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Additional file 1: Supplementary figure 1. Gating strategy of flowcytometry data analysis, Supplementary figure 2. VIP data, Supplementary figure 3. A High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) scan, Supplementary figure 4. A) Univariate analysis of % LDG in Any PA vs No PA, B) calprotectin levels in Any PA vs No PA and C) calprotectin levels in joint erosions vs No joint erosions, Supplementary figure 5. Correlation analysis of ACPA levels and neutrophil activation markers CD11b (A) and CD62L (B).

Additional file 2: Supplementary Table 1. Numbers of collected blood samples. Supplementary Table 2. Antibodies used for flow cytometry.

Additional file 2: Supplementary table 1. Cluster of differentiation markers used for neutrophil characterization. Supplementary table 2. Demographics and clinical data in patients with versus without RA-Associated PA.

Additional file 1: Supplementary figure 1. (A) Expression of CD15 and CD14 on low-density granulocytes (LDG) from two pregnant women with SLE (two left panels, samples from trimester three) and two healthy pregnant controls (HC, two right panels, one sample from trimester three and one sample from trimester one). (B) Analysis of proportions of LDG and shedding of CD62L by NDG in blood from pregnant women with SLE and healthy pregnant controls between 17 and 24 h post venipuncture i.e., the time span when all samples in the study were analyzed. (C) Analysis of total number of granulocytes, proportions of LDG and shedding of CD62L by normal-density granulocytes (NDG) from one pregnant woman with SLE in trimester three and one healthy pregnant control in trimester one at 5 and 24 h post venipuncture. Supplementary figure 2. Comparison of (A) proportions of low-density granulocytes (LDG), (B) proportions of LDG that have shed CD62L, (C) proportions of normal-density granulocytes (NDG) that have shed CD62L and (D) total granulocyte counts during compared to after pregnancy among women with SLE from whom late postpartum samples were collected. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test. Supplementary figure 3. Comparison of LDG proportions in pregnant women with SLE with or without a moderate/high disease activity (SLEDAI-2K ≥ 4) in (A) trimester one, (B) trimester two and (C) trimester three. Mann-Whitney U test. Supplementary figure 4. Comparison of (A) LDG proportions, (B) LDG activation by CD62L shedding, (C) NDG activation by CD62L shedding and (D) IFNα protein levels in SLE and healthy pregnancy for each trimester. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 Mann-Whitney U test. Supplementary figure 5. Comparison of the proportions of low-density granulocytes (LDG) and normal-density granulocytes (NDG) that have shed CD62L in pregnant women with SLE and in healthy pregnant controls (HC). **** p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U test. Supplementary figure 6. Concentrations of G-CSF (A) and GM-CSF (B) in plasma during pregnancy (first, second and third trimester) compared to the late postpartum period among women with SLE from whom late postpartum samples were collected. Concentrations of G-CSF (C) and GM-CSF (D) in plasma in the first, second and third trimester in SLE compared to healthy pregnancies. Supplementary figure 7. (A) OPLS loading column plot depicting granulocyte-related immune variables positively or negatively associated with prednisone use in SLE pregnancy, and low-density proportions in pregnant women with SLE who were treated with prednisone compared to those who were not treated. (B) OPLS plot depicting granulocyte-related immune variables positively or negatively associated with azathioprine use in SLE pregnancy and CD62L shedding of normal-density granulocytes in pregnant women with SLE who were treated with azathioprine compared to those who were not treated. (C) OPLS plot depicting granulocyte-related immune variables positively or negatively associated with low molecular weight heparin use in SLE pregnancy. * p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test. Supplementary figure 8. IFNα plasma protein concentrations in trimester one, two and three from pregnant women with SLE who were treated or not with prednisone (A), azathioprine (B) or low molecular weight heparin (C). Supplementary figure 9. IFNα plasma protein concentrations in trimester one, two and three from pregnant women with SLE who were anti-SSA positive compared to those who were negative. ** p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test. Supplementary figure 10. (A) Gestational age at birth among women with SLE with induced compared to spontaneous delivery. (B) Gestational age at birth in women with SLE with induced or spontaneous delivery who were positive or negative for anti-CL, anti-β2GPI or LAC. (C) Correlations between gestational age at birth and proportions of LDG in trimester three, two and one among women with SLE with induced or spontaneous delivery. * p < 0.05, (B) Mann-Whitney U test and (C) Spearman rank correlation test.

In this paper, I will briefly present my research aiming to define, localise and interpret the archaeological remains that can be connected to Forest Saami culture and economy in the Swedish part of Sápmi, focusing on the early modern and modern period. With the help of an ethnoarchaeological method, I use ethnographic sources to understand the link between the people and the archaeological remains, and to get information on where to find them. One of the main questions is how and why Forest Saami archaeology differs from Mountain Saami archaeology, and how that is related to differences in economy. In three defined research areas, i.e. two earlier Forest Saami skatteland (Sw: ‘tax paying districts’) in the Lule river valley and a third research area, Forsa Parish in Hälsingland, new aspects of Forest Saami history have been investigated, using a combination of archaeological, ethnographic and historical sources. One aim is to bring a Saami perspective into archaeological studies, both concerning the geopolitical framework, the investigation and the interpretation of the results. Methods to be used in Saami archaeology are presented, methods that will be a part of a combined personal, academic, activist and archaeological struggle to enlighten and reclaim this heritage and history.

Complementary strategies of small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and crystallographic analysis are often used to determine atomistic three-dimensional models of macromolecules and their variability in solution. This combination of techniques is particularly valuable when applied to macromolecular complexes to detect changes within the individual binding partners. Here, we determine the x-ray crystallographic structure of a F(ab) fragment in complex with CD32b, the only inhibitory Fc-γ receptor in humans, and compare the structure of the F(ab) from the crystal complex to SAXS data for the F(ab) alone in solution. We investigate changes in F(ab) structure by predicting theoretical scattering profiles for atomistic structures extracted from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the F(ab) and assessing the agreement of these structures to our experimental SAXS data. Through principal component analysis, we are able to extract principal motions observed during the MD trajectory and evaluate the influence of these motions on the agreement of structures to the F(ab) SAXS data. Changes in the F(ab) elbow angle were found to be important to reach agreement with the experimental data; however, further discrepancies were apparent between our F(ab) structure from the crystal complex and SAXS data. By analyzing multiple MD structures observed in similar regions of the principal component analysis, we were able to pinpoint these discrepancies to a specific loop region in the F(ab) heavy chain. This method, therefore, not only allows determination of global changes but also allows identification of localized motions important for determining the agreement between atomistic structures and SAXS data. In this particular case, the findings allowed us to discount the hypothesis that structural changes were induced upon complex formation, a significant find informing the drug development process. The methodology described here is generally applicable to deconvolute global and local changes of macromolecular structures and is well suited to other systems.

Artikeln belyser problemet med bristen på kunskap om samisk arkeologi och historia. Kunskapsunderlaget, det samiska kulturarvet, har inte tillräckligt inventerats, dokumenterats och analyserats. Detta har sin grund i kvardröjande socialdarwinistiska idéer om samerna som ett folk utan historia tillsammans med nationalistiska synsätt där den svenska arkeologin är norm. Artikeln behandlar hoten mot det samiska kulturarvet, vilket, om det inte är inventerat och registrerat kan förstöras av skogsbruk och andra exploateringar. Dessutom uppmärksammas de inte när länsstyrelserna bestämmer utredningsområden och när antikvariska arbeten planeras inför exploateringar. Artikeln argumenterar för att kunskaperna om det samiska kulturarvet bör fördjupas, i synnerhet rörande skogssamiska och sjösamiska lämningar, men också fjällsamiska lämningar i vinterlanden i skogsområden i inlandet och ut mot kusten. Den ojämlika fördelningen av resurser i samband med Riksantikvarieämbetets tidigare fornminnesinventering för den ekonomiska kartan, där i södra Sverige såväl förstagångs- som revideringsinventeringar genomförts, medan större delen av Sápmi inte ens har förstagångsinventerats belyses. Länsstyrelserna i söder har nu ett betydligt bättre underlag när det gäller att bedöma fornlämningsbilden och bestämma utredningsområden och behovet av antikvariska insatser inför exploateringar. Behovet av kompletteringar finns dock även i södra Sverige, eftersom våra kunskaper om fornlämningstyper förändras, samt att samiskt arv finns även här. En fallstudie av Kallak- Gállok belyser frågorna i detalj. This article is discusses the problem concerning the lack of knowledge about Sámi archaeology and history. One important base for our knowledge, the ancient monuments, have not been sufficiently surveyed, documented and analysed. This situation is a consequence of old Social Darwinist ideas of the Sámi as a people without history, as well as a remaining nationalistic bias where Swedish archaeology is the norm. The article deals with the threats to the Sámi cultural heritage, which, if not surveyed and registered, is likely to be destroyed by current forestry practices as well as other types of exploitations. While most of southern Sweden has been subject for both primary and secondary survey for ancient monuments by the National Board of Antiquities until it was mainly finished 1996 (2001), most of Sámi territories have not been surveyed at all. A case study from Gállok outside Jokkmokk, where a mine is planned in an earlier Forest Sámi ”skatteland” (‘ Lap/Sami tax land’ ), threatening the cultural heritage, illustrates the problems mentioned in detail. DAMMED: Security, risk and resilience around the Dams of Sub Arctica (Öhman, VR, 2010-2012) Rivers, Resistance, Resilience: Sustainable Futures in Sápmi (Öhman, FORMAS, 2012-2015)

2 uppl. 2015

Sámi history is largely absent in national Swedish history-writing and Swedish history education at primary schools, secondary schools, high schools and university teachings, and it is only very limited at present within research in Sweden. Moreover, archaeological research has traditionally been colonialist. Interestingly, during the last years of the National Survey for Ancient Monuments by the Swedish Board of Antiquities, 1984-1996, there was an increased awareness of the Sámi cultural heritage, and related research was initiated along with new methods for finding Sámi remains. However, when this survey ended the specific knowledge and methods within it disappeared. Swedish law stipulates that no registered archaeological sites can be destroyed without prior investigation and documentation. Yet current lack of knowledge, as well as lack of investment in finding Sámi heritage and history preserved in the ground, means that such archaeological riches are threatened to be eradicated forever by the current boom of mining enterprises and other exploitation projects. This loss will happen unless the ground and archaeological groundwork are protected by a collaboration ofengaged activists and scholars. This chapter discusses the case of Gállok/Kallak, by the Lule River in NorrbottenCounty, and the recent work performed in recovering this heritage. Before any actual mining can start there must be an archaeological investigation. Such an investigation was performed for the area of Gállok, however several archaeological sites found by local inhabitants were not registered. In September 2012 a collaboration between Sámi activists struggling against the mine and Sámi scholarsfrom Uppsala University resulted in a four-day-long investigation of remains.The paper discusses this supradisciplinary collaboration and possible consequences of the mining project.The Sámi People are the Indigenous People of Scandinavia. However, our full history has never been written, and our opinion is never seriously considered when important decisions are taken regarding the exploitation of Sápmi, our land. Our memories are not documented and protected but, rather, they are under threat to be blasted away in the plans of enormous mining projects. Rivers, resistance and resilience: Sustainable futures in Sápmi and in other indigenous peoples' territories

Sammanfattning Det är svårt för företag att konkurrera i dagens föränderliga värld där globalisering och ny teknologi driver på vikten av att vara konkurrenskraftig. Företagsledare har insett vikten av att ha en väl fungerande supply chain, där inköpare har visat sig spela en väldigt stor roll. Det är en av orsakerna till att inköpsfunktionen gått från att vara en ren administrativ funktion, till att vara mer strategisk. De behöver hantera en mängd olika processer och ta många viktiga beslut, som har betydelse för hela organisationen. Om skickligheten hos inköparna har betydelse för hur processerna och besluten hanteras, kan det i sin tur påverka hela organisationen. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om inköpare med högre skicklighet påverkar hela organisationens resultat positivt. Arbetet har genomförts med hjälp av svaren från en internationell enkätundersökning (IPS), för att analysera om skickliga inköpare integrerar (samarbetar lättare och bättre) med övriga funktioner, om hög status automatiskt följer skickligheten, samt om de har en positiv påverkan på hela organisationens resultat. Resultatet från korrelationsanalyserna visar att när inköpare är skickliga har de ofta en högre status inom företaget samt att de integrerar bättre. Analyserna visar inget signifikant samband mellan skickligheten hos inköp och företagsresultatet, vilket teorin antyder att det finns, men vid analys på kategorinivå uppmättes ett samband. Lite forskning finns på inköps betydelse och mätsystemen är inte alltid utvecklade så att de mäter prestationen där den uppstår, vilket kan förklara varför inget samband uppmättes vid analyserna mellan skickligheten hos inköpsfunktionen och företagsresultatet. Slutsatsen är att inköpsfunktionen påverkar organisationens resultat positivt, men det är svårt att se deras positiva medverkan till företagets slutresultat, eftersom det är svårt att mäta varje prestation där den uppstår. Det ger implikationen att bättre, mer specifika mätsystem bör utvecklas för att inköpsfunktionen ska få det stöd som de behöver.

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare, severe neurodevelopmental disorder, which partly develops in a predictable way, and influences many bodily functions. Regression, i.e. loss of earlier achieved abilities, is one of the clinical criteria for RTT. Research on motor function has to some extent focused on this loss, and less on the possibility to keep, regain or develop abilities. RTT is mainly verified in girls/women, and the prevalence of classic RTT in Sweden for girls born between 1965 and 1976 was 1 in 10.000-12.000. Clinical criteria are used for diagnosis, but since 1999 RTT can be confirmed by a genetic test. As there is no cure so far, development of clinical intervention and management is important, and with good treatment it is possible to improve quality of life. The main aim was to acquire more knowledge about motor development in RTT, both, early development, and development over time. Another aim was to study if there were deviating orthostatic reactions when rising from sitting to standing, and during standing, compared with normally developed, healthy people, matched by sex and age. Clinical experience as well as reports from parents showed that some people with RTT had lost abilities, some had been able to keep abilities, and some had been able to learn new abilities after regression. For good results, the person with RTT had to be motivated, and the intervention jointly planned; it was also important to realize that dyspraxia causes dependence on other people’s initiatives. Information about one person with RTT, collected over several years, showed the possibility to develop in some areas over time and the tendency to deteriorate in other areas. Studying orthostatic reactions when rising to standing, and standing for three minutes, revealed that those with RTT mainly had the same reactions as the healthy controls. The quicker initial drop in systolic blood pressure in people with RTT, when rising, has not been documented earlier. In conclusion, this thesis shows that it is possible for some people with RTT to keep abilities, regain abilities, and also learn new abilities after regression. Since those with RTT recovered their blood pressure in the same way as the healthy controls, there is no reason to recommend limitations in standing, though the quicker initial drop in systolic blood pressure should be noted. The deterioration in walking found in our previous studies does not seem to be due to deviation in orthostatic reactions. Individual analysis, as well as good knowledge about the development of the disorder and variation in its expression, is essential. Since many people with RTT live to adulthood, planning for lifelong intervention and care is most important.

För ungdomar som är mitt uppe i frigörelseprocessen från föräldrarna kan det vara en känslomässig balansgång när en förälder insjuknar i cancer. Det är viktigt att denna oro uppmärksammas och bekräftas för att inte ge långsiktiga negativa konsekvenser. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa ungdomars reaktioner när en förälder har cancer. Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie. Nio vetenskapliga studier inkluderades i resultatet. Fyra olika tema identifierades, familjens inverkan på ungdomars reaktioner, ångest och depressionssymtom, stressrelaterade symtom och motstridiga känslor och reaktioner. Det framkom att familjen hade en stor inverkan på ungdomars reaktioner. Ett gott känslomässig klimat och tillåtelse att uttrycka sina känslor minskade ångesten. Ungdomar som hade förmåga att separera känslorna kring föräldern med cancersjukdom och sitt vardagliga liv för övrigt visade sig ha lägre nivåer av ångest och stressymtom. Det visade sig att flickor till mödrar med cancer var de som visade upp fler reaktioner än vad pojkarna gjorde. Skolsköterskans uppgift kan vara att identifiera de ungdomar som är mest sårbara och behöver extra stöd då en förälder har cancer. Abstract in English: Adolescents in the process of teenage liberation from their parents can find themselves in an emotional balancing act if a parent falls ill to cancer. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge and recognize the potential negative consequences this will have for the adolescent in the long-term. The aim of this study was to highlight how adolescents react to a parent falling ill with cancer. The study was carried out using a general literature review of the results from nine scientific studies. Four different themes were identified: the family’s response to the youth’s reaction, anxiety and depression symptoms, stress related symptoms, and contradictory feelings and reactions. An environment with good emotional support and freedom to express one’s feelings reduced anxiety. Adolescents that had the ability to separate their emotional feelings about their parent’s cancer illness and their daily activities generally showed a lower level of anxiety and stress symptoms. The study showed that girls, with mothers that had fallen ill with cancer, exhibited more reactions than boys did. In cases where a adolescent’s parent falls ill with cancer, it is suggested that school nurses identify those adolescents that are most vulnerable and in need of extra support.

This thesis analyses the relation between ship and society against a background of ideological and technological changes in Late Iron Age Sweden. It discusses the factors behind the development of ‘a maritime society’, why ships and seafaring came to play an important role that was also reflected in the use of the ship as a symbol and a metaphor in a military context, as well as in religion, administration, jurisdiction and social life. The author argues that this society is disappearing when it is first encountered in the Early Middle Ages, because of a fundamental ideological change. There is a myth about the appearance of the ‘Viking ship’ and the Iron Age seafarer. The ships are supposed to be big and wide. An analysis of the archaeological material presented here shows that this picture is not correct. Instead the ships of the Svear were quite small and built in a way that made them very light. This was a result of shipbuilding methods introduced in the Late Iron Age, and it had consequences for the trade communication network as well as for naval operations. Because of the light ships, it was possible to land on any shallow shore and navigate the shallow rivers in the East. The ship became a key symbol used by the authorities to structure the society for administrative and military purposes, using a terminology based on the Late Iron Age warship. In the Middle Ages, ideology, shipbuilding and seafaring changed. New key symbols were introduced, and they were used by an increasing royal power to consolidate what would become a united Sweden, inspired by feudal Europe.