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The purpose of this paper is to describe a new and innovative method for the calculation of societal consequences from breakdowns in critical infrastructures. Both a Social Impact Cost is calculated as lost Gross Domestic Product and non-economic consequences are quantified. For the non-economic consequences a new measure is introduced called Social Impact Magnitude that resembles the Richter scale. The paper describes the methods used and the design of the software tool developed for this purpose. The second part of the paper includes some practical examples how the societal consequences have been calculated for a number of power outage scenarios. Future potential development to cover other types of critical infrastructures and dependencies between infrastructures are indicated at the end., QC 20130111

The Swedish energy agency (STEM), has developed a new regulatory model to supervise the revenues of the Distribution System Operators (DSO), referred to as the Network Performance Assessment Model (NPAM). The fundamental idea of the NPAM is that the electrical distribution system provides customer values, and the DSO is allowed to collect revenue corresponding to these values. The NPAM calculates customer values for a fictive electrical distribution system, with a total cost referred to as the Network Performance Assessment (NPA). The allowed debiting rate for a DSO is defined by the quotient of the revenue and the NPA. If the debiting rate is higher than a certain value, defined by the Energy Market Inspection (EMI) at STEM, the DSO is placed under review and could be forced to pay back revenue to customers. A lawsuit is currently in progress on this use of the NPAM, which has highlighted drawbacks in the model. This paper provides a comprehensive presentation of the NPAM. It describes in detail the different input data for the model, the steps in the calculations and the resulting cost factors. The paper also presents for the first time details on the theory underlying the calculations., QC 20101125This paper was included in a licentiate thesis, but later rejected. A later version of this paper is accepted:http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?parentRecord=diva2:433030&pid=diva2:415658 (inluded in a PhD thesis)

A new regulatory model for the Swedish electrical distribution system operators has been proposed, and is now being implemented. The model is referred to as the Network Performance Assessment Model (NPAM). The NPAM is based on fictive reference networks. These emanate from a radial network that is reinforced with redundant components if it increases the customer value more than required investment cost for higher system reliability. The NPAM involves a paradigm shift for the Swedish DSO from a system based on compensation for costs to one based on performance. Evidently, it is of great importance to both the regulator and the different DSOs to evaluate how well the NPAM calculates the performance i.e. the customer values. The aim for this paper is to take a first step in this process; by putting light on how these redundant reference networks are created and used for the NPAM. In order to do this a comparative study has been made for a small test system where two different approaches are used for identifying the resulting redundant reference network for a system. The NPAM approach uses a Monte Carlo simulation technique, and the comparative approach uses an analytical based reliability assessment tool RADPOW, developed at KTH., © 2005 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.QC 20110712