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Assessing the attitudes of diabetic patients towards community-pharmacy services and determining the demand for new services could help monitor and evaluate the therapeutic response. This study aimed to evaluate type 2 diabetes patients’ satisfaction regarding pharmacy care in community pharmacies and shed a light on the reasons for diabetic patients’ non-adherence to treatments. An online survey was conducted on a random sample of patients (n = 196) at the national Diabetes Centre in Latakia, Syria, from April to November 2022. The questionnaire consisted of four primary parts: (1) demographic characteristics of responders, (2) patients’ therapeutic behaviors, (3) diabetes knowledge, and (4) the general level of satisfaction with pharmacy diabetes services. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Around 89% of respondents were satisfied with the information provided by community pharmacists. The patients’ non-adherence showed a maximum as a function of the number of concomitantly taken medicines, which indicated that in most serious cases patients’ adherence was increasing. Overall, most patients were delighted with community pharmacists’ expertise and pharmacy services. This positive image allows pharmacists to expand their duties as healthcare providers in diabetes care, and increase the patient therapeutic adherence by performing a reconciliation of the patient’s medicines, which involves reviewing all patients’ drugs and identifying realistic solutions to their adherence issues.

The research was conducted in the 2017 and 2019 seasons in two different orchards (Bouka and Sarabion), province of Latakia, Syria, in order to identify the optimal pollinizer for ‘Dermlali’ olive ...

The Levant Basin offshore Lebanon contains an array of layer-bound normal faults in the Oligocene–Miocene units. The faults are believed to have nucleated in fine-grained sedimentary rocks similar to polygonal fault systems worldwide, and as a result, they may be influenced by lithological heterogeneities in the host-rock unit. Three-dimensional seismic data and amplitude extraction from offshore Lebanon were used to map deep-water channels and fan lobes, demonstrating that the distribution, geometry, and growth of the layer-bound normal faults are affected by these sedimentary bodies, which are impacting fault propagation. Three fault types are identified, differentiated by their growth models and overall geometry. Type I faults in the deep basin indicate that a competent unit is present in the lower Miocene and is affecting their growth. Type II and III faults in the Latakia ridge and the margin, respectively, are smaller because of restriction by upper Miocene and lower Oligocene basin-floor fans. Based on their seismic expression and on analogy with other basins containing similar faults, it is very likely that the overlying and underlying units causing restriction consist of coarse-grained clastic intervals. Therefore, reservoirs offshore Lebanon are probably lower Miocene in the deep basin, whereas in the Latakia ridge and the Levant margin, reservoirs are in upper Miocene and in lower Oligocene units. This study provides an additional evidence that layer-bound, or polygonal faults, can have practical industrial application during exploration of hydrocarbons, even in the absence of well data.

Several Sonchus sp. plant samples have been collected from three different localities of Latakia Governorate, Syria during investigation. The samples showed symptoms of Cystiphora sonchi infestation, placed in plastic containers to collect the emerged adults (males and females) in Lab. condition. Emerged adults were mounted in the Hoyer’s medium and compared with available literatures. The mounted adults were identified and confirmed to be Cystiphora sonchi. The symptoms and checklist of cecidomyiid species reported so far from Syria has been provided in this study for till date.

İslâm inancının muhtelif coğrafyalarda yayılmasıyla birlikte zamanla İslam toplumu içerisinde tasavvufî akımlar da ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bu tasavvufi akımlardan biri de Mevleviliktir. Mevlevilik, Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî'nin fikirleri ve öğretileri etrafında şekillenen ve Anadolu'da 13. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış bir tarikattır. Mevleviliğin usul âdâb ve kaidelerinin belirlenmesi ve bir tarikat olarak teşkilatlanması ise büyük ölçüde Mevlânâ'nın oğlu Sultan Veled ile başlamıştır. Mevlevilik, ortaya çıkmasından sonra bilhassa Anadolu'da, Balkanlarda ve Arap coğrafyasında önemli ölçüde yayılmıştır. Söz konusu bölgelerde birçok Mevlevihane açılarak Mevlânâ'nın fikirleri, hayat felsefesi ve öğretilerinin yayılması ve kalıcı olması sağlanmıştır. Arap Coğrafyasında Mevlevihânelerin açılışında Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî'nin yedinci nesil torunlarından Afyonkarahisar Mevlevihanesi şeyhlerinden Semâî Mehmet Çelebi'nin önemli katkıları olmuştur. Onun XVI. yüzyılda, Irak, Suriye ve Mısır'a yaptığı seyahatler sonucunda muhtelif Mevlevihaneler açılmıştır. XVII. ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda da Arap coğrafyasında Mevlevihaneler açılmaya devam etmiştir. Bu süreçte, Bağdat, Kerkük, Musul, Şam, Şehrizor, Trablusşam, Halep, Hama, Humus, Kudüs, Lazkiye, Mekke, Medine ve Kahire gibi yerleşim yerlerinde Mevlevihaneler açılmıştır.

This study investigates the occurrence and concentration of Giardia cysts in wastewater and river water samples in Al-Jinderiyah region, Latakia, Syria. A total of 120 samples were collected betwee...

Parmi les églises édifiées sur le versant occidental de la montagne de Lattaquié, la basilique inédite d’el-Maqateʾ présente plusieurs aspects intéressants malgré le peu de vestiges qui en subsistent. L’architecture de son chevet encore conservée témoigne de plusieurs siècles de fonctionnement (vie- xie siècles). À une première abside saillante ont été ajoutées plus tard deux absidioles à l’est des collatéraux. La destruction de l’édifice n’est pas datable mais la mise en place au milieu du xxe siècle, au centre de l’abside préservée, d’un édicule « martyrial » dédié à saint Georges (el-Khodr) accompagné d’un cimetière alaouite confirme la permanence du culte d’un saint particulièrement populaire, à l’instar d’autres sanctuaires antiques de Syrie qui lui sont dédiés. Among the churches built on the western slope of the Latakia mountain, the unpublished basilica of el-Maqateʾ offers several interesting aspects despite the scarcity of the remaining vestiges. The architecture of its well preserved chevet reflects centuries of occupation (sixth-eleventh centuries). Two apsidioles were later added to the first projecting apse, on the eastern side of the lateral naves. The destruction of the building is not datable but the addition, in the middle of the 20th century, of a “martyrial” aedicula dedicated to Saint George (el-Khodr) in the centre of the preserved apse, as well as an Alawite cemetery confirms the permanence of the worship of the particularly popular saint, like other ancient sanctuaries of Syria that were dedicated to him. كنيسة المقاطع هي احدى الكنائس الواقعة على السفح الغربي لجبل اللاذقية لم يبقى من أثرها الا النذر اليسير ولكنه كاف ليشير الى بازيليكا ذات اهمية معمارية.يظهر شكل صدر الكنيسة أنها بقيت مستعملة لقرون عديدة أي من القرن السادس حتى القرن الحادي عشر. وقد كان لها محراب وحيد بارز ثم أضيف له محرابين صغيرين جانبيين يقعان الى الشرق داخل الجناحين الجانبيين.لم يحدد بعد تاريخ دمار هذه الكنيسة ولكن وجود مقام للخضر وسط المحراب و وجود مقبرة للطائفة العلوية يشير الى أن هذا الاشغال الجديد ليس حديث العهد . و يشهد على استمرار تقديس أماكن العبادة المسماة باسم لقد يس جارجيوس في سوريا.

ContextThe use of traditional Arabic medicine (TAM) has spread to treat various diseases in Syria since ancient time. They are cost-effective with fewer side effects and are more suitable for long-term use compared with chemically synthesized medicines.ObjectiveWe conducted ethnobotanical and ethno-medicine research on plants traditionally used to treat various diseases in Western region of Syria. MethodsField surveys were conducted during July 2019-December 2020 to document ethnobotanical information through oral interviews and designed semi-structured questionnaire from local herbalists (Tabib Arabi) and the elderly people and others who were familiar with traditional uses of plants particularly for medicinal. The queries were repeatedly made to increase the reliability of the data, during the field survey of 475 local inhabitants of 70 villages. ResultsIn this research we listed 258 medicinal plants belonging to 83 families in alphabetical order with the parts used and the method of preparation according to their therapeutic use. Of these studied plants, 185 are used to treat digestive disorders, 118 for respiratory diseases, 91 for several skin diseases, 87 for kidney and urinary tract disorders, 78 for diabetes, 18 for nervous system disorders, and a few plants for treatment the other diseases which are commonly spread in study area. The calculated results of medicinal use-value (MUV) showed that Olea europaea L., Origanum syriacum L. was ranked first (MUV= 0.934), while the lowest value was found for Fumana thymifolia (L.) Spach and Cistus creticus L. (MUV= 0.003).ConclusionA large portion of the uses of medicinal plants mentioned in the research are still under study. There is no doubt that its study will provide many new data that could contribute to further pharmacological discoveries by identifying the active ingredients and their mechanism of effect by doing a lot of pharmacological work to confirm the alleged biological activities of these plants.

Дистанционный мониторинг растительного покрова является важным источником точной и своевременной информации, необходимой для анализа динамики его изменений (нарушений) и устойчивого управления территориями. Спутниковые изображения системы Landsat обеспечивают периодические наблюдения за растительным покровом с начала 70-х годов прошлого столетия, что позволяет проводить оценку его динамики и состояния. В работе был проведён мониторинг динамики растительного (лесного) покрова прибрежного мухафаза Латакия Сирийской Арабской Республики (САР) за четыре десятилетия по данным изображений Landsat-5 1993 г. и Landsat-8 2019 г. Для неуправляемой классификации спутниковых изображений был применён алгоритм ISODATA. Полученный в результате классификации набор исходных растровых тематических классов методом экспертного анализа был сгруппирован в восемь доминирующих классов наземного (растительного) покрова. Оценки точности тематической карты 2019 года проводилась на основе 261 тестового участка, заложенного на территории мухафаза Латакия в 2018 году. Тестовые участки также позволили сформировать легенду основных тематических классов наземного покрова для территории Латакии. Общая точность проведённой тематической классификации по алгоритму ISODATA составила более 80 %, а коэффициент Каппа – 0,76-0,78. Было установлено, что за прошедшие 36 лет произошло значительное расширение площадей участков, на 7,9 % покрытых древесными породами (сосна, дуб и посадки плодовых деревьев). Также наблюдается небольшой прирост на 1,1 % по площади сельскохозяйственных угодий, что обусловлено экономической активностью САР и ростом численности её населения. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о высоком потенциале спутниковых данных Landsat для оценки труднодоступных горных лесных насаждений. Дальнейшие исследования в этой области могут быть направлены на понимание того, как происходящие изменения в растительном покрове влияют на социально-экономическую ситуацию и устойчивость лесных насаждений в средиземноморском бассейне., Introduction. Remote monitoring of vegetation cover is an important source of accurate and timely information needed to analyze the dynamics of its changes (disturbances) and sustainable management of territories. Landsat Satellite images provide periodic observations of the vegetation cover since the early 70s of the last century, which makes it possible to evaluate its dynamics and conditions. The objective of this research is to estimate the dynamics of vegetation cover on the territory of Latakia muhafasah of the Syrian Arab Republic (SAR) based on data from multispectral multi-temporal images of the Landsat satellite. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: 1) Collected Landsat satellite images for the territory of Latakia for 1993 and 2019; 2) A legend of the classes of land (vegetation) cover for the study area was developed; 3) Unsupervised ISODATA classification for the images and analysis of the dynamics of thematic classes were carried out; 4) Accuracy assessment of the Latakia mapping carried out by thematic classes. Methodology. In the research, monitoring of the vegetation cover dynamics of the muhafazah Latakia in the Syrian Arab region was carried out for 4 decades using the Landsat 5 1993 and Landsat 8 2019 images. The ISODATA algorithm was used for the unsupervised classification of the satellite images. The set of initial raster thematic classes as a result of the classification were grouped into 8 dominant classes of land (vegetation) cover by expert analysis. For the 2019 thematic map accuracy assessment 261 test sites were used, established in the Latakia in 2018. The test sites also made it possible to form the legend of the main land cover classes for the Latakia territory. The overall accuracy of the carried out thematic classification for the Landsat 1993 and 2019 images by the ISODATA algorithm is more than 80%, and the Kappa coefficient is about 0,76-0,78. Results and conclusions.It was found that over the past 36 years, there has been a significant increase by 7.9% in the area of sites, covered with woody species (pine, oak and fruit trees). There is also a slight increase of 1.1% in the area of agricultural lands, which is due to the economic activity of the SAR and the growth of its population. The results obtained indicate the high potential of Landsat satellite data for assessing hard-to-reach mountain forest stands. Further research in this area can be aimed at understanding how the ongoing changes in the vegetation cover affect the social-economic situation and the sustainability of forests in the Mediterranean basin., ВЕСТНИК ПОВОЛЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. СЕРИЯ: ЛЕС. ЭКОЛОГИЯ. ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ, Выпуск 3 (47) 2020, Pages 19-31

This study aimed at analysis of the general-index change for the mean annual and seasonal precipitation in six stations in Latakia Governorate (Syria). The data of precipitation were collected for 40 consecutive years (1970–2010) in order to figure out the extent of the changes and variability in precipitation rates and the impact of this change on changes in the potential density that might cause extremely high or low precipitation rates according to Gumbel distribution of the extreme precipitation rates. Results revealed a decrease of the annual precipitation rates in all stations, the reduction in precipitation ranged from 46 to 210 mm during the whole period of the study. Spring, however, recorded the highest and statistically significant reduction, which reached 46–210 mm, while winter precipitation increased by 21–82 mm. Spring also has witnessed a decrease of about 3–9% of the total annual precipitation as compared to winter precipitation which increased by 5–8% of the total. The potential density of extremely high winter precipitation rates increased in all stations as indicated from Gumbel distribution in winter, and a greater increase took place in the probabilities of occurrence of the extremely low spring precipitation rates. This shows significant probability of occurrence of drought during spring season. By contrast, probabilities of winter precipitation rates increased more, thus winter is relatively more humid than before and spring is relatively drier than before.

Captured outside Latakia in 1203, the Fourth Crusader Renard II de Dampierre was imprisoned in Aleppo for 30 years. The families of captured crusaders lost contact with their imprisoned son...

In Syria, defoliation was noted on several Jasminum grandiflorum and Jasminum sambac plants in various gardens in Latakia City and countryside in 2017. Subsequently, several male and female specimens of a lacebug insect were collected from the white jasmine, Jasminum grandiflorum, planted in the garden of the Latakia Center for Agricultural Research during 2018. Collected material was examined and identified as Corythauma ayyari (Drake). Infestation by this insect is considered by the authors to cause the defoliation of jasmine plants in Latakia City and it is reported to occur in Syria for the first time.

High voltage direct current (HVDC) is one of the technologies that has been developed remarkably, and this has a great impact on the spread of renewable energy sources, especially those that need high distances and connections underwater. The Syrian coast is located in the northwestern part of the Syrian territory and includes the provinces of Tartous in the south and Lattakia in the north. The coastal region is one of the most important areas in Syria, for its role in economic, tourism, industry and agriculture. The coastal area includes many important and strategic loads like ports, airport and industrial factories. This paper presents the current situation of electrical power in the Syrian coast as regard to the problem of power shortages in this region. The optimal solution for this problem has been introduced in this research. Moreover, the transmission of electrical power from the city of Deir Al-Zour to the city Latakia using HVDC technology is introduced as a practical solution for shortage power in the Syrian coast.

Syria is a country with impressive historical sites within its urban context. Syrian castles are of high scenic value because of their still unknown unique historic and aesthetic qualities, similar to other World Heritage Sites. This research focuses on the use of various landscape elements as a tool for reviving and conserving the value of these sites for both current and future generations. This paper will focus specifically on the village of Al-Mahalibeh and the area surrounding Al-Mahalibeh castle in Latakia city. The main methodology is built on theoretical, practical, and comparative analysis, which provides a manual for heritage landscape rehabilitation projects. Results showed that Al-Mahalibeh contains architectural elements, which work to make it a favorite tourist attraction, generating revenue and drawing world attention to its importance. Additionally, this paper will explore the mistakes in the local agencies design plan and provide an alternative social sustainable plan for the site.

War provides ideal grounds for the outbreak of infectious diseases, and the Syrian war is not an exception to this rule. Following the civil crisis, Syria and refugee camps of neighboring countries witnessed an outbreak of leishmaniasis. We accessed the database of the central leishmaniasis registry in Latakia city and obtained the leishmaniasis data of the period 2008-2016. Our data showed that the years 2013 and 2014 recorded a surge in the number of both cutaneous leishmaniases (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases. This surge coincided with the massive internal displacement waves that struck Latakia governorate during that time. Subsequently, after 2015, the number of recorded CL and VL cases gradually decreased. This drop coincided with a reduced influx of internally displaced persons into Latakia governorate. Our report depicts the effects of the Syrian crisis on the epidemiology of leishmaniasis by outlining the experience of Latakia governorate. Similar results may have occurred in other refugee-hosting Syrian governorates.

Since the second half of the 19th century, the administrative reforms of the Ottoman Empire were reflected in Latakia, a town in the west of Syria, The city was also a coast-harbour, Latakia had humane importance with its inhabitants living in the mountains stretching to the East. Especially, the second element has played a role in establishing a sanjak administration in the rural-provincial center of the Empire. An administrative arrangement based on the sanjak organization in 1880 in Latakia was found necessary for the execution of military and financial obligations and the state’s desire to establish authority in this region. By these measures, the Ottoman administration aimed to control the “disobedient” population that live on the mountainside by way of administrative control and military police network. Latakia was also one of the most important areas in which missionary activities were carried out in Syria Province. In this respect, conflicts between the state and missionaries affected the local population directly. Both the activities that were carried out by missionaries with different channels and the policy that the state has developed in the opposite direction had a significant impact on the life of the local people, especially the Nusayris. The work of the state against missionary activities constitutes another part of the thesis. TEŞEKKÜR v ÖZET vi ABSTRACT vii İÇİNDEKİLER viii KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ x HARİTA ve TABLOLAR DİZİNİ xi GİRİŞ 1 A. KONU VE PROBLEM 1 B. KAYNAK ESERLER 6 C. ARAŞTIRMA ESERLERİ 8 1. LAZKİYE`NİN TARİHSEL ARKA PLANI 12 1.1. ŞEHRİN KURULUŞU 12 1.2. LAZKİYE ŞEHRİNİN DOKUSU 15 1.2.1. Fiziki Şartlar 15 1.2.2. Lazkiye Limanı 18 1.2.3. Şehir 28 1.3.TARİHSEL MENZİLDE LAZKİYE 44 2. XIX. YÜZYIL`DA İDARİ YAPI 50 2.1. 1864 VİLAYET NİZAMNAMESİ VE LAZKİYE 56 2.2. TRABLUSŞAM SANCAĞINA TABİ LAZKİYE KAZASI 63 2.3. KAZADAN SANCAĞA LAZKİYE 72 2.3.1. Sancak Teşkilatının Oluşumu ve Cebel-i Nusayri Faktörü 72 2.3.2. Beyrut Vilayeti`nin Teşkili ve Lazkiye Sancağı 109 2.4. SANCAK VE KAZALARDAKİ İDARİ TEŞKİLATLANMA VE KURUMLAR 132 3.TOPLUM 164 3. 1. NUSAYRİLER 164 3.1.1. İnanç ve Tarihleri 164 3.1.2. İsyan-İtaat Ekseninde Cebel Nusayrilerinin Durumu ve Devletle Olan İlişkileri 175 3.1.2.1. Aşiretlerin Gündemi: Çatışma 181 3.1.2.2. Bir Muhalefet Davası: Vergi ve Askerlik 189 3.2. SANCAKTAKİ DİĞER CEMAATLER 212 3.2.1. Sünni Topluluklar 212 3.2.2. İsmaililer 217 3.2.3. Gayrimüslim Cemaatler 236 3.2.3.1. Rumlar 238 3.2.3.2. Maruniler 241 3.2.3.3. Ermeniler 244 3.2.3.4. Protestanlar 248 3.2.3.5. Latinler 250 3.3. NÜFUS BİLGİSİ 253 4. BİR ÇEKİŞME ALANI OLARAK LAZKİYE: MİSYONERLER VE EV SAHİBİ OSMANLI 270 4.1.1. THE REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF NORTH AMERICA: LAZKİYE`DE BİR AMERİKAN MİSYONER CEMİYETİ 270 4.2.2. OSMANLI DEVLETİ`NİN İSLAM BİRLİĞİ POLİTİKASI BAĞLAMINDA LAZKİYE 293 4.2.3. DEVLETİN POLİTİK PROGRAMININ İCRA KURUMLARI: MEKTEP VE MESCİTLER 299 SONUÇ 314 KAYNAKÇA 320 EKLER 352 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Osmanlı Devleti`nde gerçekleşen idari reformların, Suriye`nin batısındaki bir kasaba olan Lazkiye`de yansımaları oluşmuştur. Lazkiye bir kıyı-liman şehri olduğu kadar doğusunda uzanan dağlarda yaşayan ahalisiyle de beşeri bir öneme sahipti. İmparatorluğun bu taşra merkezinde sancak idaresinin oluşturulmasında özellikle ikinci unsur rol oynamıştır. Devletin bu coğrafyada, askeri, mali yükümlülüklerin icrası ve otoriteyi sağlamak istemesi maksadıyla 1880 tarihinde Lazkiye`de sancak teşkilatına dayalı bir idari düzenleme gerekli görülmüştü. Bu sayede, kurulacak idari kontrol ve inzibat ağıyla dağ bölgesinde yaşayan “itaatsiz” nüfusun denetim altına alınması amaçlanmıştı. Lazkiye, aynı zamanda Suriye Vilayetindeki misyonerlik faaliyetlerinin yürütüldüğü önemli sahalardan birisiydi. Bu yönüyle, devlet ve misyonerler arasındaki mücadele bölge ahalisini doğrudan etkisi altına alıyordu. Gerek misyonerlerin farklı kanallarla sürdürdüğü çalışmalar gerek devletin karşı yönde geliştirdiği politika, bölge ahalisinden bilhassa Nusayrilerin hayatında önemli bir etkide bulunacaktır. Misyoner faaliyetlerine karşı devletin yürüttüğü çalışmalar tezimizin diğer bir kısmını oluşturmaktadır.

Summary The Levant Basin is currently a hot-spot in terms of oil and gas exportation. The world-class gas discoveries offshore Egypt, Cyprus and Israel within Oligo-Miocene turbiditic sands and Early Cretaceous carbonate buildups turned the limelight to this part of the East Mediterranean. Open questions regarding its tectonic evolution include the depth, thickness and nature of the crust, the dominant trend of the Tethyan rift structures and phases, the effect of the Late Mesozoic plate collision along the Cyprus and Latakia Arcs and the distribution, nature, and origin of the Early–to-Middle Miocene structures. Data collected in both the Levant northern and southern sub-basins allow comparing them and drawing conclusions regarding few of these questions. Both basins lack any sign of the Late Mesozoic collision, they subsided fast since the Early Tertiary and were subject to intense Early-to-Middle Miocene activity, resulting in diapir-like structures in the south and long, N-S folds in the north. The Oligo-Miocene section in both basins is as yet a major target for oil and gas exploration and the implications of our study for the timing of trap formation coupled with hydrocarbon expulsion and migration open new directions for future studies.

BackgroundMaternity care services provide critical interventions aimed at improving maternal and newborn health. In this study, we examined determinants of antenatal care (ANC) content in Syria, together with changes over time.MethodsWe analysed two national surveys conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics in Damascus (PAPFAM 2001 and MICS 2006). Findings of this initial analysis led to a qualitative study on adequacy of antenatal care content in two Syrian governorates, Aleppo and Latakia in 2010, which in turn informed further quantitative analysis. The perspectives and practices of doctors, women, midwives and health officials were explored using in-depth interviews. A framework approach was used to analyse the data.ResultsThe quantitative analysis demonstrated that women's education level, the type of health facility they attended and whether they had experienced health complications were important determinants of adequacy of ANC content received. The qualitative study revealed that additional factors related to supply side and demand side factors (e.g. organization of health services, doctors' selective prescription of ANC tests and women's selective uptake of those tests), influenced the quality of ANC and explained some regional differences between Aleppo and Latakia.ConclusionsThe percentage of women who received adequate ANC content was probably higher in Latakia than in Aleppo because women in Latakia were more educated, and because services were more available, accessible, and acceptable to them.