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2. Establishment of a Spaceport Network Architecture

Author

Larson, Wiley J, Gill, Tracy R, Mueller, Robert P, and Brink, Jeffrey S

Subjects
Space Transportation And Safety
Abstract

Since the beginning of the space age, the main actors in space exploration have been governmental agencies, enabling a privileged access to space, but with very restricted and rare missions. The last decade has seen the rise of space tourism, and the founding of ambitious private space mining companies, showing the beginnings of a new exploration era, that is based on a more generalized and regular access to space and which is not limited to the Earth's vicinity. However, the cost of launching sufficient mass into orbit to sustain these inspiring challenges is prohibitive, and the necessary infrastructures to support these missions is still lacking. To provide easy and affordable access into orbital and deep space destinations, there is the need to create a network of spaceports via specific waypoint locations coupled with the use of natural resources, or In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), to provide a more economical solution. As part of the International Space University Space Studies Program 2012, the international and intercultural team of Operations and Service Infrastructure for Space (OASIS) proposes an interdisciplinary answer to the problem of economical space access and transportation. This paper presents a summary of a detailed report [1] of the different phases of a project for developing a network of spaceports throughout the Solar System in a timeframe of 50 years. The requirements, functions, critical technologies and mission architecture of this network of spaceports are outlined in a roadmap of the important steps and phases. The economic and financial aspects are emphasized in order to allow a sustainable development of the network in a public-private partnership via the formation of an International Spaceport Authority (ISPA). The approach includes engineering, scientific, financial, legal, policy, and societal aspects. Team OASIS intends to provide guidelines to make the development of space transportation via a spaceports logistics network feasible, and believes that this pioneering effort will revolutionize space exploration, science and commerce, ultimately contributing to permanently expand humanity into space.

Published
2012

3. Effective Utilization of Resources and Infrastructure for a Spaceport Network Architecture

Author

Gill, Tracy, Larson, Wiley, Mueller, Robert, and Roberson, Luke

Subjects
Space Communications, Spacecraft Communications, Command And Tracking
Abstract

Providing routine, affordable access to a variety of orbital and deep space destinations requires an intricate network of ground, planetary surface, and space-based spaceports like those on Earth (land and sea), in various Earth orbits, and on other extraterrestrial surfaces. Advancements in technology and international collaboration are critical to establish a spaceport network that satisfies the requirements for private and government research, exploration, and commercial objectives. Technologies, interfaces, assembly techniques, and protocols must be adapted to enable mission critical capabilities and interoperability throughout the spaceport network. The conceptual space mission architecture must address the full range of required spaceport services, from managing propellants for a variety of spacecraft to governance structure. In order to accomplish affordability and sustainability goals, the network architecture must consider deriving propellants from in situ planetary resources to the maximum extent possible. Water on the Moon and Mars, Mars' atmospheric CO2, and O2 extracted from lunar regolith are examples of in situ resources that could be used to generate propellants for various spacecraft, orbital stages and trajectories, and the commodities to support habitation and human operations at these destinations. The ability to use in-space fuel depots containing in situ derived propellants would drastically reduce the mass required to launch long-duration or deep space missions from Earth's gravity well. Advances in transformative technologies and common capabilities, interfaces, umbilicals, commodities, protocols, and agreements will facilitate a cost-effective, safe, reliable infrastructure for a versatile network of Earth- and extraterrestrial spaceports. Defining a common infrastructure on Earth, planetary surfaces, and in space, as well as deriving propellants from in situ planetary resources to construct in-space propellant depots to serve the spaceport network, will reduce exploration costs due to standardization of infrastructure commonality and reduction in number and types of interfaces and commodities.

Published
2012

4. Development of a NASA Integrated Technical Workforce Career Development Model Entitled Requisite Occupation Competencies and Knowledge -- the ROCK

Author

Menrad, Robert J and Larson, Wiley J

Subjects
Administration And Management
Abstract

This paper shares the findings of NASA's Integrated Learning and Development Program (ILDP) in its effort to reinvigorate the HANDS-ON practice of space systems engineering and project/program management through focused coursework, training opportunities, on-the job learning and special assignments. Prior to March 2005, NASA responsibility for technical workforce development (the program/project manager, systems engineering, discipline engineering, discipline engineering and associated communities) was executed by two parallel organizations. In March 2005 these organizations merged. The resulting program-ILDP-was chartered to implement an integrated competency-based development model capable of enhancing NASA's technical workforce performance as they face the complex challenges of Earth science, space science, aeronautics and human spaceflight missions. Results developed in collaboration with NASA Field Centers are reported on. This work led to definition of the agency's first integrated technical workforce development model known as the Requisite Occupation Competence and Knowledge (the ROCK). Critical processes and products are presented including: 'validation' techniques to guide model development, the Design-A-CUrriculuM (DACUM) process, and creation of the agency's first systems engineering body-of-knowledge. Findings were validated via nine focus groups from industry and government, validated with over 17 space-related organizations, at an estimated cost exceeding $300,000 (US). Masters-level programs and training programs have evolved to address the needs of these practitioner communities based upon these results. The ROCK reintroduced rigor and depth to the practitioner's development in these critical disciplines enabling their ability to take mission concepts from imagination to reality.

Published
2008

17. Recommended Research.

Author

Wertz, James R., Doré, Roland, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, Bukley, Angie, Vernikos, Joan, Paloski, William, Fuller, Charles, and Clèment, Gilles

Published
2007
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19. Safety Issues in Artificial Gravity Studies.

Author

Wertz, James R., Doré, Roland, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, Bukley, Angie, Byard, John, Meeker, Larry, Reinertson, Randal, and Paloski, William

Published
2007
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20. Artificial Gravity And The Immune System Function.

Author

Wertz, James R., Doré, Roland, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, Bukley, Angie, Mehta, Satish, Crucian, Brian, Pierson, Duane, Sams, Clarence, and Stowe, Raymond

Published
2007
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24. Physiological Targets of Artificial Gravity: The Cardiovascular System.

Author

Wertz, James R., Doré, Roland, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Bukley, Angie, Antonutto, Guglielmo, Clément, Gilles, Ferretti, Guido, Linnarsson, Dag, Traon, Anne Pavy-Le, and Di Prampero, Pietro

Published
2007
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27. History of Artificial Gravity.

Author

Wertz, James R., Doré, Roland, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, Bukley, Angie, and Paloski, William

Published
2007
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28. Physics of Artificial Gravity.

Author

Wertz, James R., Doré, Roland, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Bukley, Angie, Paloski, William, and Clément, Gilles

Published
2007
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29. The Gravity Of The Situation.

Author

Wertz, James R., Doré, Roland, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, Bukley, Angie, and Paloski, William

Published
2007
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30. Modeling Periodic Slug Flows Using a Volume of Fluid Method.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Gabriel, Kamiel S.

Published
2007
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31. Gas-Liquid Flow Heat Transfer.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Gabriel, Kamiel S.

Published
2007
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32. Classification of Gas-Liquid Flow Patterns.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Gabriel, Kamiel S.

Published
2007
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33. Void Fraction.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Gabriel, Kamiel S.

Published
2007
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34. Gas-Liquid Flow Pressure Drop.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Gabriel, Kamiel S.

Published
2007
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35. Flow Pattern Transition Models.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Gabriel, Kamiel S.

Published
2007
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36. Introduction.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Gabriel, Kamiel S.

Published
2007
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37. Biotechnology in Space.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Slenzka, Klaus, Clément, Gilles, and Bukley, Angie

Published
2006
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38. Radiation Biology.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, Slenzka, Klaus, Horneck, Gerda, Baumstark-Khan, Christa, and Facius, Rainer

Published
2006
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39. Plant Development in Microgravity.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, Slenzka, Klaus, and Perbal, Gérald

Published
2006
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40. Animal Development in Microgravity.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, Slenzka, Klaus, and Horn, Eberhard

Published
2006
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41. Cell Biology.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, Slenzka, Klaus, and Cogoli, Augusto

Published
2006
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42. Facilities for Gravitational Biology.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, and Slenzka, Klaus

Published
2006
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43. Animals and Plants in Space.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Clément, Gilles, and Slenzka, Klaus

Published
2006
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44. Introduction to Space Biology.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, Slenzka, Klaus, and Clément, Gilles

Published
2006
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45. Space Life Sciences Investigator'S Guide.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val. A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Gurevich, Gwynne, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, F. Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Redd, Frank J., Ridenoure, Rex W., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Clément, Gilles

Published
2005
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46. Operational Space Medicine.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val. A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Gurevich, Gwynne, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, F. Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Redd, Frank J., Ridenoure, Rex W., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Clément, Gilles

Published
2005
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47. Psycho-Sociological Issues of Spaceflight.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val. A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Gurevich, Gwynne, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, F. Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Redd, Frank J., Ridenoure, Rex W., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Clément, Gilles

Published
2005
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48. The Musculo-Skeletal System in Space.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val. A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Gurevich, Gwynne, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, F. Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Redd, Frank J., Ridenoure, Rex W., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Clément, Gilles

Published
2005
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49. The Cardio-Vascular System in Space.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val. A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Gurevich, Gwynne, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, F. Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Redd, Frank J., Ridenoure, Rex W., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Clément, Gilles

Published
2005
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50. The Neuro-Sensory System in Space.

Author

Wertz, James R., Chobotov, Val. A., DeLorenzo, Michael L., Doré, Roland, Giffen, Robert B., Gurevich, Gwynne, Larson, Wiley J., Logsdon, Tom, Markley, F. Landis, Melton, Robert G., Ninomiya, Keiken, Pocha, Jehangir J., Redd, Frank J., Ridenoure, Rex W., Shuster, Malcolm D., Squibb, Gael, Sweeting, Martin, and Clément, Gilles

Published
2005
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