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Some intermediate polars show outbursts that are much shorter than those observed in normal dwarf novae, and whose origin has remained unelucidated for a long time. We examine here the case of V1223 Sgr, an intermediate polar that showed a short outburst in 1984, and compare the outburst characteristics with the predictions of the magnetospheric gating model. We use the archival data from the AAVSO from which we extract the outburst profiles. We use our code for computing the time-dependent evolution of an accretion disc truncated by the white dwarf magnetic field, using a simple description of the interaction between the disc and the magnetic field, as in D'Antona and Spruit (2010). We find that V1223 Sgr underwent a series of short outbursts, with a rise lasting for typically two to three hours, and a slightly longer decay. When applied to intermediate polars, the model by D'Antona and Spruit (2010) accounts well for the observed outburst duration and intensity. We confirm, however, that the model outcome depends sensitively on the rather poorly constrained model's assumptions. We have also searched the AAVSO database for short outbursts in other IPs, identifying individual short outbursts in FO Aqr, TV Col, NY Lup and EI UMa, but no series as those observed in V1223 Sgr. We also found a superoutburst, followed by a reflare in CTCV J2056-3014. Although the magnetic-gating accretion instability model is clearly responsible for the series of V1223 Sgr short outbursts and most probably for similar events in other intermediate polars, the model describing this process needs improving, in particular concerning the interaction of the white-dwarf's magnetic field with the accretion disc. This difficult task might benefit from further comparison of the model outcome with additional observations having good time coverage and time resolution., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 11 pages, 12 figures

Rapid bursts at optical wavelengths have been reported for several accreting white dwarfs, where the optical luminosity can increase by up to a factor 30 in less than an hour fading on timescales of several hours, and where the energy release can reach $\approx10^{39}$ erg ("micronovae"). Several systems have also shown these bursts to be semi-recurrent on timescales of days to months and the temporal profiles of these bursts strongly resemble those observed in Type-I X-ray bursts in accreting neutron stars. It has been suggested that the observed micronovae may be the result of localised thermonuclear runaways on the surface layers of accreting white dwarfs. Here we propose a model where magnetic confinement of the accretion stream on to accreting magnetic white dwarfs may trigger localised thermonuclear runaways. The proposed model to trigger micronovae appears to favour magnetic systems with both high white dwarf masses and high mass-transfer rates., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. Accepted 2022 April 12 in MNRAS. Received 2022 April 8; in original form 2022 March 7

Nova explosions are caused by global thermonuclear runaways triggered in the surface layers of accreting white dwarfs. It has been predicted that localised thermonuclear bursts on white dwarfs can also take place, similar to Type I X-ray bursts observed in accreting neutron stars. Unexplained rapid bursts from the binary system TV Columbae, in which mass is accreted onto a moderately-strong magnetised white dwarf from a low-mass companion, have been observed on several occasions in the past $\approx40$ years. During these bursts the optical/UV luminosity increases by a factor of $>3$ in less than an hour and fades over $\approx10$ hours. Fast outflows have been observed in UV spectral lines, with velocities $>3500$ km s$^{-1}$, comparable to the escape velocity from the white dwarf surface. Here we report on optical bursts observed in TV Columbae as well as in two additional accreting systems, EI Ursae Majoris and ASASSN-19bh. The bursts have a total energy $\approx~10^{-6}$ those of classical nova explosions ("micronovae"), and bear a strong resemblance to Type I X-ray bursts. We exclude accretion or stellar magnetic reconnection events as their origin and suggest thermonuclear runaway events in magnetically-confined accretion columns as a viable explanation., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures. Submitted on 4 October 2021. Accepted for publication in Nature on 1 February 2022

Black-hole (BH) high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) systems are likely to be the progenitors of BH-BH mergers detected by LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA (LVK). Yet merging BHs reach higher masses ($\sim 100M_{\odot}$) than BHs in HMXBs ($\sim 20 M_{\odot}$) and exhibit lower spins ($a_{\rm BH}\lesssim 0.25$ with a larger values tail) than what is often claimed for BHs in HMXBs ($a_{\rm BH}\gtrsim 0.9$). This could suggest that these two classes of systems belong to different populations, but here we show that this may not necessarily be the case. The difference in masses is easily explained as the known HMXB-BHs are in galaxies with relatively high metallicity, so their progenitor stars are subject to strong mass loss from winds, leading to relatively low-mass BH at core collapse. Conversely, LVK is also able to detect BHs from low-metallicity galaxies that produce more massive stellar-origin BHs. The difference in spin is more difficult to explain. Models with efficient angular momentum transport in stellar interiors produce slowly spinning progenitors for both LVK and HMXB BHs. Known HMXBs have orbital periods that are too long for tidal spin-up and are unlikely to have undergone significant accretion spin-up. Instead, we show that the derived value of the BH spin depends strongly on how the HMXB accretion disc emission is modelled. We argue that since Cyg X-1 is never observed in a soft state, the appropriate spectral models must take into account the Comptonisation of the disc photosphere. We show that such models are consistent with low spin values, namely: $a_{\rm BH}\sim 0.1$. This was confirmed by other teams for both Cyg X-1 and LMC X-1 and we show this is also the case for M33 X-7. We conclude that all HMXB BHs can exhibit low spins, in accordance with stellar evolution models. Hence, the observations are consistent with the LVK BHs and HMXB BHs belonging to the same population., Comment: A&A, published online 27.09.2024. New, slightly modified title. Version matching the published text

The LIGO/Virgo gravitational--wave observatories have detected 50 BH-BH coalescences. This sample is large enough to have allowed several recent studies to draw conclusions about the branching ratios between isolated binaries versus dense stellar clusters as the origin of double BHs. It has also led to the exciting suggestion that the population is highly likely to contain primordial black holes. Here we demonstrate that such conclusions cannot yet be robust, because of the large current uncertainties in several key aspects of binary stellar evolution. These include the development and survival of a common envelope, the mass and angular momentum loss during binary interactions, mixing in stellar interiors, pair-instability mass loss and supernova outbursts. Using standard tools such as the population synthesis codes StarTrack and COMPAS and the detailed stellar evolution code MESA, we examine as a case study the possible future evolution of Melnick 34, the most massive known binary star system. We show that, despite its well-known orbital architecture, various assumptions regarding stellar and binary physics predict a wide variety of outcomes: from a close BH-BH binary (which would lead to a potentially detectable coalescence), through a wide BH-BH binary (which might be seen in microlensing observations), or a Thorne-Zytkow object, to a complete disruption of both objects by pair-instability supernovae. Thus since the future of massive binaries is inherently uncertain, sound predictions about the properties of BH-BH systems are highly challenging at this time. Consequently, drawing conclusions about the formation channels for the LIGO/Virgo BH-BH merger population is premature., Comment: comments welcomed

The disc instability model accounts well for most of the observed properties of dwarf novae and soft X-ray transients, but the rebrightenings, reflares, and echoes occurring at the end of outbursts or shortly after in WZ Sge stars or soft X-ray transients have not yet been convincingly explained by any model. We determine the additional ingredients that must be added to the DIM to account for the observed rebrightenings. We analyse in detail a recently discovered system, TCP J21040470+4631129, which has shown very peculiar rebrightenings, model its light curve using our numerical code including mass transfer variations from the secondary, inner-disc truncation, disc irradiation by a hot white dwarf and, in some cases, the mass-transfer stream over(under)flow. We show that the luminosity in quiescence is dominated by a hot white dwarf that cools down on time scales of months. The mass transfer rate from the secondary has to increase by several orders of magnitudes during the initial superoutburst for a reason that remains elusive, slowly returning to its secular average, causing the observed succession of outbursts with increasing quiescence durations, until the disc can be steady, cold, and neutral; its inner parts being truncated either by the white dwarf magnetic field or by evaporation. The very short, quiescence phases between reflares are reproduced when the mass-transfer stream overflows the disc. Using similar additions to the DIM, we have also produced light curves close to those observed in two WZ Sge stars, the prototype and EG Cnc. Our model successfully explains the reflares observed in WZ Sge systems. It requires, however, the inner disc truncation in dwarf novae to be due not (only) to the white dwarf magnetic field but, as in X-ray binaries, rather to evaporation of the inner disc. A similar model could also explain reflares observed in soft X-ray transients., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

The LIGO/Virgo collaboration has reported the detection of GW190412, a BH-BH merger with the most unequal masses to date: 24.4-34.7 Msun and 7.4-10.1 Msun (a mass ratio of q=0.21-0.41). Additionally, GW190412's effective spin was estimated to be Xeff=0.14-0.34, with the spin of the primary BH in the range a=0.17-0.59. Based on this and prior detections, about 10 percent of BH-BH mergers have q<0.4. Major BH-BH formation channels tend to produce BH-BH mergers with comparable masses (typically with q>0.5). Here we test whether the classical isolated binary evolution channel can produce mergers resembling GW190412. We show that our standard binary evolution scenario, with the typical assumptions on input physics we have used in the past, produces such mergers (masses and spins). For this particular model of the input physics the overall BH-BH merger rate density in the local Universe (z=0) is: 73.5 Gpc^-3 yr^-1, while for systems with q<0.41 the rate density is: 6.8 Gpc^-3 yr^-1. As GW190412 shows some weak evidence for misaligned spins, we provide distribution of precession parameter in our models and conclude that if among the new LIGO/Virgo detections the evidence of system precession is strong and more than 10 percent of BH-BH mergers have large in-plane spin components (Xp>0.5) then common envelope isolated binary BH-BH formation channel can be excluded as their origin., Comment: ApJ Letters: accepted

Context. Although the disc instability model is widely accepted as the explanation for dwarf nova outbursts, it is still necessary to confront its predictions to observations because much of the constraints on angular momentum transport in accretion discs are derived from the application of this model to real systems. Aims. We test the predictions of the model concerning the multicolour time evolution of outbursts for two well--observed systems, SS Cyg and VW Hyi. Methods. We calculate the multicolour evolution of dwarf nova outbursts using the disc instability model and taking into account the contribution from the irradiated secondary, the white dwarf and the hot spot. Results. Observations definitely show the existence of a hysteresis in the optical colour-magnitude diagram during the evolution of dwarf nova outbursts. We find that the disc instability model naturally explains the existence and the orientation of this hysteresis. For the specific cases of SS Cyg and VW Hyi, the colour and magnitude ranges covered during the evolution of the system are in reasonable agreement with observations. However, the observed colours are bluer than observed near the peak of the outbursts -- as in steady systems, and the amplitude of the hysteresis cycle is smaller than observed. The predicted colours significantly depend on the assumptions made for calculating the disc spectrum during rise, and on the magnitude of the secondary irradiation for the decaying part of the outburst. Conclusions. Improvements of the spectral disc models are strongly needed if one wishes to address the system evolution in the UV., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Context. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration recently obtained first images of the surroundings of the supermassive compact object M87* at the center of the galaxy M87. Aims. We want to develop a simple analytic disk model for the accretion flow of M87*. Compared to general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models, it has the advantage of being independent of the turbulent character of the flow, and controlled by only few easy-to-interpret, physically meaningful parameters. We want to use this model to predict the image of M87* assuming that it is either a Kerr black hole, or an alternative compact object. Methods. We compute the synchrotron emission from the disk model and propagate the resulting light rays to the far-away observer by means of relativistic ray tracing. Such computations are performed assuming different spacetimes (Kerr, Minkowski, non-rotating ultracompact star, rotating boson star or Lamy spinning wormhole). We perform numerical fits of these models to the EHT data. Results. We discuss the highly-lensed features of Kerr images and show that they are intrinsically linked to the accretion-flow properties, and not only to gravitation. This fact is illustrated by the notion of secondary ring that we introduce. Our model of spinning Kerr black hole predicts mass and orientation consistent with the EHT interpretation. The non-Kerr images result in similar quality of the numerical fits and may appear very similar to Kerr images, once blurred to the EHT resolution. This implies that a strong test of the Kerr spacetime may be out of reach with the current data. We notice that future developments of the EHT could alter this situation. Conclusions. Our results show the importance of studying alternatives to the Kerr spacetime in order to be able to test the Kerr paradigm unambiguously., Comment: 22 pages, 21 figures, accepted by A&A - see new Fig. 5

We present optical, UV and X-ray monitoring of the short orbital period black hole X-ray binary candidate Swift J1753.5-0127, focusing on the final stages of its 12$-$year long outburst that started in 2005. From September 2016 onward, the source started to fade and within three months, the optical flux almost reached the quiescent level. Soon after that, using a new proposed rebrightening classification method we recorded a mini-outburst and a reflare in the optical light curves, peaking in February (V$\rm\sim$17.0) and May (V$\rm\sim$17.9) 2017, respectively. Remarkably, the mini-outburst has a peak flux consistent with the extrapolation of the slow decay before the fading phase preceding it. The following reflare was fainter and shorter. We found from optical colors that the temperature of the outer disk was $\sim 11$,000 K when the source started to fade rapidly. According to the disk instability model, this is close to the critical temperature when a cooling wave is expected to form in the disk, shutting down the outburst. The optical color could be a useful tool to predict decay rates in some X-ray transients. We notice that all X-ray binaries that show mini-outbursts following a main outburst are short orbital period systems ($<$ 7 h). In analogy with another class of short period binaries showing similar mini-outbursts, the cataclysmic variables of the RZ LMi type, we suggest mini-outbursts could occur if there is a hot inner disk at the end of the outburst decay., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Disc instability models predict that for X-ray binaries in quiescence, there should be a brightening of the optical flux prior to an X-ray outburst. Tracking the X-ray variations of X-ray binaries in quiescence is generally not possible, so optical monitoring provides the best means to measure the mass accretion rate variability between outbursts, and to identify the beginning stages of new outbursts. With our regular Faulkes Telescope/Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) monitoring we are routinely detecting the optical rise of new X-ray binary outbursts before they are detected by X-ray all-sky monitors. We present examples of detections of an optical rise in X-ray binaries prior to X-ray detection. We also present initial optical monitoring of the new black hole transient MAXI J1820+070 (ASASSN-18ey) with the Faulkes, LCO telescopes and Al Sadeem Observatory in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Finally, we introduce our new real-time data analysis pipeline, the 'X-ray Binary New Early Warning System (XB-NEWS)' which aims to detect and announce new X-ray binary outbursts within a day of first optical detection. This will allow us to trigger X-ray and multi-wavelength campaigns during the very early stages of outbursts, to constrain the outburst triggering mechanism., Comment: Accepted to Astronomische Nachrichten/Astronomical Notes (proceedings of XMM-Newton workshop 'Time-Domain Astronomy: A High Energy View', ESAC, Madrid, Spain, 13-15 June 2018)

The X-ray light-curves of the recurring outbursts observed in low-mass X-ray binaries provide strong test beds for constraining (still) poorly understood disc-accretion processes. These light-curves act as a powerful diagnostic to probe the physics behind the mechanisms driving mass inflow and outflow in these binary systems. We have thus developed an innovative methodology, combining a foundation of Bayesian statistics, observed X-ray light-curves, and accretion disc theory. With this methodology, we characterize the angular-momentum (and mass) transport processes in an accretion disc, as well as the properties of the X-ray irradiation-heating that regulates the decay from outburst maximum in low-mass X-ray transients. We recently applied our methodology to the Galactic black-hole low-mass X-ray binary population, deriving from their lightcurves the first-ever quantitative measurements of the $\alpha$-viscosity parameter in these systems \citep{tetarenko2018}. In this paper, we continue the study of these binaries, using Bayesian methods to investigate the X-ray irradiation of their discs during outbursts of strong accretion. We find that the predictions of the disc-instability model, assuming a source of X-ray irradiation proportional to the central accretion rate throughout outburst, do not adequately describe the later stages of BH-LMXB outburst light-curves. We postulate that the complex and varied light-curve morphology observed across the population is evidence for irradiation that varies in time and space within the disc, throughout individual transient outbursts. Lastly, we demonstrate the robustness of our methodology, by accurately reproducing the synthetic model light-curves computed from numerical codes built to simulate accretion flows in binary systems., Comment: 16 pages, 7 Figures, Accepted to MNRAS

Using the disc instability model for dwarf novae and soft X-ray transients, we investigate the stability of accretion discs in long-period binary systems. We simulate outbursts due to this thermal-viscous instability for two symbiotic systems, RS~Ophiuchi and Z~Andromedae. The outburst properties deduced from our simulations suggest that, although the recurrent nova events observed in RS~Oph are due to a thermonuclear runaway at the white dwarf surface, these runaways are triggered by accretion disc instabilities. In quiescence, the disc builds up its mass and it is only during the disc-instability outburst that mass is accreted on to the white dwarf at rates comparable to or larger than the mass-transfer rate. For a mass-transfer rate in the range $10^{-8}$ to $10^{-7}~{\rm M}_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$, the accretion rate and the mass accreted are sufficient to lead to a thermonuclear runaway during one of a series of a few dwarf nova outbursts, barely visible in the optical, but easily detectable in X-rays. In the case of Z~And, persistent irradiation of the disc by the very hot white-dwarf surface strongly modifies the dwarf-nova outburst properties, making them significant only for very high mass-transfer rates, of the order of $10^{-6}~{\rm M}_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$, much higher than the expected secular mean in this system. It is thus likely that the so-called `combination nova' outburst observed in years 2000 to 2002 was triggered not by a dwarf-nova instability but by a mass-transfer enhancement from the giant companion, leading to an increase in nuclear burning at the accreting white-dwarf surface., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures

Recurring outbursts associated with matter flowing onto compact stellar remnants (black-holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs) in close binary systems, provide strong test beds for constraining the poorly understood accretion process. The efficiency of angular momentum (and thus mass) transport in accretion discs, which has traditionally been encoded in the $\alpha$-viscosity parameter, shapes the light-curves of these outbursts. Numerical simulations of the magneto-rotational instability that is believed to be the physical mechanism behind this transport find values of $\alpha \sim 0.1-0.2$ as required from observations of accreting white dwarfs. Equivalent $\alpha$-viscosity parameters have never been estimated in discs around neutron stars or black holes. Here we report the results of an analysis of archival X-ray light-curves of twenty-one black hole X-ray binary outbursts. Applying a Bayesian approach for a model of accretion allows us to determine corresponding $\alpha$-viscosity parameters, directly from the light curves, to be $\alpha \sim$0.2--1. This result may be interpreted either as a strong intrinsic rate of angular momentum transport in the disc, which can only be sustained by the magneto-rotational instability if a large-scale magnetic field threads the disc, or as a direct indication that mass is being lost from the disc through substantial mass outflows strongly shaping the X-ray binary outburst. Furthermore, the lack of correlation between our estimates of $\alpha$-viscosity and accretion state implies that such outflows can remove a significant fraction of disc mass in all black hole X-ray binary accretion states, favouring magnetically-driven winds over thermally-driven winds that require specific radiative conditions., Comment: 28 pages, 4 Figures, Nature in press

All ten LIGO/Virgo binary black hole (BH-BH) coalescences reported from the O1/O2 runs have near zero effective spins. There are only three potential explanations of this fact. If the BH spin magnitudes are large then (i) either both BH spin vectors must be nearly in the orbital plane or (ii) the spin angular momenta of the BHs must be oppositely directed and similar in magnitude. Or, (iii) the BH spin magnitudes are small. We test the third hypothesis within the framework of the classical isolated binary evolution scenario of the BH-BH merger formation. We test three models of angular momentum transport in massive stars: a mildly efficient transport by meridional currents (as employed in the Geneva code), an efficient transport by the Tayler-Spruit magnetic dynamo (as implemented in the MESA code), and a very-efficient transport (as proposed by Fuller et al.) to calculate natal BH spins. We allow for binary evolution to increase the BH spins through accretion and account for the potential spin-up of stars through tidal interactions. Additionally, we update the calculations of the stellar-origin BH masses, include revisions to the history of star formation and to the chemical evolution across cosmic time. We find that we can match simultaneously the observed BH-BH merger rate density, BH masses, and effective spins. Models with efficient angular momentum transport are favored. The updated stellar-mass weighted gas-phase metallicity evolution now used in our models appears to be a key in better reproducing the LIGO/Virgo merger rate estimate. Mass losses during the pair-instability pulsation supernova phase are likely overestimated if the merger GW170729 hosts a BH more massive than 50 Msun. We also estimate rate of BH-NS mergers from recent LIGO/Virgo observations. Our updated models of BH-BH, BH-NS and NS-NS mergers are now publicly available at www.syntheticuniverse.org., Comment: A&A accepted: revised comparison with LIGO/Virgo (41 pages)

The disc instability model (DIM) has been very successful in explaining the dwarf nova outbursts observed in cataclysmic variables. When, as in intermediate polars (IP), the accreting white dwarf is magnetized, the disc is truncated at the magnetospheric radius, but for mass-transfer rates corresponding to the thermal-viscous instability such systems should still exhibit dwarf-nova outbursts. Yet, the majority of intermediate polars in which the magnetic field is not large enough to completely disrupt the accretion disc, seem to be stable, and the rare observed outbursts, in particular in systems with long orbital periods, are much shorter than normal dwarf-nova outbursts. We investigate the predictions of the disc instability model for intermediate polars in order to determine which of the observed properties of these systems can be explained by the DIM. We use our numerical code for the time evolution of accretion discs, modified to include the effects of the magnetic field, with constant or variable mass transfer from the secondary star. We show that intermediate polars have mass transfer low enough and magnetic fields large enough to keep the accretion disc stable on the cold equilibrium branch. We show that the infrequent and short outbursts observed in long period systems, such as e.g., TV Col, cannot be attributed to the thermal-viscous instability of the accretion disc, but instead have to be triggered by an enhanced mass-transfer from the secondary, or, more likely, by some instability coupling the white dwarf magnetic field with that generated by the magnetorotational instability operating in the accretion disc. Longer outbursts (a few days) could result from the disc instability., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures; submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics

Context. The disc instability model (DIM) successfully explains why many accreting compact binary systems exhibit outbursts, during which their luminosity increases by orders of magnitude. The DIM correctly predicts which systems should be transient and works regardless of whether the accretor is a black hole, a neutron star or a white dwarf. However, it has been known for some time that the outbursts of X-ray binaries (which contain neutron-star or black-hole accretors) exhibit hysteresis in the X-ray hardness-intensity diagram (HID). More recently, it has been shown that the outbursts of accreting white dwarfs also show hysteresis, but in a diagram combining optical, EUV and X-ray fluxes. Aims. We examine here the nature of the hysteresis observed in cataclysmic variables and low-mass X-ray binaries. Methods. We use the Hameury et al. (1998) code for modelling dwarf nova outbursts, and construct the hardness intensity diagram as predicted by the disc instability model. Results. We show explicitly that the standard DIM - modified only to account for disc truncation - can explain the hysteresis observed in accreting white dwarfs, but cannot explain that observed in X-ray binaries. Conclusions. The spectral evidence for the existence of different accretion regimes / components (disc, corona, jets, etc.) should be based only on wavebands that are specific to the innermost parts of the discs, i.e. EUV and X-rays, which is a difficult task because of interstellar absorption. The existing data, however, indicate that an EUV/X-ray hysteresis is present in SS Cyg., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 7 pages, 8 figures

We show that a recent assertion [arXiv:1608.01541] that gravitational wave emission can lead to a repulsive force explaining the accelerated expansion of the Universe is totally unfounded., Comment: 2 pages, submitted to MNRAS Letters

The phenomenological Disc Instability Model has been successful in reproducing the observed light curves of dwarf nova outbursts by invoking an enhanced Shakura-Sunyaev $\alpha$ parameter $\sim0.1-0.2$ in outburst compared to a low value $\sim0.01$ in quiescence. Recent thermodynamically consistent simulations of magnetorotational (MRI) turbulence with appropriate opacities and equation of state for dwarf nova accretion discs have found that thermal convection enhances $\alpha$ in discs in outburst, but only near the hydrogen ionization transition. At higher temperatures, convection no longer exists and $\alpha$ returns to the low value comparable to that in quiescence. In order to check whether this enhancement near the hydrogen ionization transition is sufficient to reproduce observed light curves, we incorporate this MRI-based variation in $\alpha$ into the Disc Instability Model, as well as simulation-based models of turbulent dissipation and convective transport. These MRI-based models can successfully reproduce observed outburst and quiescence durations, as well as outburst amplitudes, albeit with different parameters from the standard Disc Instability Models. The MRI-based model lightcurves exhibit reflares in the decay from outburst, which are not generally observed in dwarf novae. However, we highlight the problematic aspects of the quiescence physics in the Disc Instability Model and MRI simulations that are responsible for this behavior., Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Very faint X-ray binaries appear to be transient in many cases with peak luminosities much fainter than that of usual soft X-ray transients, but their nature still remains elusive. We investigate the possibility that this transient behaviour is due to the same thermal/viscous instability which is responsible for outbursts of bright soft X-ray transients, occurring in ultracompact binaries for adequately low mass-transfer rates. More generally, we investigate the observational consequences of this instability when it occurs in ultracompact binaries. We use our code for modelling the thermal-viscous instability of the accretion disc, assumed here to be hydrogen poor. We also take into account the effects of disc X-ray irradiation, and consider the impact of the mass-transfer rate on the outburst brightness. We find that one can reproduce the observed properties of both the very faint and the brighter short transients (peak luminosity, duration, recurrence times), provided that the viscosity parameter in quiescence is slightly smaller (typically a factor of between two and four) than in bright soft X-ray transients and normal dwarf nova outbursts, the viscosity in outburst being unchanged. This possibly reflects the impact of chemical composition on non-ideal MHD effects affecting magnetically driven turbulence in poorly ionized discs., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, Astronomy and Astrophysics, in press

On 2015 June 15 the burst alert telescope (BAT) on board {\em Swift} detected an X-ray outburst from the black hole transient V404 Cyg. We monitored V404 Cyg for the last 10 years with the 2-m Faulkes Telescope North in three optical bands (V, R, and i$^{'}$). We found that, one week prior to this outburst, the optical flux was 0.1--0.3 mag brighter than the quiescent orbital modulation, implying an optical precursor to the X-ray outburst. There is also a hint of a gradual optical decay (years) followed by a rise lasting two months prior to the outburst. We fortuitously obtained an optical spectrum of V404 Cyg 13 hours before the BAT trigger. This too was brighter ($\sim1\rm\,mag$) than quiescence, and showed spectral lines typical of an accretion disk, with characteristic absorption features of the donor being much weaker. No He II emission was detected, which would have been expected had the X-ray flux been substantially brightening. This, combined with the presence of intense H$\alpha$ emission, about 7 times the quiescent level, suggests that the disk entered the hot, outburst state before the X-ray outburst began. We propose that the outburst is produced by a viscous-thermal instability triggered close to the inner edge of a truncated disk. An X-ray delay of a week is consistent with the time needed to refill the inner region and hence move the inner edge of the disk inwards, allowing matter to reach the central BH, finally turning on the X-ray emission., Comment: Accepted by ApJ Letter, 7 pages, 5 figures

At super-Eddington rates accretion flows onto black holes have been described as slim (aspect ratio $H/R \lesssim 1$) or thick (H/R >1) discs, also known as tori or (Polish) doughnuts. The relation between the two descriptions has never been established, but it was commonly believed that at sufficiently high accretion rates slim discs inflate, becoming thick. We wish to establish under what conditions slim accretion flows become thick. We use analytical equations, numerical 1+1 schemes, and numerical radiative MHD codes to describe and compare various accretion flow models at very high accretion rates.We find that the dominant effect of advection at high accretion rates precludes slim discs becoming thick. At super-Eddington rates accretion flows around black holes can always be considered slim rather than thick., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. Astronomy & Astrophysics, in press

Ensemble modeling of CMEs provides a probabilistic forecast of CME arrival time which includes an estimation of arrival time uncertainty from the spread and distribution of predictions and forecast confidence in the likelihood of CME arrival. The real-time ensemble modeling of CME propagation uses the WSA-ENLIL+Cone model installed at the CCMC and executed in real-time. The current implementation evaluates the sensitivity of WSA-ENLIL+Cone model simulations of CME propagation to initial CME parameters. We discuss the results of real-time ensemble simulations for a total of 35 CME events between January 2013 - July 2014. For the 17 events where the CME was predicted to arrive at Earth, the mean absolute arrival time prediction error was 12.3 hours, which is comparable to the errors reported in other studies. For predictions of CME arrival at Earth the correct rejection rate is 62% and the false-alarm rate is 38%. The arrival time was within the range of the ensemble arrival predictions for 8 out of 17 events. The Brier Score for CME arrival predictions is 0.15 (where 1 is a perfect forecast), indicating that on average, the predicted likelihood of CME arrival is fairly accurate. The reliability of ensemble CME arrival predictions is heavily dependent on the initial distribution of CME input parameters, particularly the median and spread. Preliminary analysis of the probabilistic forecasts suggests undervariability, indicating that these ensembles do not sample a wide enough spread in CME input parameters. Prediction errors can also arise from ambient model parameters, the accuracy of the solar wind background derived from coronal maps, or other model limitations. Finally, predictions of the Kp geomagnetic index differ from observed values by less than one for 11 out of 17 of the ensembles and Kp prediction errors computed from the mean predicted Kp show a mean absolute error of 1.3., Comment: 37 pages, 22 figures

We present dedicated quasi-simultaneous X-ray (Swift) and optical (Very Large Telescope (VLT), V- and R-band) observations of the intermediate mass black hole candidate ESO 243-49 HLX-1 before and during the 2012 outburst. We show that the V-band magnitudes vary with time, thus proving that a portion of the observed emission originates in the accretion disk. Using the first quiescent optical observations of HLX-1, we show that the stellar population surrounding HLX-1 is fainter than V~25.1 and R~24.2. We show that the optical emission may increase before the X-ray emission consistent with the scenario proposed by Lasota et al. (2011) in which the regular outbursts could be related to the passage at periastron of a star circling the intermediate mass black hole in an eccentric orbit, which triggers mass transfer into a quasi-permanent accretion disk around the black hole. Further, if there is indeed a delay in the X-ray emission we estimate the mass-transfer delivery radius to be ~1e11 cm., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL

Quantum entanglement of Hawking radiation has been supposed to give rise to a Planck density "firewall" near the event horizon of old black holes. We show that Planck density firewalls are excluded by Einstein's equations for black holes of mass exceeding the Planck mass. We find an upper limit of $1/(8\pi M)$ to the surface density of a firewall in a Schwarzschild black hole of mass $M$, translating for astrophysical black holes into a firewall density smaller than Planck density by more than 30 orders of magnitude. A strict upper limit on the firewall density is given by the Planck density times the ratio $M_{\rm Pl}/(8\pi M)$., Comment: 6 pages, version published in Phys. Rev. Lett

In the case involving particles the necessary and sufficient condition for the Penrose process to extract energy from a rotating black hole is absorption of particles with negative energies and angular momenta. No torque at the black-hole horizon occurs. In this article we consider the case of arbitrary fields or matter described by an unspecified, general energy-momentum tensor $T_{\mu \nu}$ and show that the necessary and sufficient condition for extraction of a black hole's rotational energy is analogous to that in the mechanical Penrose process: absorption of negative energy and negative angular momentum. We also show that a necessary condition for the Penrose process to occur is for the Noether current (the conserved energy-momentum density vector) to be spacelike or past directed (timelike or null) on some part of the horizon. In the particle case, our general criterion for the occurrence of a Penrose process reproduces the standard result. In the case of relativistic jet-producing "magnetically arrested disks" we show that the negative energy and angular-momentum absorption condition is obeyed when the Blandford-Znajek mechanism is at work, and hence the high energy extraction efficiency up to $\sim 300\%$ found in recent numerical simulations of such accretion flows results from tapping the black hole's rotational energy through the Penrose process. We show how black-hole rotational energy extraction works in this case by describing the Penrose process in terms of the Noether current., Comment: 24 pages, 14 figures, version published in Phys. Rev. D

The Ultra Luminous X-ray (ULX) source HLX-1 in the galaxy ESO 243-49 has an observed maximum unabsorbed X-ray luminosity of 1.3e42 erg/s (0.2-10.0 keV). From the conservative assumption that this value exceeds the Eddington limit by at most a factor of 10, the minimum mass is then 500 solar masses. The X-ray luminosity varies by a factor of 40 with an apparent recurrence timescale of approximately one year. This X-ray variability is associated with spectral state transitions similar to those seen in black hole X-ray binaries. Here we discuss our recent modelling of all the X-ray data for HLX-1 and show that it supports the idea that this ULX is powered by sub- and near Eddington accretion onto an intermediate mass black hole. We also present evidence for transient radio emission which is consistent with a discrete jet ejection event as well as comment on the nature of the environment around HLX-1 in light of recent Hubble Space Telescope photometry., Comment: 5 pages, three figures, to appear in the proceedings of the SF2A 2012

The hyper luminous X-ray source HLX-1 in the galaxy ESO 243-49, currently the best intermediate mass black hole candidate, displays spectral transitions similar to those observed in Galactic black hole binaries, but with a luminosity 100-1000 times higher. We investigated the X-ray properties of this unique source fitting multi-epoch data collected by Swift, XMM-Newton & Chandra with a disk model computing spectra for a wide range of sub- and super-Eddington accretion rates assuming a non-spinning black hole and a face-on disk (i = 0 deg). Under these assumptions we find that the black hole in HLX-1 is in the intermediate mass range (~2 x 10^4 M_odot) and the accretion flow is in the sub-Eddington regime. The disk radiation efficiency is eta = 0.11 +/-0.03. We also show that the source does follow the L_X ~ T^4 relation for our mass estimate. At the outburst peaks, the source radiates near the Eddington limit. The accretion rate then stays constant around 4 x 10^(-4) M_odot yr^(-1) for several days and then decreases exponentially. Such "plateaus" in the accretion rate could be evidence that enhanced mass transfer rate is the driving outburst mechanism in HLX-1. We also report on the new outburst observed in August 2011 by the Swift-X-ray Telescope. The time of this new outburst further strengthens the ~1 year recurrence timescale., Comment: 24 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

The ultra-luminous intermediate-mass black-hole system HLX-1 in the ESO 243-49 galaxy exhibits variability with a possible recurrence time of a few hundred days. Finding the origin of this variability would constrain the still largely unknown properties of this extraordinary object. Since it exhibits an intensity-hardness behavior characteristic of black-hole X-ray transients, we have analyzed the variability of HLX-1 in the framework of the disk instability model that explains outbursts of such systems. We find that the long-term variability of HLX-1 is unlikely to be explained by a model in which outbursts are triggered by thermal-viscous instabilities in an accretion disc. Possible alternatives include the instability in a radiation-pressure dominated disk but we argue that a more likely explanation is a modulated mass-transfer due to tidal stripping of a star on an eccentric orbit around the intermediate-mass black hole. We consider an evolutionary scenario leading to the creation of such a system and estimate the probability of its observation. We conclude, using a simplified dynamical model of the post-collapse cluster, that no more than 1/100 to 1/10 of Mbh < 10^4 Msun IMBHs - formed by run-away stellar mergers in the dense collapsed cores of young clusters - could have a few times 1 Msun Main-Sequence star evolve to an AGB on an orbit eccentric enough for mass transfer at periapse, while avoiding collisional destruction or being scattered into the IMBH by 2-body encounters. The finite but low probability of this configuration is consistent with the uniqueness of HLX-1. We note, however, that the actual response of a standard accretion disk to bursts of mass transfer may be too slow to explain the observations unless the orbit is close to parabolic (and hence even rarer) and/or additional heating, presumably linked to the highly time-dependent gravitational potential, are invoked., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures. Additional figure, extended discussion. To be published in ApJ, June 10, 2011, v734 - 1

For thermonuclear flashes to occur on neutron-star surfaces, fuel must have been accreted from a donor star. However, sometimes flashes are seen from transient binary systems when they are thought to be in their quiescent phase, during which no accretion, or relatively little, is expected to occur. We investigate the accretion luminosity during several such flashes, including the first-ever and brightest detected flash from Cen X-4 in 1969. We infer from observations and theory that immediately prior to these flashes the accretion rate must have been between about 0.001 and 0.01 times the equivalent of the Eddington limit, which is roughly 2 orders of magnitude less than the peak accretion rates seen in these transients during an X-ray outburst and 3-4 orders of magnitude more than the lowest measured values in quiescence. Furthermore, three such flashes, including the one from Cen X-4, occurred within 2 to 7 days followed by an X-ray outburst. A long-term episode of enhanced, but low-level, accretion is predicted near the end of the quiescent phase by the disk-instability model, and may thus have provided the right conditions for these flashes to occur. We discuss the possibility of whether these flashes acted as triggers of the outbursts, signifying a dramatic increase in the accretion rate. Although it is difficult to rule out, we find it unlikely that the irradiance by these flashes is sufficient to change the state of the accretion disk in such a dramatic way., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in A&A; referee comments included plus improved text; results unchanged

We discuss the formation, evolution and observational parameters of the population of short-period ($<10$ hr) low-mass black-hole binaries (LMBHB). Their evolution is determined by the orbital angular momentum loss and/or nuclear evolution of the donors. All observed semidetached LMBHB are observed as soft X-ray transients (SXTs). The absence of observed short-period stable luminous X-ray sources with black holes and low-mass optical components suggests that upon RLOF by the donor, the angular-momentum losses are substantially reduced. The model with reduced angular-momentum loss reasonably well reproduces the masses and effective temperatures of the observed secondaries of SXTs. Theoretical mass-transfer rates in SXTs are consistent with those deduced from observations only if the accretion discs in LMBHB are truncated. The population of short-period LMBHB is formed mainly by systems which at RLOF had unevolved or slightly evolved donors (abundance of hydrogen in the center $> 0.35$). Our models suggest that a very high efficiency of common envelopes ejection is necessary to form LMBHB., Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, to be published in "The 8th Pacific Rim Conference on Stellar Astrophysics", ed. B. Soonthornthum et al. (ASP Conf. Ser.)

We consider evolutionary models for the population of short-period (<10 hr) low-mass black-hole binaries (LMBHBs) and compare them with observations of soft X-ray transients (SXTs). We show that assuming strongly reduced magnetic braking (as suggested by us before for low-mass semidetached binaries) the calculated masses and effective temperatures of secondaries are encouragingly close to the observed masses and effective temperatures (as inferred from their spectra) of donor stars in short-period LMBHBs. Theoretical mass-transfer rates in SXTs are consistent with the observed ones if one assumes that accretion discs in these systems are truncated (``leaky''). We find that the population of short-period SXTs is formed mainly by systems which had unevolved or slightly evolved main-sequence donors ($M_2 \lesssim 1.2M_\odot$) with a hydrogen abundance in the center $X_c > 0.35$ at the Roche-lobe overflow (RLOF). Longer period (0.5 - 1) day) SXTs might descend from systems with initial donor masses of about 1 $M_\odot$ and $X_c < 0.35$. Thus, one can explain the origin of short period LMBHB without invoking donors with cores almost totally depleted of hydrogen. Our models suggest that, unless the currently accepted empirical estimates of mass-loss rates by winds for massive O-stars and Wolf-Rayet stars are significantly over-evaluated, a very high efficiency of common-envelope ejection is necessary to form short-period LMBHBs., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, replaced to match the version accepted by A&A, 2 new figures, Eq. (3) for the upper limit on mass-transfer rates corrected, more extended discussion, conclusions unchanged

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) form two distinct sequences on the radio-loudness -- Eddington-ratio plane. The `upper' sequence contains radio selected AGNs, the `lower' sequence is composed mainly of optically selected AGNs. The sequences mark the upper bounds for the radio-loudness of two distinct populations of AGNs, hosted respectively by elliptical and disk galaxies. Both sequences show the same dependence of the radio-loudness on the Eddington ratio (an increase with decreasing Eddington ratio), which suggests that another parameter in addition to the accretion rate must play a role in determining the efficiency of jet production in AGNs. We speculate that this additional parameter is the spin of the black hole, assuming that black holes in giant elliptical galaxies have (on average) much larger spins than black holes in disc galaxies. Possible evolutionary scenarios leading to such a spin dichotomy are discussed. The galaxy-morphology related radio-dichotomy breaks down at high accretion rates where the dominant fraction of luminous quasars being hosted by giant ellipticals is radio quiet. This indicates that the production of powerful jets at high accretion rates is in most cases suppressed and, in analogy to X-ray binary systems (XRB) during high and very high states, may be intermittent. Such intermittency can be caused by switches between two different accretion modes, assuming that only during one of them an outflow from the central engine is sufficiently collimated to form a relativistic jet., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures included. To be published in New Astronomy Review (Proceedings of the meeting `JPL, X-ray Binaries, Accretion Disks, and Compact Stars'; October 2007; ed. M.A. Abramowicz)

We consider evolutionary models for the population of short-period (<10 hr) low-mass black-hole binaries (LMBHB) and compare them with observations of soft X-ray transients (SXT). Evolution of LMBHB is determined by nuclear evolution of the donors and/or orbital angular momentum loss due to magnetic braking by the stellar wind of the donors and gravitational wave radiation. We show that the absence of observed stable luminous LMBHB implies that upon RLOF by the low-mass donor angular momentum losses are substantially reduced with respect to the Verbunt and Zwaan "standard" prescription for magnetic braking. Under this assumption masses and effective temperatures of the model secondaries of LMBHB are in a satisfactory agreement with the masses and effective temperatures (as inferred from their spectra) of the observed donors in LMBHB. Theoretical mass-transfer rates in SXTs are consistent with the observed ones if one assumes that accretion discs in these systems are truncated ("leaky"). We find that the population of short-period SXT is formed mainly by systems which had unevolved or slightly evolved (X_c > 0.35) donors at the RLOF. Longer period (0.5 - 1 day) SXT might descend from systems with initial donor mass about 1 solar and X_c < 0.35. It is unnecessary to invoke donors with almost hydrogen-depleted cores to explain the origin of LMBHB. Our models suggest that a very high efficiency of common-envelopes ejection is necessary to form LMBHB, unless currently commonly accepted empirical estimates of mass-loss rates by winds for pre-WR and WR-stars are significantly over-evaluated., Comment: 11 pages. To appear in New Astronomy Review, vol. 51, issues 10-12, Proceedings of "Jean-Pierre Lasota, X-ray binaries, accretion disks and compact stars" (October 2007); Ed. M. Abramowicz; v3: Eq. (8) for upper limit on mass-transfer rate and Figs. 4 and 7 corrected

We investigate how the total radio luminosity of AGN-powered radio sources depends on their accretion luminosity and the central black hole mass. We find that AGNs form two distinct and well separated sequences on the radio-loudness - Eddington-ratio plane. We argue that these sequences mark the real upper bounds of radio-loudness of two distinct populations of AGNs: those hosted respectively by elliptical and disk galaxies. Both sequences show the same dependence of the radio-loudness on the Eddington ratio (an increase with decreasing Eddington ratio), which suggests that another parameter in addition to the accretion rate must play a role in determining the jet production efficiency in active galactic nuclei, and that this parameter is related to properties of the host galaxy. The revealed host-related radio dichotomy breaks down at high accretion rates where the dominant fraction of luminous quasars hosted by elliptical galaxies is radio quiet. We argue that the huge difference between the radio-loudness reachable by AGNs in disc and elliptical galaxies can be explained by the scenario according to which the spin of a black hole determines the outflow's power, and central black holes can reach large spins only in early type galaxies (following major mergers), and not (in a statistical sense) in spiral galaxies., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures included. Proceedings of the Workshop `Extragalactic Jets: Theory and Observation from Radio to Gamma Ray', Girdwood, May 2007

We present results of a population synthesis study for semidetached short orbital period binaries which contain low-mass(<1.5 Msun) donors and black hole (>4 Msun) accretors. Evolution of these binaries is determined by nuclear evolution of the donors and/or orbital angular momentum loss due to magnetic braking by the stellar wind of the donors and gravitational wave radiation. According to our model, the estimated total number of this type of black-hole binaries in the Galaxy is about 10000. If the magnetic braking is described by the Verbunt & Zwaan formula, the model predicts around 3000 transient systems with periods >2 hours and around 300 luminous stable systems with periods between 3 and 8 hours. Several dozens of these bright systems should be above the RXTE ASM sensitivity limit. The absence of such systems implies that angular momentum losses are reduced by a factor more than 2 with respect to the Verbunt & Zwaan prescription. We show that it is unlikely that the transient behaviour of black-hole short-period X-ray binaries is explained by the evolved nature of the stellar companion. A substantial fraction of black-hole binaries with periods >3 hours could be faint with truncated, stable cold accretion discs as proposed by Menou et al. Most of the semidetached black-hole binaries are expected to have periods shorter than ~2 hours. Properties of such, still to be observed, very small mass-ratio (q<0.02) binaries are different from those of their longer period cousins., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

We investigate how the total radio luminosity of AGN-powered radio sources depends on their accretion luminosity and the central black hole mass. Our studies cover about seven orders of magnitude in accretion luminosity and the full range of AGN black hole masses. We find that AGNs form two distinct and well separated sequences on the radio-loudness -- Eddington-ratio plane. The `upper' sequence is formed by radio selected AGNs, the `lower' sequence contains mainly optically selected objects. Whereas an apparent `gap' between the two sequences may be an artifact of selection effects, the sequences themselves mark the real upper bounds of radio-loudness of two distinct populations of AGNs: those hosted respectively by elliptical and disk galaxies. Both sequences show the same dependence of the radio-loudness on the Eddington ratio (an increase with decreasing Eddington ratio), which suggests that the normalization of this dependence is determined by the black hole spin. This implies that central black holes in giant elliptical galaxies have (on average) much larger spins than black holes in spiral/disc galaxies. This galaxy-morphology related radio-dichotomy breaks down at high accretion rates where the dominant fraction of luminous quasars hosted by elliptical galaxies is radio quiet. This led to speculations in the literature that formation of powerful jets at high accretion rates is intermittent and related to switches between two disk accretion modes, as directly observed in some BH X-ray binaries. We argue that such intermittency can be reconciled with the spin paradigm, provided that successful formation of relativistic jets by rotating black holes requires collimation by MHD outflows from accretion disks., Comment: 33 pages, 4 figures and 5 tables included. Final version, accepted for publication in ApJ

Confronting the predictions of numerical calculations with observations is an important tool to progress with our understanding of the mechanism triggering the outbursts of dwarf novae and soft X-ray transients. Simultaneous multi-wavelength observations are of particular importance in this process as they contain information about the chronology of the outbursts as e.g. the famous UV-delay observed in dwarf novae. We review key-predictions of the disc instability model (DIM) and confront them with the corresponding observations., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, to appear in The astrophysics of cataclysmic variables and related objects, ASP Conf. Ser., eds. J.-M. Hameury and J.-P. Lasota

Using XMM-Newton EPIC imaging data, we have detected 50 low-luminosity X-ray sources in the field of view of M 22, where 5 +/- 3 of these sources are likely to be related to the cluster. Using differential optical photometry, we have identified probable counterparts to those sources belonging to the cluster. Using X-ray spectroscopic and timing studies, supported by the optical colours, we propose that the most central X-ray sources in the cluster are cataclysmic variables, millisecond pulsars, active binaries and a blue straggler. We also identify a cluster of galaxies behind this globular cluster., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Applications of the thermal-viscous disc instability model to various classes of cataclysmic variable very often require the accretion disc to be truncated. I argue that in most cases this inner truncation must be due to the white dwarf's magnetic field., Comment: To appear in: Compact Binaries in the Galaxy and Beyond, IAU Coll. 194, editors E. Sion and G. Tovmassian

We report on XMM-Newton observations of GRO J1655-40 and GRS 1009-45, which are two black hole X-ray transients currently in their quiescent phase. GRO J1655-40 was detected with a 0.5 - 10 keV luminosity of 5.9 10^{31} erg/s. This luminosity is comparable to a previous Chandra measurement, but ten times lower than the 1996 ASCA value, most likely obtained when the source was not yet in a true quiescent state. Unfortunately, XMM-Newton failed to detect GRS 1009-45. A stringent upper limit of 8.9 10^{30} erg/s was derived by combining data from the EPIC-MOS and PN cameras. The X-ray spectrum of GRO J1655-40 is very hard as it can be fitted with a power law model of photon index ~ 1.3 +/- 0.4. Similarly hard spectra have been observed from other systems; these rule out coronal emission from the secondary or disk flares as the origin of the observed X-rays. On the other hand, our observations are consistent with the predictions of the disc instability model in the case that the accretion flow forms an advection dominated accretion flow (ADAF) at distances less than a fraction ~ 0.1 - 0.3) of the circularization radius. This distance corresponds to the greatest extent of the ADAF that is thought to be possible., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics

Heyl (2000) made an interesting suggestion that the observed shifts in QPO frequency in type I X-ray bursts could be influenced by the same geometrical effect of strong gravity as the one that causes centrifugal force reversal discovered by Abramowicz and Lasota (1974). However, his main result contains a sign error. Here we derive the correct formula and conclude that constraints on the M(R) relation for neutron stars deduced from the rotational-modulation model of QPO frequency shifts are of no practical interest because the correct formula implies a weak condition R* > 1.3 Rs, where Rs is the Schwarzschild radius. We also argue against the relevance of the rotational-modulation model to the observed frequency modulations., Comment: 3 pages, Minor revisions, A&A Letters, in press

We study the prospect of explaining the outbursts of Soft X-ray Transients (SXTs) by the thermal-viscous instability in a thin disc. This instability is linked to hydrogen ionization and is significantly changed when irradiation of the disc by X-rays from the inner regions is included. We present the first numerically reliable, physically consistent calculations of the outburst cycles which include the effects of accretion disc irradiation. The decay from outburst is governed by irradiation, as pointed out by King & Ritter (1998), leading to slow exponential decays. At the end of the outburst, the disc is severely depleted, which lengthens the time needed to rebuild mass to the critical density for an outburst. Despite this, the long recurrence times and quiescent X-ray luminosities of SXTs still require the inner disc to be replaced by another type of flow in quiescence, presumably a hot advection dominated accretion flow (ADAF). We include the effects of such truncation and show that the resulting lightcurves are conclusively similar to those of SXTs like A0620-00. We conclude that the two-alpha disc instability model provides an adequate description of the outbursts of SXTs when both truncation and irradiation are included. The values for the viscosities in outburst and in quiescence are comparable to those used in CVs. We discuss the model in the context of present observations., Comment: accepted for publication in A&A, 22 pages, 20 figures

We show that the disc instability model can reproduce all the observed properties of Z Cam stars if the energy equation includes heating of the outer disc by the mass-transfer stream impact and by tidal torques and if the mass-transfer rate from the secondary varies by about 30% around the value critical for stability. In particular the magnitude difference between outburst maxima and standstills corresponds to observations, all outbursts are of the inside-out type and can be divided into two classes: long (wide) and short (narrow) outbursts, as observed. Mass transfer rate fluctuations should occur in other dwarf novae but one can exclude variations similar to those observed in magnetic systems (AM Her's and some DQ Her's) and some nova-like systems (VY Scl's), in which \dot{M} become very small during low states; these would produce mini-outburst which, although detectable, have never been observed., Comment: submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics, 8 pages, 4 figures

We show that the 1996 outburst of the X-ray binary transient system GRO J1655-40 can be explained by the standard dwarf-nova type disc instability, followed by an episode of enhanced mass transfer from the secondary if the mass transfer rate in GRO J1655-40 is within a factor < 10 of the stability limit. We argue that irradiation of the secondary during the onset of the outburst driven by the thermal instability in the outer disc can increase the mass transfer rate above the minimum value required for stable accretion. This will then produce the period of near-constant X-ray emission seen in this system. This scenario can also explain the observed anti-correlation between the optical and X-ray fluxes. It is generally accepted that optical emission in low-mass X-ray binaries is produced by irradiation of the outer disc by X-rays. There is also strong circumstantial evidence that in order for the outer disc to see the irradiating flux, it must be warped. Depending on the warp propagation mechanism, either a burst of mass from the secondary or viscous decay are likely to decrease the degree of warping, thereby causing the decrease in the observed optical flux while the X-ray flux remains constant or even increases, exactly as observed in GRO J1655-40. Finally, the decrease of the disc warping and, therefore, irradiation will cause the disc to become unstable once again, terminating the outburst., Comment: Astronomy and Astrophysics - in press

The lower bound on the period of uniform rotation of neutron stars (NS) with causal equation of state (EOS), P_ min, is shown to be determined, with a high precision, by the upper bound on the surface redshift of static neutron star models, z_ max. We obtain z_max=0.851, which turns out to be about 5% lower than upper bound obtained by Lindblom (1984). Using then the empirical formula for the maximum rotation frequency of uniform rotation of neutron star models with realistic causal EOS, derived by Lasota et al. (1996), we establish an approximate relation between z_max and P_min, in which P_min is proportional to the maximum mass of static NS, M_s^ max. In this way we reproduce, within 2%, the exact formula of Koranda et al. (1997) based on extensive exact numerical calculations. Replacing M_s^max by the maximum measured NS mass, 1.442 M_sun, we get a lower bound P_min = 0.288 ms., Comment: 5 pages, latex, uses texas.sty. Presented at the 19th Texas Symposium, 14-19 December 1998, Paris, France. To appear in the 19th Texas Symposium Proceedings (CD-ROM)

We show that the neutron star minimum period of rotation is determined, for causal equations of state, by the maximum value of the relativistic (compactness) parameter 2GM/Rc^2, allowed by causality for static neutron stars, 0.7081, and by the largest measured mass of a neutron star. The relation between these three quantities, resulting from the extrapolation of the empirical formulae of Lasota et al. (1996), yields the minimum period of 0.288 ms, only 2% higher than an absolute lower bound obtained in extensive exact numerical calculations of Koranda et al. (1997)., Comment: 3 pages, latex, uses l-aa.sty, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

We calculate self-consistent models of X-ray irradiated accretion discs in close binary systems. We show that a point X-ray source powered by accretion and located in the disc plane cannot modify the disc structure, mainly because of the self-screening by the disc of its outer regions. Since observations show that the emission of the outer disc regions in low mass X-ray binaries is dominated by the reprocessed X-ray flux, accretion discs in these systems must be either warped or irradiated by a source above the disc plane, or both. We analyse the thermal-viscous stability of irradiated accretion discs and derive the stability criteria of such systems. We find that, contrary to the usual assumptions, the critical accretion rate below which a disc is unstable is rather uncertain since the correct formula describing irradiation is not well known., Comment: to be published in MNRAS, uses epsfig.sty

We calculate the effect of illumination of dwarf nova accretion discs by radiation from a hot, central, white dwarf. We show that only for very hot white dwarfs (Teff ~ 40 000$ K) the inner region of quiescent dwarf nova discs are partially depleted so that the delay between the rise to outburst of the optical and UV fluxes would be increased as suggested recently by King (1997). This depletion, however, must create several small outbursts between main outbursts, contrary to observations. Lower white dwarf temperatures may cause the outburts to be of the `inside-out' type removing the UV delay. We conclude that white dwarf irradiation of dwarf nova discs is not very efficient for example because the UV radiation from the hot white dwarf does not penetrate deep enough in the disc atmosphere. The total ablation of the inner disc by e.g. evaporation (possibly related to illumination) appears to be a very promising possibility, accounting for both the EUV delay and the general lightcurves properties., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures; accepted for publication in MNRAS

We investigate whether models based on the assumption that jets in quasars are powered by rotating black holes can explain the observed radio dichotomy of quasars. We show that in terms of the ``spin paradigm'' models, radio-loud quasars could be objects in which the black hole's rotation rate corresponds to an equilibrium between spin-up by accretion and spin-down by the Blandford-Znajek mechanism. Radio-quiet quasars could be hosting black holes with an average spin much smaller than the equilibrium one. We discuss possible accretion scenarios which can lead to such a bimodal distribution of black hole spins., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures (included), LaTeX, uses epsf.sty and mn.sty (included), MNRAS submitted