residual deformation of CFRP-reinforced shear walls decreased by more than 50% compared to the reference wall at a lateral drift of 1.0%. These promising results demonstrate the feasibility of CFRP bars as linear-elastic material to achieve self-centering behavior of shear wall.

This paper deals with dynamic field testing of light-frame wood buildings with wood based shear walls. The primary objective of the investigation is to provide an estimate of the fundamental period...

This paper presents results from an experimental evaluation on the pre- and post-buckling behavior of 12 steel wide-flange cantilever columns under axial load and lateral drift demands. The influence of several loading and geometric parameters, including the cross-sectional local web and flange slenderness ratios, applied axial load, and lateral and axial loading history on the performance of these columns is thoroughly examined. The test data indicate that cross-sectional local buckling is highly asymmetric in steel columns under variable axial load. A relatively high compressive axial load can significantly compromise the steel column seismic stability and ductility, but this also depends on the imposed lateral loading history. The AISC axial load-bending moment interaction equation provides accurate estimates of a steel column's yield resistance. However, the same equation underestimates by at least 30% the column's peak resistance, regardless of the loading scenario. Measurements of column flange deformation, axial shortening, flexural resistance, and lateral drift are combined in a single graphical format aiding the process of assessing steel column repairability after earthquakes. The test data suggest that current practice-oriented nonlinear component modeling guidelines may not provide sufficient accuracy in establishing both the monotonic and first-cycle envelope curves of steel columns. It is also shown that high-fidelity continuum finite-element models should consider geometric imperfections of proper magnitude, in addition to the steel material inelasticity, to properly simulate the inelastic buckling of wide-flange steel columns and generalize the findings of physical tests. Issues arising due to similitude are also discussed to properly limit steel column instability modes in future studies. (C) 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Taşıyıcı olmayan dolgu duvarlar farklı nedenlerden dolayı betonarme çerçeve sistemlerde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle düşey ve yatay taşıyıcı elemanlar arasında oluşturulan dolgu duvarlar, yapının yanal yük taşıma kapasitesine, yanal rijitliğine ve enerji yutma kapasitesine katkı sağlamaktadır. Ancak tasarım aşamasında genellikle hesaplara dahil edilmeyen dolgu duvarlar, yatay yüke maruz kalan yapılarda kısa kolon, burulma, yumuşak kat veya zayıf kat gibi önemli sorunlar oluşturabilmektedir. Dolgu duvarların homojen ve izotrop bir yapıya sahip olmaması, dolgu duvar davranışını ifade edebilecek basit bir denklem ile analizlerde hesaplara dahil edilmesini güçleştirmektedir. Bu durum, uygulama aşaması için yenilikçi çözümlerin önemini artırmaktadır. 2018 yılında yürürlüğe giren Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliğinde dolgu duvarların hasar görmesini engelleme amacıyla esnek derzli bağlantı detayı önerilmiştir. Bu bağlantı detaylı çerçevenin, dolgu duvar ile taşıyıcı elemanların arasına esnek malzeme doldurulması ile oluşturulacağı belirtilmiştir. Yönetmelikte, derzli ve derzsiz uygulamalar için farklı ötelenme sınırlandırmaları getirilmiştir. Ayrıca, esnek derzlerin kullanıldığı çerçevelerde, detayın yeterliliği deneyle kanıtlanması şartı da bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, dolgu duvarların neden olduğu olumsuzlukların önüne geçebilecek yenilikçi çözüm önerilerinin analitik olarak araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla öncelikle, Erdem tarafından deneyleri yapılmış olan dolgu duvarsız imal edilmiş boş çerçeve, geleneksel olarak dolgu duvarlı imal edilmiş dolu çerçeve ve güncel deprem yönetmeliği tarafından önerilen bağlantı detayının uygulandığı çerçevelerin zarf eğrileri kullanılarak bu çalışmada ABAQUS sonlu elemanlar yazılımında hazırlanan modellerinin doğrulanması yapılmıştır. Daha sonra, bu modellere ek olarak yenilikçi iki farklı esnek bağlantı detaylarının kullanıldığı çerçeveler analitik olarak incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ile bağlantı elemanlarının avantajları ve dezavantajları sunulmuştur., Non-structural infill walls are widely used in frame systems for different reasons. Infill walls formed especially between vertical and horizontal structural elements contribute to the lateral load bearing capacity, lateral stiffness, and energy absorption capacity of the building. However, infill walls, which are not included in the calculations during the design phase, may cause significant problems such as short columns, torsion, soft floor or weak floor in structures exposed to horizontal loads. The fact that the infill walls do not have a homogeneous and isotropic structure makes it difficult to create a simple declaration that can express the infill wall behavior and makes it difficult to include in the calculations during the analysis phase. This situation increases the importance of innovative solutions for the practical phase. Turkey Earthquake Building Code which came into force in 2018, flexible joint connection detail is proposed to prevent damage to the infill walls. It has been stated that this connection detailed frame will be formed by filling flexible material between the infill wall and the structural elements. In the code, different displacement limitations have been introduced for flexible joint and jointless applications. Moreover, there is a requirement to prove the details with experiments in the use of the systems. In this study, it is aimed to investigate analytically innovative solutions that can prevent the negative effects caused by infill walls. For this purpose, firstly, the models prepared in ABAQUS finite element software were verified by using the backbone curves of the hollow frame produced by Erdem without infill wall, the solid frame traditionally produced with infill wall and the frame to which the connection detail suggested by the current earthquake regulation was applied. Then, in addition to these models, two innovative flexible connection detail with frame were analyzed analytically. Advantages and disadvantages of flexible joint connection are presented with the findings.

It has been shown over the past three decades that fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite tubes offer an attractive alternative to conventional confinement reinforcement to enhance strength and deformability of concrete columns. Concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) columns have been shown to exhibit highly ductile behavior under simulated seismic loading, making them suitable for use in earthquake-resistant construction. For the design of CFFT columns in new construction there is need for a rational procedure that enables the prediction of lateral drift capacities of these columns. This paper presents such a procedure for displacement-based design of circular and square CFFT columns. The approach incorporates influences of experimentally observed confinement parameters while also including axial load level and lateral drift capacity as design variables. The expression derived as part of the proposed design procedure has been validated using available experimental data, and it has been shown that the predicted capacities are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Reinforced concrete structural walls are commonly used to provide lateral strength and stiffness to resist lateral loads from wind or earthquake. Slender walls usually require large amounts of longitudinal reinforcement at wall boundaries to satisfy code lateral strength requirements; therefore, use of structural steel reinforced concrete (SRC) walls, where the boundary longitudinal reinforcement is replaced by a structural steel section, is a potentially attractive alternative. This study presents results of an experimental program involving tests under combined gravity and lateral loading for three, heavily instrumented, moderate-scale SRC slender walls. Primary test variables included varying the size of the embedded structural steel section and the quantity of transverse reinforcement provided at the wall boundaries. Although slip of the structural steel was observed for all specimens, test results reveal good behavior up to and beyond 2% lateral drift, even for a specimen with only modest confinement at the wall boundaries.

Late neurological deficit following scoliosis surgery is a rare event and any change in the patient's neurological status deserves immediate attention. We report on two clinical cases (at 2 and 6 years of follow-up) where two different types of proximal instrumentation resulted in lateral drift into the spinal canal causing cord compression with neurological deficit. Late neurological compromise in a posterior spinal-fusion setting deserves a prompt and complete spine investigative search for non-union, infection, or implant migration into the spinal canal.

Existence and stability of PT-symmetric gap solitons in a periodic structure with defocusing nonlocal nonlinearity are studied both theoretically and numerically. We find that, for any degree of nonlocality, gap solitons are always unstable in the presence of an imaginary potential. The instability manifests itself as a lateral drift of solitons due to an unbalanced particle flux. We also demonstrate that the perturbation growth rate is proportional to the amount of gain (loss), thus predicting the observability of stable gap solitons for small imaginary potentials., https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.89.013812

Cold-formed steel (CFS) regulations follow capacity-based design approach to ensure that the strap braces act as a ductile element in a seismic force-resisting system. In this paper, bracing system is modified in compliance with the capacity-based design principals which allows energy dissipation of braces through yielding of a fuse element. In this framework, the results of an experimental program on the lateral performance and ductile behaviour of six CFS strap-braced walls are presented. A theoretical approach is then employed to investigate the capacity-based design requirements for the strap-braced walls of this study. Finally, a numerical model is performed for simulation of strap-braced panels with the fuse element. The results indicate the specimens S1-S4 of this study can provide ductile behaviour and are capable of reaching their maximum allowable lateral drift without any undesirable failure. The results also show that strengthening of the brace must be compatible with the strength of the other elements to achieve a ductile response since straps with higher strength can adversely affect the ductility and prevent the wall penal from reaching to the full yielding capacity of the braces.

This study presents the behavior of built-up cold-formed steel (CFS) columns under axial compression loading. Two CFS unstiffened channel sections arranged in the toe-to-toe configuration are used as the chord members interconnected by the batten plates. An extensive parametric study has been conducted on 230 numbers of built-up battened CFS columns using a finite element software ABAQUS. The numerical models developed have been calibrated against the test results available on CFS battened columns with plain channels in the back-to-back arrangement reported in the literature. The main parameters varied in the numerical models are the width-to-thickness ratios of chords, overall column slenderness ratios, and the toe-to-toe spacing of chords. The behavior of built-up columns is studied in terms of peak axial compressive strengths, mode of failure, post-peak resistance, and lateral drift. The chord width-to-thickness ratios have a predominant effect on the peak axial stresses of short columns, and a meager effect on long columns. Also, large lateral displacements can be avoided by restricting the overall column slenderness to 75. Numerical results are compared with the design strengths predicted by North American Standards (NAS) and Eurocode (EC3). Both these standards are found to be un-conservative in predicting the axial strengths of short built-up columns in the range of 15–30%. Finally, the design recommendations are proposed for built-up battened CFS columns with channel chords in toe-to-toe configuration, which are verified through reliability analysis as well.

A mathematical model is derived to predict the trajectories of pores and inclusions that are nucleated in the interdendritic region during the continuous casting of steel. Using basic fluid mechanics and heat transfer, scaling analysis, and asymptotic methods, the model accounts for the possible lateral drift of the pores as a result of the dependence of the surface tension on temperature and sulfur concentration. Moreover, the soluto–thermocapillary drift of such pores prior to final solidification, coupled to the fact that any inclusions present can only have a vertical trajectory, can help interpret recent experimental observations of pore-inclusion clusters in solidified steel castings.

Bicycle movements are always associated with lateral drifts. However, the impacts of lateral drift behavior, as well as variable lateral clearance maintaining behavior due to the variation of drift intensity, on mixed bicycle flow are not clear. This paper establishes a new cellular automata model to study typical characteristics of mixed bicycle traffic induced by lateral drift and its accompanying behavior. Based on derived positive correlation between passing speed and drift speed through survey, the occurrence probability of lateral drift and the degree of maintained lateral clearance are both introduced in accordance with the variance of passing speed. Then, in whole density region, firm conformity between simulation results and actual survey data is reached, which has seldom been achieved in previous studies. It is further verified that speed distortions in intermediate and high density region induced by assumption of constant lateral clearance requirements can be revised by introducing its variability characteristics. In addition, two contrastive impacts of lateral drift behavior are observed. That is, it causes speed fluctuation in low density while alleviating the speed fluctuation in relatively high density. These results are expected to be helpful to improve the simulation performance of mixed bicycle flow as well as depict more realistic vehicle-bicycle conflicts and so on.

To prospectively analyze the amount of alar flare, factors contributing to alar flare and efficacy of cinch suture as an adjunctive procedure for alar flare reduction. Thirty adult patients with vertical maxillary excess, who underwent Le Fort 1 impaction, were divided into 2 groups of 15 each. Alar cinch was performed as an adjunct procedure in group 2 patients and results were compared to group 1 which was the control group. Measurements were made on the patients and on 1:1 standardized photographs. Group 2 showed a near pre-operative alar position compared to group 1. The alar flare resulting from every millimeter of impaction was significantly less in group 2 compared to group 1. Alar cinch suture restores the normal alar width by preventing the lateral drift of the naso-labial muscle and thereby reducing the postoperative nasal flare significantly.

This article summarizes the results of aircraft lateral drift parameter estimation. The lateral drift of an aircraft may occur in extreme and dangerous situations when the aircraft lands in crosswind conditions. Such a situation is developing with great dynamics in a small period of time. Within seconds, the aircraft can drastically change the flight path or position. The article highlights the results obtained in a calculation made during the flight phase of the aircraft landing in crosswind.

The Chuandou timber frame is a traditional timber structural system widely used for nonengineered residential houses in southwestern China; this system is featured by beam-to-column joints with direct penetration tenons and free-standing column bases. As concluded by a previous study, the Chuandou timber frames with proper infills have exhibited better seismic performance than un-reinforced masonry structures in terms of collapse prevention, although the mortise-tenon connections, masonry infills, timber beams and columns may have sustained various extents of damage. To investigate the seismic behavior of the structural system, six full-scale Chuandou timber frame subassemblies were subjected to in-plane quasi-static loading, four of which were infilled with masonry walls. The test results show that the masonry infills provided the most lateral resistance of the system, whereas the timber frames could sustain a large lateral drift without losing their vertical stability. The observed failure modes were identified from different specimens. The lateral strengths of the specimens in the current test were evaluated using the existing code equations. The results suggest the necessity of considering the aspect ratio in calculating the shear strength of masonry walls.

Shaped charge jet (SCJ) research has long been an active area for industrial, academic, and defense organizations. Traditionally, the depth of penetration (DOP) has been one of the most important metrics for the evaluation of shaped charge jet performance, and early 1D analytical penetration models based on hydrodynamic penetration were created with this metric in mind [1]. As the standoff of a shaped charge jet increases, the DOP reaches a maximum and then begins to decrease. A simple 1D hydrodynamic penetration model must account for the totality of the jet material on axis penetrating, and as a result experimental DOP at longer standoffs is lower than the analytical models predicted. Some analytical models reasoned that since a velocity gradient evolves as a SCJ forms, contributions to penetration from jet material below a minimum jet or penetration velocity should be eliminated. These were better able to account for the difference between analytical hydrodynamic and experimental DOPs [2]. The actual difference between analytical hydrodynamic penetration theory and experimentally recorded values is now regarded to be a result of 3D phenomena including particle tumbling and motion transverse to the jet axis known as lateral drift [2]. The origins of these 3D phenomena have been attributed to sources including variability in the uniformity of the explosive charge or the microstructure of the liner [2,3].

We discuss the concept of an enhanced lateral drift (ELAD) sensors for getting an improvement of the position resolution. The ELAD sensors make use of a non-homogeneous electric field resulting from deep implants in the bulk to achieve a lateral drift of a charge cloud. This enables improved charge sharing over the entire pitch. In order to find an optimal sensor design, detailed simulation studies have been conducted using SYNOPSYS TCAD. Two types of simulations have been carried out: simulation of the electric field and charge drift simulations. A multi-layer-production technique, which allows for deep-bulk engineering, is sketched herein.

Excessive lateral drift can contribute significantly towards crack formation, leading to structural damage. The structural damage will in turn reduce the capacity of the structure and weaken it from the intended design capacity. Generally, lateral drift is more pronounced in higher and longer structure, such as high rise buildings and bridges. A typical method employed to control lateral drift is structural bracing, which works by increasing stiffness and stability of structure. This paper reviews the influence of various types of structural bracing to structural performance of buildings. The history of structural bracing is visited and the differences between numerous structural bracing in term of suitability to different types of buildings and loading, mechanisms, technical details, advantages and limitations, and the overall effect on the structural behaviour and performance are dissected. Proper and efficient structural bracing is pertinent for each high rise building as this will lead towards safer, sustainable and more economical buildings, which are cheaper to maintain throughout the life of the buildings in the future.

After several years of progress in earthquake design procedures, existing reinforced concrete buildings that fall short of modern standards still represent the vast majority of the built environment. Poorly reinforced concrete structures are a threat to human life – an undeniable fact witnessed time and again during strong earthquakes throughout the world. Structures fail when subjected to deformation demands greater than their deformation capacity, thereby losing their ability to support the overbearing load. Efforts are focused in the development and simplification of direct assessment procedures that may be used to spot the likely collapse candidates from among the large inventory of existing construction. In this paper, simple procedures by which to estimate seismic demands and seismic capacities are used as a basis for the development of an evaluation flow chart that may be used by site engineers as a guide for field assessment. The demand in terms of peak lateral drift and the value of peak ground acceleration that the structure may support with little damage are expressed in closed form using simple geometric and material characteristics of the structure. The same tools may be used to guide the selection of a pertinent retrofit strategy that would eliminate the formation of a collapse mechanism in the structure. Practical application examples of seismic assessment and evaluation conducted on existing reinforced concrete buildings that suffered different levels of damage during past strong earthquakes are included for illustration. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd 154 10 22

This paper investigates the effect of various bracing systems on the fire-induced progressive collapse resistance of steel-framed structures using OpenSees. Two types of bracing systems (vertical and hat bracing) and various fire scenarios (single and multi-compartment fires) are considered. Four collapse mechanisms of steel frames in fire are found through parametric studies. General collapse is characterized by the collapse of the heated bay followed by lateral drift of adjacent cool bays. Global collapse of a whole frame is due to the buckling of ground floor columns. Another two lateral collapse modes (local and global) are caused by catenary action developed in the heated beams under large deflections. Vertical bracing systems have positive effects on increasing the lateral restraint of the frame against local or global drift, while when arranged at edge bays of frames they negatively contribute to the spreading of a local damage to global collapse in the form of sequential buckling of adjacent columns through load-transfer mechanisms. For a more realistic arrangement of vertical bracings inside the frame, the bracing acts as a barrier to restrain the spread of local damage to the rest of the frame. Instead, using hat bracing can effectively optimize the load-transfer path through a more uniform redistribution of loads in columns and enhance the resistance of structures against progressive collapse. It is found that the application of vertical bracing systems alone on the steel frames to resist progressive collapse is proved to be unsafe and a combined vertical and hat bracing system is recommended in practical design.

This paper first presents cyclic test results and the application of the proposed sandwiched buckling-restrained brace (BRB). The proposed BRB can be easily disassembled in the field. This provides an opportunity for inspection of the core after a large earthquake. The mechanics and cyclic behavior of a novel steel dual-core self-centering brace (SCB) are then proposed and introduced, followed by the testing of a dual-core SCB in order to evaluate its cyclic performance. Both braces achieve an excellent target lateral drift performance of up to 2.5%, thus satisfying the seismic requirement by the AISC Seismic Provisions 2010.

Recent experimental and computational studies have shown that the inelastic behavior of deep steel columns, where the cross-section depth is substantially greater than the flange width, is ...

A liquid drop spreading over a thin heterogeneous precursor film (such as an inhaled droplet on the mucus-lined wall of a lung airway) will experience perturbations in shape and location as its advancing contact line encounters regions of low or high film viscosity. Prior work on spatially one-dimensional spreading over a precursor film having a random viscosity field [Xu & Jensen 2016, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 472, 20160270] has demonstrated how viscosity fluctuations are swept into a narrow region behind the contact line, where they can impact drop dynamics. Here we investigate two-dimensional drops, seeking to understand the relationship between the statistical properties of the precursor film and those of the spreading drop. Assuming the precursor film is much thinner than the drop and viscosity fluctuations are weak, we use asymptotic methods to derive explicit predictions for the mean and variance of drop area and the drop's lateral drift. For larger film variability, we use Gaussian process emulation to estimate the variance of outcomes from a restricted set of simulations. Stochastic drift of the droplet is predicted to be greatest when the initial drop diameter is comparable to the correlation length of viscosity fluctuations., 23 pages, 5 figures

Navigation by means that are fully self contained, without the weight and cost of high performance inertial navigation units is highly desirable in many applications both military and civilian. In this paper we introduce a suite of sensors and behaviors that include: the means to reduce lateral drift due to wind using optical flow, detection of a constellation of landmarks using a machine vision system, and a polarization compass that is reliable at extreme latitudes based on polarization. In a series of flight trials and detailed simulations we have demonstrated that a combination of these functions achieves purely optical navigation with simplicity and robustness. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

A single-stage technique for reconstruction of the medial nasal ala with a nasolabial flap and an inferiorly based remnant alar flap is presented in this article. The technique has been used in four cases. All the flaps healed uneventfully with aesthetically pleasing results using the one-stage technique. The subcutaneous nasolabial island flap and alar remnant flap have become the method of choice in the author’s clinic for partial medial nasal ala reconstruction. It allows one-stage reconstruction with very similar tissue and a concealed scar in the natural groove. The remnant ala as an inferiorly based flap has been used by the author to cover the subcutaneous pedicle of the nasolabial flap to provide better shape to the alar base without its lateral drift during healing. Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study.

Fatigue failure, which occurs in many engineering components and structures in service, is actually attributed to the multiaxial loads. This study is aimed to estimate/ prescience life of main landing gear of a medium multi-utility aircraft under multiaxial loadings. In this analysis we studied the various loading conditions among them few are the spin-up, spring-back and lateral drift loading.The equivalent stress based multiaxial fatigue criteria (Sines and Crosslands) is employed for the determination of equivalent stress due to multiaxial loading and Palmgren Miner's theory used for calculating total damage and consequently the fatigue life. It is seen that the multiaxial fatigue numerical analysis render lower life than the maximum uni-axial life value.

In last few decades, structural walls have been used extensively in countries where high seismic risk is observed. The main reason behind inclusion of structural wall is ability to minimize lateral drift, simplicity in design and good performance in past earthquakes. At present various measures against the earthquakes are applied to reduce the damages. It is desired to check the effect of structural wall indexes. In this paper, Approximate Procedure (Wallace method), Elastic Analysis & In - elastic Analysis on 5 Storey building with different wall indexes is proposed. The effect of wall indexes under Dead load is adopted. The approximate procedure (Wallace method) is adopted from TEC 2007. The Elastic Analysis & In - elastic Analysis is performed in SAP2000.

With the development in recent years, high temperature superconducting (HTS) Maglev with self-stabilization characteristic has been regarded as a good candidate for evacuated tube transport (ETT). To ensure the safety and stability of the HTS Maglev vehicle running in a low pressure environment, results measured in the latest research of an HTS Maglev-ETT Test System were used to study the lateral drift (LD) of the Maglev vehicle under different low pressures. The field cooling heights (FCHs) of 20 mm, 30 mm, and 40 mm were studied under each pressure condition. The experimental results show that the low pressure environment and an appropriately low FCH condition are both beneficial to suppress the LD phenomenon. The low pressure environment will reduce the LD by lowering the temperature of the liquid nitrogen and increasing the pinning potential energy U0 of HTS bulk. The basic data of the pressure effects on the HTS Maglev system at different FCHs proves the low-pressure environment can improve the operating characteristics and further demonstrates the superiority of the HTS Maglev-ETT system.

Inspired by flagellate microorganisms in nature, the microhelix is considered as an ideal model for transportation in fluid environment with low Reynolds number. However, how to promote the swimming and loading capabilities of microhelices with controllable geometries remains challenging. In this study, a novel kind of conical hollow microhelices is proposed and a method is developed to rapidly fabricate these microhelices with controllable parameters by femtosecond vortex beams generated from spatial light modulation along helical scanning. Conical hollow microhelices with designable heights (H = 45-75 µm), diameters (D = 6-18 µm), pitch numbers (Pi = 2-4), taper angles (T = 0.1-0.6 rad), and pitch periods (ΔP = 10-30 µm) are efficiently fabricated. In addition, compared with straight microhelices, the forward swimming capability of conical microhelices increases by 50% and the lateral drift of the conical hollow microhelices is reduced by 70%. Finally, the capabilities of these conical hollow microhelices for nanocargo loading and release by the inner hollow core, as well as transportation of neural stem cells by the outer surface are demonstrated. This work provides new insights into faster and simultaneous transportation of multicargoes for hybrid drug delivery, targeted therapy, and noninvasive surgery in vivo.