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• Link drivers and pedestrians in real-time distributed simulation. • Present driver's bimodal braking strategies. • Identify lateral movements as implicit cues in road user interactions. • Showcase pedestrians' behavioural adaptations to kinematic cues. • Highlight decisions of both actors shaped by time gaps and road infrastructure. As we move towards a future with Automated Vehicles (AVs) incorporated in the current traffic system, it is crucial to understand driver-pedestrian interaction, in order to enhance AV design and optimization. Previous research in this area, which has primarily used naturalistic observations or single-actor virtual reality simulations, has been limited by its inability to draw causal conclusions, also due to a lack of real human–human interactions. Our study addresses these limitations by employing a high-fidelity distributed simulation setup that links drivers in a motion-based simulator with pedestrians in a CAVE-based environment. This method allows for the examination of real-time and reciprocal interactions across a range of road-crossing scenarios. Using thirty-two pairs of drivers and pedestrians, we investigated how different factors, such as the presence of zebra crossings and varying time gaps of the approaching vehicle, influence driver behaviour and pedestrian crossing decisions. The effect of drivers' control of the vehicle during such crossings (e.g., braking behaviour and lateral deviation) on pedestrians' crossing decisions were also analysed. We found that the distribution of drivers' average deceleration values were bimodal, where drivers either markedly yielded to pedestrians, or continued in their path, with very few instances of intermediate behaviour. We also found that pedestrian decisions were seemingly influenced by the different braking strategies adopted by the driver, with pedestrians crossing before the vehicles in response to soft and early, or late and hard braking, while late and soft braking often resulted in the vehicle passing first. We also observed a slight lateral movement of the vehicle away from pedestrians when drivers were not yielding, but more of a lateral deviation towards them when yielding. This may be because drivers subconsciously transfer their walking interaction habits to their driving behaviour, to avoid a collision with pedestrians. Finally, our results showed a stronger influence of these kinematic cues on pedestrian crossing decisions, when compared to zebra crossings. As well as highlighting the value of a novel approach for investigating vehicle–pedestrian interactions, this study illustrates how vehicle cues can assist pedestrian decisions, adding new knowledge in the development of human-like behaviour for future AVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The traditional diagnosis of functional lateral deviation is based on a clinical evaluation and dental casts, supported by an instrumental analysis through X-rays; however, these diagnostic techniques do not provide any information about the neuromuscular system. Several years ago, some authors stressed the importance of the mandibular rest position and its reproducibility as a diagnostic reference, and this became possible with the development of the Myomonitor, TENS. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare mandible position before and after the use of ultra-low-frequency transcutaneous electric nervous stimulation (ULFTENS) in children with diagnosed functional mandibular lateral deviation. Methods: This study was performed on 60 children, aged between 8 and 13 years, with a mean age of 10.1 years (SD 0.81), and with functional mandibular lateral deviation diagnosed clinically, who were referred to the dental clinic for pediatric dental care. Diagnostic neuromuscular registrations were made for all children, and their casts were mounted on a Galetti articulator at the myocentric position. These casts were then compared to those provided by a wax bite registration in the intercuspidal position. Results: Compared with the existing intercuspidal position, neuromuscular registration showed improvement in 30 (50%) patients, 18 patients (30%) showed no changes, and worsening of the tooth midline discrepancy was assessed in the remaining 12 (20%). The molar relationship did not follow the same trend of the midline because of the three-dimensional changes in the maxillo–mandibular relationship induced by TENS. After TENS, there was a significant correlation between the midline and right side deviation (r > 0.65); there was no correlation between the midline and the left side (r < 0.65). Furthermore, the right molar movement showed no correlation with the contralateral molar (r < 0.65). The posterior areas of the arch moved in a very unpredictable way, resulting in the diagnosis and prognosis of mandibular lateral deviation as absolutely individual and unpredictable. Conclusions: This study suggests that TENS-recorded occlusion is an interesting diagnostic approach in orthodontics since it allows for visualizing the trends of the neuromuscular system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The traditional diagnosis of functional lateral deviation is based on a clinical evaluation and dental casts, supported by an instrumental analysis through X-rays; however, these diagnostic techniques do not provide any information about the neuromuscular system. Several years ago, some authors stressed the importance of the mandibular rest position and its reproducibility as a diagnostic reference, and this became possible with the development of the Myomonitor, TENS. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare mandible position before and after the use of ultra-low-frequency transcutaneous electric nervous stimulation (ULFTENS) in children with diagnosed functional mandibular lateral deviation. Methods: This study was performed on 60 children, aged between 8 and 13 years, with a mean age of 10.1 years (SD 0.81), and with functional mandibular lateral deviation diagnosed clinically, who were referred to the dental clinic for pediatric dental care. Diagnostic neuromuscular registrations were made for all children, and their casts were mounted on a Galetti articulator at the myocentric position. These casts were then compared to those provided by a wax bite registration in the intercuspidal position. Results: Compared with the existing intercuspidal position, neuromuscular registration showed improvement in 30 (50%) patients, 18 patients (30%) showed no changes, and worsening of the tooth midline discrepancy was assessed in the remaining 12 (20%). The molar relationship did not follow the same trend of the midline because of the three-dimensional changes in the maxillo–mandibular relationship induced by TENS. After TENS, there was a significant correlation between the midline and right side deviation (r > 0.65); there was no correlation between the midline and the left side (r < 0.65). Furthermore, the right molar movement showed no correlation with the contralateral molar (r < 0.65). The posterior areas of the arch moved in a very unpredictable way, resulting in the diagnosis and prognosis of mandibular lateral deviation as absolutely individual and unpredictable. Conclusions: This study suggests that TENS-recorded occlusion is an interesting diagnostic approach in orthodontics since it allows for visualizing the trends of the neuromuscular system.

In order to investigate whether retroreflective rings can enhance drivers' perception of spatial right-of-way in freeway tunnels, this paper explores a simulation test. The characteristics of spatial right-of-way in tunnels are elucidated, and a comparative test is conducted using commonly used delineators and raised pavement markers against retroreflective rings to enhance the perception of spatial right-of-way. The test employs the perception of lateral deviation and longitudinal distance as indicators to reflect the lateral and longitudinal right-of-way. Video scenarios, incorporating different facilities and spacing, are created using 3Ds Max software following the design standards of freeway tunnels. The indicators of Stimulation of Subjectively Equal Distance (SSED), lateral deviation, and perception reaction time (PRT) are chosen to assess the effects of different facilities on drivers under varying spacing conditions. Fifty-two participants, divided into two groups of novice drivers and experienced drivers, underwent perception testing in a simulated driving environment. The results indicate that drivers exhibit the highest overestimation of longitudinal distance and the longest PRT of lateral deviation in the absence of facilities. Installing retroreflective rings with a spacing of 50-200 m significantly mitigates the overestimation of longitudinal distance, while reducing the PRT of lateral deviation. On the other hand, setting up delineators and raised pavement markers with a spacing of 6-12 m significantly reduces the PRT of lateral deviation, while there is no significant enhancement to the perception of longitudinal distance. A spacing of 200 m for retroreflective rings and 10 m for delineators and raised pavement markers in the straight section is recommended as a safer and more economical setting scheme. The combination of these facilities can enhance drivers' safety perception of spatial right-of-way in freeway tunnels, facilitating rapid perception, correct judgment, and timely decision-making for the safe passage of vehicles., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics is the property of Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An in-depth study of the complicated trajectory characteristics of skipping stones is carried out in the present work. A three-dimensional numerical simulation validated by acquiring good agreement with experimental results is established. It is devoted to illustrating five different types of motion responses after the stone impacts the water surface in the o-xy plane, including "dive", "hydroplaning trout", "hydroplaning skip", "stable skip", and "skipping trout". Then, the lateral deviations are investigated quantitatively based on dimensionless parameter sin(α+β)cosα in the o-yz plane. Steady interval and linear interval are divided for lateral deviation Z1/D and Z2/D based on the values of (α+β) and α, respectively. The results reveal that (1) Z1/D increases almost linearly with the increasing sin(α+β)cosα at different slopes in different (α+β) intervals; (2) Z2/D increases almost linearly with the increasing sin(α+β)cosα at different slopes in different α intervals; (3) in linear interval, numerical lateral deviations are much larger than the fitting values at points β/α≥4.5, and much smaller than the fitting values at points 2.3 ≤β/α<4.3. Finally, a theoretical approach is proposed to predict the maximum immersion depth of trailing edge point P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Point-shaped facility only enhance lateral right-of-way. • Retroreflective ring is the only facility that improve longitudinal right-of-way. • The combination of these facilities can meet the requirements of spatial right-of-way. In order to investigate whether retroreflective rings can enhance drivers' perception of spatial right-of-way in freeway tunnels, this paper explores a simulation test. The characteristics of spatial right-of-way in tunnels are elucidated, and a comparative test is conducted using commonly used delineators and raised pavement markers against retroreflective rings to enhance the perception of spatial right-of-way. The test employs the perception of lateral deviation and longitudinal distance as indicators to reflect the lateral and longitudinal right-of-way. Video scenarios, incorporating different facilities and spacing, are created using 3Ds Max software following the design standards of freeway tunnels. The indicators of Stimulation of Subjectively Equal Distance (SSED), lateral deviation, and perception reaction time (PRT) are chosen to assess the effects of different facilities on drivers under varying spacing conditions. Fifty-two participants, divided into two groups of novice drivers and experienced drivers, underwent perception testing in a simulated driving environment. The results indicate that drivers exhibit the highest overestimation of longitudinal distance and the longest PRT of lateral deviation in the absence of facilities. Installing retroreflective rings with a spacing of 50–200 m significantly mitigates the overestimation of longitudinal distance, while reducing the PRT of lateral deviation. On the other hand, setting up delineators and raised pavement markers with a spacing of 6–12 m significantly reduces the PRT of lateral deviation, while there is no significant enhancement to the perception of longitudinal distance. A spacing of 200 m for retroreflective rings and 10 m for delineators and raised pavement markers in the straight section is recommended as a safer and more economical setting scheme. The combination of these facilities can enhance drivers' safety perception of spatial right-of-way in freeway tunnels, facilitating rapid perception, correct judgment, and timely decision-making for the safe passage of vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To comply with the government's sports policy, schools at all levels and localities have systematically and actively promoted the game of table tennis, which has become one of the most popular sports in Taiwan. Loop ball is a current table tennis practice method that can improve table tennis skills. Players who master the techniques associated with loop ball can improve their fine scoring skills in table tennis. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to establish a model for quantifying the flight speed and trajectory of the looping ball. Methods: A closed-form set of sixvariable nonlinear control equations was established to estimate the movement of a table tennis ball. Numerical calculations were conducted using the high-precision Runge-Kutta-Feiberg method, and differences between trajectories and key kinematic properties were discussed. Results: The results of the study found that side-spin drive generates more lateral Magnus force due to the lateral rotation rate than the other two loops. The lateral deviation of the landing point can reach 0.21 meters, with an offset angle of approximately 8.07°. A ball with a faster initial rotation of the sphere that was hit from a more outside contact point will fall faster with a drop point closer to the end of the table, increasing the amount of side deviation. Conclusion: This study quantitatively compared the degree of lateral deviation and drop in response to various angular side-spin rates relative to the initial position of the ball at the point of contact. In the future, this model can also be applied to calculations of table tennis ball movement characteristics under various conditions or circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Nearly 16,000 people are killed in driving accidents in Iran each year. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine the effect of age on driving performance, using a driving simulator. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 16 young drivers, 16 middle-aged drivers, and 16 elderly drivers in Tehran. Driving simulators were used to check the drivers' performances. The main scenario was driving on a freeway at an average speed of 50 km/h, when pedestrians suddenly appeared at a distance of 40 m and the drivers had to brake immediately after noticing the pedestrian. The time interval between the emergence of the pedestrian and stepping on the brake pedal was continuously recorded as the reaction time and the amount of vehicle deviation from the center of the road as the lateral deviation of the vehicle. The drivers' mental workload was recorded after the simulated driving test, using the verbal online subjective opinion scale. Results: The elderly drivers had the highest mean reaction time, 963.8 ms, and there was no significant difference between the mean reaction time for youth and middle-aged drivers (858.3 ms vs. 860 ms). Elderly drivers showed high lateral deviation, 0.69 m, and mental workload, 6.19, whereas youth drivers had the lowest lateral deviation (0.55 m) and mental workload (3.60). MANOVA revealed a significant effect of age (Pillai's trace, V = 0.55, P < 0.001). Univariate ANOVA showed that age significantly affected the lateral deviation (P < 0.001) and mental workload (P < 0.001), but reaction time wa not age dependent (P = 0.101). Poisson regression revealed no significant effect for age on the number of collisions (P = 0.357). Conclusion: Based on the variables under study, driving performance of the elderly group was poor as compared to that of the middle-aged and young ones. Old drivers were subjected to greater mental workload when responding to the stimulus of the driving environment.

The fruit industry would suffer a great shock, due mainly to the fact that its yield relies heavily on high labor inputs, but the rural population is aging with the ever-increasing development of cities in China. Autonomous production can bring an effective solution to such issues, further promoting the precision management in orchards. 3D light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor has made a much greater contribution to the autonomous navigation in the information acquisition for orchards, compared with the traditional 2D laser scanner. Specifically, LiDAR is a commonly-used remote sensing technique, where a laser is used to measure the distance to an illuminated target. In this study, an inter-row robot navigation was thus proposed in an orchard using 3D LiDAR. The complex three-dimensional scene was treated effectively, particularly with the dense canopy and trunks occluded by branches. A 3D LiDAR detection device was used to collect the environment information at first, and a pass-through filter was then used to correct the region of interest, where the noise was removed from the positioning task. Euclidean clustering was used to recognize the fruit trees around the robot, assuming that the tree branches were subjected to the normal distribution in the vertical direction. Body centers of trees were equivalent to the position of trees. Random sampling consensus and the least square were selected to fit the tree data using the parallelism between the tree rows. A complementary fusion was also put forward to combine two fittings. The centerline between tree rows was calculated and then treated as the target navigation line. In addition, a pure pursuit algorithm was refined using the differential chassis, considering the looking-forward distance and heading deviation. The validation experiments were carried out in a simulated hedgerow orchard and a real pear orchard. It was found that the tree rows successfully fitted with great ability to resist the interference from the environment in the first scenery. The heading positioning deviation was within 1.65°, and the lateral deviation was within 6.1 cm, when the robot walked along the centerline at a speed of 0.33 m/s. The tracking system automatically followed the centerline with a speed of 0.43 m/s, with an absolute lateral deviation of within 15cm. In the second scenery, the tracking system followed the centerline with two speeds of 0.68 and 1.35 m/s, where the absolute lateral deviations were not beyond 21.3 cm and 22.1 cm, respectively. The tracking system can be expected to serve as the automatic navigation with good robustness in standard orchards, including the hedgerow or complex three-dimensional orchard. The fruit industry would suffer a great shock, due mainly to the fact that its yield relies heavily on high labor inputs, but the rural population is aging with the ever-increasing development of cities in China. Autonomous production can bring an effective solution to such issues, further promoting the precision management in orchards. 3D light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor has made a much greater contribution to the autonomous navigation in the information acquisition for orchards, compared with the traditional 2D laser scanner. Specifically, LiDAR is a commonly-used remote sensing technique, where a laser is used to measure the distance to an illuminated target. In this study, an inter-row robot navigation was thus proposed in an orchard using 3D LiDAR. The complex three-dimensional scene was treated effectively, particularly with the dense canopy and trunks occluded by branches. A 3D LiDAR detection device was used to collect the environment information at first, and a pass-through filter was then used to correct the region of interest, where the noise was removed from the positioning task. Euclidean clustering was used to recognize the fruit trees around the robot, assuming that the tree branches were subjected to the normal distribution in the vertical direction. Body centers of trees were equivalent to the position of trees. Random sampling consensus and the least square were selected to fit the tree data using the parallelism between the tree rows. A complementary fusion was also put forward to combine two fittings. The centerline between tree rows was calculated and then treated as the target navigation line. In addition, a pure pursuit algorithm was refined using the differential chassis, considering the looking-forward distance and heading deviation. The validation experiments were carried out in a simulated hedgerow orchard and a real pear orchard. It was found that the tree rows successfully fitted with great ability to resist the interference from the environment in the first scenery. The heading positioning deviation was within 1.65°, and the lateral deviation was within 6.1 cm, when the robot walked along the centerline at a speed of 0.33 m/s. The tracking system automatically followed the centerline with a speed of 0.43 m/s, with an absolute lateral deviation of within 15cm. In the second scenery, the tracking system followed the centerline with two speeds of 0.68 and 1.35 m/s, where the absolute lateral deviations were not beyond 21.3 cm and 22.1 cm, respectively. The tracking system can be expected to serve as the automatic navigation with good robustness in standard orchards, including the hedgerow or complex three-dimensional orchard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rhinoplasty and nasal reconstruction, achieving symmetry is critical for optimal patient outcomes and reducing re-operation rates. Assessing nasal asymmetry is challenging, both pre- and intra-operatively, if based on only a surgeons' visual perception to assess and adjust the small distances important to cosmesis (<2–3 mm). To measure nasal symmetry, we first developed an algorithm to analyze lateral nasal deviation on facial three-dimensional (3D) scans captured by external surface scanning. In this, nasal deviation is measured by first registering a 3D facial scan to orthogonal axes in order to remove tilt. The lateral position of the nasal midline is then found across transverse planes along the dorsum and nasal tip regions by probing midpoints 1 and 2 mm back from the local maximum projection. The nasal deviation measurement algorithm was validated on a simulated asymmetrical nose model with known nasal deviation. Simulated deviations were applied to the symmetrical average nose using an exponential twist away from the face, with control of the maximum deviation and degree of curvature. Modeled deviations were evaluated with the algorithm at clinically negligible (0.02–0.06 mm) average differences and for small lateral deviations (1–5 mm). Nasal deviation using the algorithms was then measured for the 100 multi-ethnic subjects in the Binghamton University 3D Facial Expression database. Average values for maximum lateral deviation, deviation across the whole nose, and deviation at the nose tip were measured to provide context to deviation measurements in surgical planning. This research presents a new nasal assessment tool that can be useful in improving symmetry in rhinoplasty and reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double-disc opener of maize precision seeder is an important component which affects sowing quality. After the double-disc opening operation, there will be many unfavorable phenomena such as a W-shaped bottom with pointed ridge, returning soil to furrow, loose and rough furrow sidewall, and large soil blocks in the furrow bottom. These phenomena often cause the problems of poor sowing depth consistency and seed spacing uniformity. In order to solve the above problems, the furrow compaction device with opener was designed to compact and reshape the original seed furrow, eventually forming a smooth and flat V-shaped seed furrow. Through theoretical calculations and kinematic analysis, the main structural parameters of the device were limited to a small range: the spring stiffness coefficient k=0.96-4.19 N/mm and the angle of the furrow compaction wheel φ=30°-60°. In the soil-bin experiment, the rotary combination design was adopted to study the effects of the parameters of the furrow compaction device with opener on the seeds location variation. The regression model of two factors with respect to each indicator was established in the Design-Expert software, revealing the effects of two factors on the indicators. Finally, the optimal structural parameters obtained were: the spring stiffness coefficient k=4.0 N/mm, and the angle of furrow compaction wheel φ=42.4°. The field test was carried out to verify the effect of the furrow compaction device with opener on the performance of precision seeder. The results showed that the average values of the sowing depth variable coefficient, the lateral deviation and the seed spacing variable coefficient respectively were 5.77%, 5.1 mm and 9.54% in the treatment of the furrow compaction device with opener. All indicators were superior to the traditional double-disc opener. This research can provide references for the design of furrow opening device and maize precision seeder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical fiber is generally used in pairs, one for transmitting data, and the other for receiving. According to this characteristic, based on analyzing the effect of lateral deviation on coupling efficiency, the novel directional tapered communication optical fiber connector is designed to improve the coupling efficiency. In the new connector, the structure of the fiber head is tapered according to the signal transmission direction to improve the reliability. In order to study the performance of the new connector, two experiments in different environments were done, the one is in the static environment and the other is in the vibration environment. The first experiment shows that on the condition of the same lateral deviation, the coupling efficiency of the new connector is higher than that of the traditional connector. The second experiment shows that on the condition of the same vibration frequency and same amplitude, the coupling efficiency of the new connector is higher also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton therapy as Radiotherapy a treatment modality to treat cancer due to the favorable ballistic properties of proton beams. The proton loses the majority of its energy in biological matter by interaction with the electrons of molecules by an inelastic coulomb process which is bigger and maximal in the end of the range causing ionization or excitation, also through the interaction with the nucleus which is a minimal process in biological matter. Otherwise the last process is the responsible of the lateral deviation of the protons from the center. Our work consists to calculate and evaluate the lateral scattering of the dose distribution of protons acceleration up to energies within the therapeutic window between 70 and 250 MeV using a voxelized water phantom as a 3D detector which detect and calculate the beam deposed energy and dose in any area of water phantom using Geant4 platform based on Monte-Carlo Method simulation. Results of our work are compared to the experimental references results and also to other methods of simulation results.

We assessed which type of osteotomy would be most suited for correcting an increased fourth to fifth intermetatarsal angle (IMA) and metatarsophalangeal angle (MPA) and would have the best results regarding the clinical condition and satisfaction. The study design was a systematic review and meta-analysis. The main outcome measures were the IMA, MPA, and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Lesser Metatarsophalangeal–Interphalangeal scale and satisfaction scores. A systematic search was performed in Medline, Embase, Cochrane, SPORTdiscus, and CINAHL up to September 2016. Prospective and retrospective studies that had evaluated the outcomes of fifth metatarsal osteotomies to correct a bunionette deformity at all patient ages were included. The outcomes were determined from clinical or radiographic evaluations. The search yielded 28 studies suitable for inclusion in our meta-analysis. All groups of osteotomies achieved significant IMA changes, with proximal osteotomies resulting in significantly greater changes than diaphyseal or distal osteotomies. The overall effect of osteotomies on the MPA was of a significant reduction. Proximal and diaphyseal osteotomies both resulted in significant differences in MPA correction compared with distal osteotomies. The incidence of major complications was the least in the distal osteotomy group. The overall mean success rate of bunionette surgery was 93%. The patients were most satisfied with proximal osteotomies, followed by distal and diaphyseal osteotomies (100% and 92%, respectively). In conclusion, every type of osteotomy has the capability of significantly reducing the fourth to fifth IMA and MPA. The fewest complications occurred with distal osteotomies, and the greatest satisfaction score was achieved with proximal osteotomies. However, only 1 study evaluated these results for proximal osteotomies. Distal osteotomies resulted in a high satisfaction rate and were the most represented osteotomy in our meta-analysis. Thus, when major IMA and MPA reduction is not required, the distal osteotomy could be the treatment of choice owing to its low complication rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an effective vanishing point detection method based on grid-based approach for navigation of micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) in indoor corridor environment is described. The automation and navigation of MAVs in GPS-denied indoor environments is still a challenging task. To navigate in indoor corridors, on-board camera sensor is used as a sole sensor for estimating both the vehicle position and heading. Finally, the lateral deviation and heading of an MAV from the centre towards the right or left of the corridor are computed using vanishing point coordinates between two successive frames. By exploiting geometrical constraints inside buildings, long-term stable heading information is extracted. It is shown that the proposed method effectively eliminates heading drift in indoor corridor environment and is real-time capable. The measured parameters can be used to control an MAV when it deviates from the desired path of navigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a guidance algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of standoff tracking control of unknown objects in a GPS-denied environment. Unlike most existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm uses only distance measurements between the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the object. Algorithm construction is comprised of two steps. The first is to devise a guidance algorithm to drive the UAV to circle around the object assuming that lateral deviation distance measurement and lateral deviation rate measurement are available. The second is to replace the actual measured rate with that estimated by a fixed-time sliding-mode observer. The observer utilizes the lateral deviation distance allowing the UAV to accomplish the tracking mission using only distance measurements. Numerical and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, regardless of whether the object is stationary or moving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the design of steering assistance system when running at high speed and modeling of a driver model necessary to effect evaluation and inspection, goal of this research is to make the driver model which models the driver's steering torque over a series of steering behavior. First step of this research, modeling of a driver steering in high-speed running is targeted for the steering torque behavior during the lane change that a driver steers actively and lane keeping that a driver keeps the lane under the crosswind disturbance passively. So the modeling for the steering torque behavior is proposed considering the lateral deviation in the front view point and the reaction torque from the steering wheel. It is proposed that the steering torque state transition changes from a course change action to a lane keeping action. It is confirmed that reproducibility of lane keeping action to an experimental result improves. Significant test did the driver parameter and its feature is made clear.

We address the differences in the ways the Instrument Landing System (ILS) and Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) offer approach guidance, and their principles and methods. We perform comparative analysis of the accuracy of deviation between the GBAS Landing System (GLS) and ILS by means of flight tests, using the flight inspection aircraft at Gimpo International Airport. Our results show that the ILS deviation error increases as the distance between the threshold of runway and the aircraft increases; on the other hand, the GLS deviation error is stable, within the range of ±0.5 to ±2 m lateral and vertical deviation, respectively. We also analyze the alignment accuracy of the ILS and GLS based on the evaluation criteria of Category I of the Federal Aviation Administration, and our analysis results confirm that both systems satisfy the requirements (lateral: ±0.1°, vertical: ±0.05°). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a mathematical model of a leading line consisting of four beacons situated at the apexes of a rectangle. The ship handler compares angles between appropriate beacons to determine whether the vessel is in the middle of the fairway or not. This article assumes that the observer treats the two beacons on the front as a flat screen onto which rear beacons are projected. In this way he can estimate the quotients of sections created by appropriate beacons, from which he can find the lateral deviation from the waterway axis. This method of navigation is based on the Thales assertion. Described in detail, restrictions are the use of the model, precision assessment, and important in this respect, aspects of the waterway markings on Zalew Szczeciński. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technology advances, electric vehicle (EV) dynamic charging utilizing wireless power transfer (WPT) becomes prevalent. This new power supply mode allows running cars to be charged with electricity at any time on the road. Unlike traditional tramcars, the EVs can be free from rail limitation, and WPT technology provides maximal charging flexibility. This paper studies a WPT charging system, which uses a series of sectional primary coils. The relationship between primary coil size and transfer efficiency is fully explored. On the basis of sectional wireless power supply, the lateral movement of transfer coils is reported, and a promoted design for the primary coil that provides power for a two-lane road simultaneously is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]