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Item does not contain fulltext, The aim of this study is to examine an extended model of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and increase insight into the intentions to consume energy-dense food among adolescents in Indonesia. This study included 411 adolescents from private schools who reported their intentions to consume energy-dense food the next day and the next week, as well as attitudes, subjective norms, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding energy-dense food consumption. Linear regression analyses (in R) were conducted to examine associations of TPB determinants (model 1), TPB determinants plus descriptive norms (model 2), and interactions between determinants (model 3) with the intention to consume energy-dense food the (1) next day or (2) next week. Attitudes and subjective norms were positively associated with both the 'next day' and 'next week' energy-dense food intentions (model 1), although associations for the 'next day model' appeared to be stronger. Descriptive norms, compared to subjective norms, were more strongly associated with 'next week intentions', whereas both norms (descriptive and subjective) did not differ in how strongly they were associated with 'next day' intentions (model 2). Significant interactions between TPB constructs were found for the model predicting ‘next day’ intentions (i.e. subjective norms × attitude and attitude × PBC) (model 3). Our study provides important information about proximal food intentions among collectivistic cultures specifically, which may have crucial implications for future preventive interventions.

Radboud University, 19 januari 2023, Promotor : Vink, J.M. Co-promotores : Larsen, J.K., Verhagen, M., Burk, W.J., Contains fulltext : 286141.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Many adolescents opt for a slice of pizza instead of an apple. Why? This dissertation offers unique insights into this question by following adolescents themselves, their mothers, and their best friends over the first years of high school. It was revealed that the food intake of mothers, and less that of best friends, was associated with the development of adolescents’ (un)healthy food intake. For example, the results showed that when mothers snacked more unhealthily, adolescents themselves snacked more later on. The importance of mothers was also demonstrated during the coronacrisis. For instance, it was found that while, on average, adolescents' fruit and vegetable intake had permanently decreased after the first corona-lockdown, this decrease was not permanent for adolescents whose mothers consumed more fruits and vegetables. Their fruit and vegetable intake returned to pre-pandemic levels. In summary, the apple does not seem to fall that far from the tree.

Item does not contain fulltext, The COVID-19 pandemic may negatively influence food parenting practices, also among parents of adolescents. Parental well-being (stress and depressive symptoms) may explain these COVID-19 related changes in food parenting practices (snack structure, healthy structure, modeling, autonomy support, and coercive control). However, most previous studies performed before or during the COVID-19 pandemic have been limited by cross-sectional designs. The aim of the current study among parents of adolescent children was twofold. First, we aimed to examine prospective differences in food parenting practices comparing the situation before and during COVID-19. Second, we aimed to examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between parental well-being and the dimensions of food parenting, while additionally examining whether these prospective associations were more pronounced in parents who had experienced more COVID-19 stressful life events. Parents (N = 290; 74.9% female; at baseline: Mage = 46.9; SDage = 4.3) of adolescent children (at baseline: Mage = 14.3; SDage = 0.6) completed online surveys about parental well-being and food parenting twice: One year before the COVID-19 pandemic (spring 2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic, 1.5 years after the first measurement (autumn 2020). In general, we found consistent evidence for an average decrease in food autonomy support and an increase in coercive control during COVID-19. However, parental well-being did not seem to explain (changes in) food parenting practices during COVID-19, also not in combination with stressful life events. Our findings suggest that, regardless of parental well-being, the general COVID-19 situation had some small negative influences on autonomy support and coercive control among parents of adolescents. These findings might be explained by parents being more often confronted with unhealthy eating occasions in the COVID-19 home context, triggering these negative parental responses.

Item does not contain fulltext, The current prospective study examined whether both self-esteem and negative affectivity mediate subsequent associations between interpersonal peer problems (i.e., peer victimization, peer rejection, lack of friendships) and disordered eating behaviors (i.e., loss of control while overeating, emotional eating, restrained eating) in adolescents using secondary data. The sample included 2051 adolescents (Mage baseline = 13.81, SDage baseline = 0.72; 48.5% female) who participated in a longitudinal project, which includes three annually collected waves of data. Participants completed self-report and peer-report measures describing interpersonal problems with peers, and self-report measures describing negative affectivity, self-esteem, and disordered eating behaviors. The results provided no support for either self-esteem or negative affectivity as mediators of the associations between interpersonal peer problems and disordered eating behaviors two years later. However, self-esteem was more robustly linked to all three types of subsequent disordered eating behaviors than negative affectivity. This highlights the importance of adolescent's self-evaluations in the development of disordered eating behaviors.

19 februari 2023, Item does not contain fulltext, Objective: Schools are considered an important setting for stimulating healthy weight. The current study is unique in examining effects of a multi-component school-based social network intervention on children’s body mass index z-scores (zBMI). Methods: Four schools were randomly allocated to one of four conditions: a social network intervention using influence agents focusing on water consumption, physical activity, a combination of the two, or a passive control condition. Participants included a total of 201 6- to-11-year-old children (53.7% girls; Mage = 8.51, SDage = 0.93). At baseline, 149 (76.0%) participants had a healthy weight, 29 (14.8%) had overweight and 18 (9.2%) had obesity. Results: Linear mixed effect models indicated that a multi-component school-based social network intervention targeting both water consumption and physical activity was most effective in decreasing children’s zBMI. Conclusion: This study suggests that schools can contribute to the intervention of childhood obesity - even without involving the parents - by targeting both children’s water consumption and physical activity through influential peers, but more research is needed to identify mechanisms of change.

Item does not contain fulltext, Background: Paediatric overweight and obesity are caused by a complex imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Parents may influence this imbalance through energy balance-related parenting practices. This study aims to compare the use of energy balance-related parenting practices between parents of children with overweight and obesity and children with a healthy weight. Methods: This study compares energy balance-related parenting practices among a group of parents with children with overweight and obesity at the start of a lifestyle intervention (N = 107) and children with a healthy weight (N = 137). Specifically, it compares the feeding practices 'overt control' (open control over eating), 'encouragement', 'instrumental feeding', 'emotional feeding', and 'covert control' (hidden control over eating), as well as the physical activity parenting practice 'promoting physical activity'. Multiple regression analyses are used to calculate associations between child weight groups and parenting practices when corrected for children's characteristics. Results: Parents of children with overweight and obesity reported significantly different scores on control over eating practices than parents of children with a healthy weight, namely a significantly higher score on covert control (B = 0.397, S.E. 0.123, p = 0.001) and a significantly lower score for overt control (B = -0.136, S.E. 0.068, p = 0.046). Conclusion: Covert control is reported more, while overt control is reported less in parents of children with overweight and obesity compared to parents of children with a healthy weight, even after correction for the child's, family, and maternal characteristics. Future longitudinal research and intervention trials are recommended to determine whether and how the use of control over eating practices changes.

Contains fulltext : 297937.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), This review provides an overview of the most prominent neurocognitive effects of cognitive bias modification (CBM), cue-exposure therapy and mindfulness interventions for targeting addictive responses. It highlights the key insights that have stemmed from cognitive neuroscience and brain imaging research and combines these with insights from behavioural science in building a conceptual model integrating mindfulness with response-focused CBM or cue-exposure interventions. This furthers our understanding of whether and how mindfulness strategies may i) facilitate or add to the induced response-focused effects decreasing cue-induced craving, and ii) further weaken the link between craving and addictive responses. Specifically, awareness/monitoring may facilitate, and decentering may add to, response-focused effects. Combined awareness acceptance strategies may also diminish the craving-addiction link. The conceptual model presented in this review provides a specific theoretical framework to deepen our understanding of how mindfulness strategies and CBM or cue-exposure interventions can be combined to greatest effect. This is important in both suggesting a roadmap for future research, and for the further development of clinical interventions., 14 p.

Item does not contain fulltext, Objective: Theories propose that low self-esteem and problematic eating behaviors (PEBs) negatively impact each other. While previous studies suggested bidirectional associations between self-esteem and PEBs, they did not separate within-person from between-person associations. Therefore, this prospective study investigated the within-person bidirectional associations between self-esteem and four PEBs in adolescence, while accounting for between-person differences. Method: We used two independent longitudinal samples of Dutch adolescents, each including three annually collected waves of data. Sample 1 consisted of 1856 adolescents (Baseline: 50.4% males; Mage = 13.79 years, SDage = 0.72), with measures of self-esteem, emotional eating, restrained eating, and loss of control (LOC) while overeating. Sample 2 consisted of 555 adolescents (Baseline: 49.7% males; Mage = 13.13 years, SDage = 0.68), with measures of self-esteem and LOC eating. The data were analyzed using random intercept cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs). Results: Within persons, lower self-esteem was associated with higher emotional and restrained eating (both Sample 1) one year later, and vice versa. Self-esteem did not predict, nor was predicted by, LOC while overeating (Sample 1) or LOC eating (Sample 2). Between persons, self-esteem was negatively correlated with all PEBs (Samples 1 and 2). Discussion: We found within-person bidirectional associations between low self-esteem and emotional and restrained eating (but not LOC while overeating/LOC eating), and between-person correlations between low self-esteem and all PEBs. These results have theoretical and practical implications. Within-person processes clarify underlying mechanisms that explain the occurrence of PEBs; between-person associations are important to identify adolescents at risk of PEBs. Public Significance: While theories indicate that low self-esteem and PEBs are inversely associated within individuals, empirical studies have not disent, 30 oktober 2023, 12 p.

Contains fulltext : 245417.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Introduction: Little is known about how early (eg, commencing antenatally or in the first 12 months after birth) obesity prevention interventions seek to change behaviour and which components are or are not effective. This study aims to (1) characterise early obesity prevention interventions in terms of target behaviours, delivery features and behaviour change techniques (BCTs), (2) explore similarities and differences in BCTs used to target behaviours and (3) explore effectiveness of intervention components in preventing childhood obesity.Methods and analysis: Annual comprehensive systematic searches will be performed in Epub Ahead of Print/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane (CENTRAL), CINAHL, PsycINFO, as well as clinical trial registries. Eligible randomised controlled trials of behavioural interventions to prevent childhood obesity commencing antenatally or in the first year after birth will be invited to join the Transforming Obesity in CHILDren Collaboration. Standard ontologies will be used to code target behaviours, delivery features and BCTs in both published and unpublished intervention materials provided by trialists. Narrative syntheses will be performed to summarise intervention components and compare applied BCTs by types of target behaviours. Exploratory analyses will be undertaken to assess effectiveness of intervention components. Ethics and dissemination: The study has been approved by The University of Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee (project no. 2020/273) and Flinders University Social and Behavioural Research Ethics Committee (project no. HREC CIA2133-1). The study’s findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and targeted communication with key stakeholders. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020177408.

Contains fulltext : 247361.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), (1) Background: Few studies have investigated (demographic) correlates of (prevalent) overweight rates among early adolescents, especially from higher socioeconomic positions (SEP) in developing countries, such as Indonesia. The current study aims to fill this gap. (2) Methods: Participants included 411 adolescents from five private schools in Indonesia. Adolescents' weight and height were measured, and adolescents completed questionnaires on demographic factors (i.e., sex, school area, ethnicity, pocket money) and previous year dieting. (3) Results: Results showed that more than one-third of the sample was overweight, with higher rates among adolescent males (47%) than females (24%). Moreover, adolescents attending schools in urban areas (compared with suburban areas), and those reporting past dieting (compared with those reporting no dieting) had higher overweight rates. Ethnicity and the amount of pocket money were not related to overweight status. Finally, a clear sex-specific interaction was found involving school area, showing that males in urban areas had a significantly higher risk to be overweight, whereas this did not apply to females. (4) Conclusions: males from urban area private schools in Indonesia may be an important target group for future preventive overweight interventions.

Contains fulltext : 246375.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Introduction: Behavioural interventions in early life appear to show some effect in reducing childhood overweight and obesity. However, uncertainty remains regarding their overall effectiveness, and whether effectiveness differs among key subgroups. These evidence gaps have prompted an increase in very early childhood obesity prevention trials worldwide. Combining the individual participant data (IPD) from these trials will enhance statistical power to determine overall effectiveness and enable examination of individual and trial-level subgroups. We present a protocol for a systematic review with IPD meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of obesity prevention interventions commencing antenatally or in the first year after birth, and to explore whether there are differential effects among key subgroups. Methods and analysis: Systematic searches of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycInfo and trial registries for all ongoing and completed randomised controlled trials evaluating behavioural interventions for the prevention of early childhood obesity have been completed up to March 2021 and will be updated annually to include additional trials. Eligible trialists will be asked to share their IPD; if unavailable, aggregate data will be used where possible. An IPD meta-analysis and a nested prospective meta-analysis will be performed using methodologies recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration. The primary outcome will be body mass index z-score at age 24±6 months using WHO Growth Standards, and effect differences will be explored among prespecified individual and trial-level subgroups. Secondary outcomes include other child weight-related measures, infant feeding, dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behaviours, sleep, parenting measures and adverse events. Ethics and dissemination: Approved by The University of Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee (2020/2

Radboud University, 27 juni 2022, Promotor : Vink, J.M. Co-promotor : Larsen, J.K., Contains fulltext : 250924.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)

Item does not contain fulltext, Little is known about how adolescent best friends may affect each other's food intake. This study explored whether friendship selection and socialization mechanisms explained potential food intake similarities in adolescent reciprocated best friend dyads. We also tested whether socialization processes were moderated by dyad member's relative zBMI. Members of 145 same-gender best friendship dyads (56% female; Mage = 12.79; SDage = 0.61) reported on their intake of food obtained from home and from outside the home at the beginning and the end of the school year through food frequency questionnaires. Longitudinal Actor-Partner Interdependence Models results showed no indication of selection or socialization, and very limited evidence for the moderation of socialization processes by relative zBMI. These findings indicate that focusing on adolescent reciprocated best friends in dietary interventions may not be valuable.

Contains fulltext : 230230.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), While previous frameworks to address health behaviours through targeting underlying automatic processes have stimulated an improved understanding of related interventions, deciding between intervention strategies often remains essentially arbitrary and atheoretical. Making considered decisions has likely been hampered by the lack of a framework that guides the selection of different intervention strategies targeting automatic processes to reduce unhealthy behaviours. We propose a process framework to fulfil this need, building upon the process model of emotion regulation. This framework differentiates types of intervention strategies along the timeline of the unfolding automatic response, distinguishing between three broad classes of intervention strategies ? direct antecedent, indirect antecedent, and response-focused. Antecedent-focused strategies aim to prevent the exposure to or activation of automatic responses directly through the avoidance of unwanted stimulus-response associations (i.e., situation modification or situation-specific response selection), or indirectly through automatising self-control (i.e., attentional deployment or cognitive change). Response-focused strategies aim to directly downregulate automatic unwanted responses (i.e., response modulation). Three main working hypotheses derived from this process framework provide practical guidance for selecting interventions, but await direct testing in future studies.

15 september 2022, Contains fulltext : 253757.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Although insight in how adolescents' food intake is affected by the COVID-19 pandemic is critical, knowledge is limited. Hence, this longitudinal study (N = 691, Mage = 14.30, SDage = 0.62; 52.5% female) investigated changes in adolescents' unhealthy (sugar-sweetened beverages, sweet snacks, savoury snacks) and healthy (fruit and vegetables) food intake (in total, obtained from home, and from outside the home) from pre-pandemic (Spring 2019) to the first lockdown (Spring 2020) and to six months later (Fall 2020). Moreover, several moderating factors were assessed. Results showed that the intake of unhealthy and healthy food in total and obtained from outside the home decreased during the lockdown. Six months later, unhealthy food intake returned to pre-pandemic levels, while healthy food intake remained lower. COVID-19 stressful life events and maternal food intake further qualified these longer-term changes in intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit and vegetables, respectively. Future work is warranted to elucidate longer-term COVID-19 effects on adolescents' food intake.

Contains fulltext : 287167.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), BACKGROUND: Although energy balance-related parenting practices are regarded critical components in the prevention of childhood obesity, most programs targeting parenting practices with respect to a wide range of energy balance-related behaviors were not aimed at high-risk families with a lower socioeconomic position (SEP). OBJECTIVE: The Samen Happie! app-based program aimed to stimulate healthy child weight development especially among families with a lower SEP, by encouraging healthy energy balance-related parenting practices. METHODS: A two-armed randomized controlled trial examined the process and effectiveness of the Samen Happie! program on child zBMI outcomes at 6- and 12-months follow-up. In total, 357 Dutch parents with infants aged 5-15 months old at baseline participated. Parents in the app condition (n = 179) received access to the Samen Happie! app and were compared to a waitlist-control condition (n = 178). Changes in zBMI were examined through linear mixed-effects models based on intention-to-treat and exploratory per-protocol principles. RESULTS: Process data showed low levels of sustained app use and moderate app acceptability. A general increase in child zBMI was observed in both conditions after 6 and 12 months. Intention-to-treat analyses using multiple imputations showed several statistically significant differences between conditions and high-risk subgroups. Specifically, at 6-months follow-up, zBMI increase was least pronounced in the app condition among children of parents with lower educational level. These findings were supported by exploratory per-protocol analyses including only frequent app users. In addition, per-protocol analyses showed benefits of app use at 6-months follow-up for children of parents with higher BMI. However, these effects were reversed at 12-months follow-up in both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses, where children of parents in the app condition in general increased the most in zBMI. CONCLUSIONS: This st

Contains fulltext : 283807.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Item does not contain fulltext, Suitable instruments for measuring Food Parenting Practices (FPP) among adolescents and their parents that also measure the perception of adolescents about their parent's FPP are rare. The current study describes the development and preliminary testing of a short 16-item Adolescent Food Parenting Questionnaire (AFPQ) for parents (AFPQ-p) and adolescents (AFPQ-a) that may enable future large-scale research on potentially eminent parent-child FPP discrepancy. Participants included 381 parents (73.8 % mothers; Mage 45.9, 26.2% fathers; Mage 49.1) and their adolescent children (aged 12-16) who participated in the Dutch "G(F)OOD together" study. Most parents finished higher professional education (mothers: 44.3 %; fathers: 34.4 %) and performed a paid job of 32 h per week or more (mothers: 22.1 %; fathers: 60.0 %). The theoretical framework of Vaughn (2016) was leading in the development of the AFPQ. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on a random split sample of parent-adolescent dyads and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on the other half. The EFA in both parent and adolescent samples resulted in a clear 5 factor solution explaining 61.6 % (AFPQ-p) and 64.2 % (AFPQ-a) of the variance respectively, representing the factors Autonomy Support (α = 0.79/.82), Coercive Control (α = 0.85/.83), Snack Structure (α = 0.79/75), Healthy Structure (α = 0.78/74) and Modelling (α = 0.69/85). CFA confirmed good model fit for the AFPQ-p and the AFPQ-a. Associations with adolescent self-reported food intake were in the expected direction, confirming the preliminary convergent validity of the instrument among a moderate to highly educated group of parent-adolescent dyads. Although the AFPQ provides a promising short instrument, future research in more diverse samples is needed to build evidence on the instrument's psychometric characteristics in other groups.

Contains fulltext : 232259.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Background: Growing evidence suggests that maternal mental health issues are associated with (young) children's weight outcomes. However, most studies have been limited by cross-sectional designs and have been aimed at (younger) children. The current prospective study focuses on the link between maternal mental health (i.e., psychological stress and depressive symptoms) and adolescents' zBMI development. Methods: The participants in the present study were part of wave 1 and 2 of a longitudinal study on Dutch adolescents' and their parents' health behavior. Adolescents (aged 10-14) and their parents were recruited through six secondary schools in the South and the East of the Netherlands. For this study, we only included biological mothers and their adolescent children who participated in both waves, with data on the main measures in both waves, leaving a final sample of 336 biological mother-child dyads. Adolescents height and weight were measured, and both parents and adolescents filled in validated questionnaires on perceived stress and depressive symptoms and answered additional questions concerning domain-specific stress. Regression analyses were performed in R to examine longitudinal links between maternal stress and depressive symptoms at baseline (T1) and adolescents' BMI standard deviation scores (zBMI) 6 months later (T2), corrected for baseline zBMI and covariates. Results: Maternal general perceived stress (ß = .20, p = .002) at T1 preceded higher adolescents’ zBMI at T2, after controlling for baseline zBMI and other covariates, whereas maternal depressive symptoms at T1 (ß = -.05, p = .44) and other domain-specific stress did not (maternal financial stress, maternal stress at work, maternal stress at home). Additionally, lower educational level among adolescents (β = .16, p = .001) and adolescent depressive symptoms (ß = .16, p = .001) was associated with a higher zBMI at T2. Conclusions: Results suggest that maternal general stress, but not depressive s

Contains fulltext : 231316.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Animal studies have consistently demonstrated that maternal obesity and a high-fat diet during lactation enhances obesity risk in the offspring. However, less is known about these potential obesogenic programming effects in obese humans. We propose three important pathways that may explain obesogenic programming effects of human breastmilk. First, human milk components and hormones may directly affect child eating and satiety characteristics. Second, human milk constituents can affect child microbiota that, in turn, may influence child eating and weight outcomes. Third, human milk composition may affect child eating and weight outcomes through flavor exposure. We reviewed a few very recent findings from well-powered longitudinal or experimental human research with regard to these three pathways. Moreover, we provide a research agenda for future intervention research with the overarching aim to prevent excessive pediatric weight gain during lactation and beyond. The ideas presented in this paper may represent important "black box" constructs that explain obesogenic programming effects during lactation. It should be noted, however, that given the scarcity of studies, findings should be seen as working hypotheses to further test in future research.

Contains fulltext : 226694.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), This systematic review is the first to provide an overview of the prospective links between food parenting practices and children's weight outcomes. Three databases were searched. All titles, abstracts and full-texts were double screened by two independent reviewers. Peer-reviewed journal articles published after 1990 assessing the prospective association between food parenting practices and weight outcomes of children aged 2-18 years were eligible. A total of 38 eligible studies were identified, focusing on 12 separate food parenting practices. Restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring were generally not associated with children's weight over time, but higher quality studies suggest that pressure to eat was associated with lower weight outcomes over time. Most studies on food availability and accessibility found null-findings as well. Instrumental - but not emotional - feeding was associated with higher weight over time, but higher quality studies are needed to confirm this link. Results involving the link between frequency of mealtime and child weight were mixed. Autonomy supporting and other structure-related food parenting practices were understudied. In conclusion, food parenting practices receiving the most attention within prospective studies (i.e., restriction, pressure to eat, monitoring) were generally not associated with children's weight outcomes over time. Future high quality studies should focus more on other food parenting practices, further unravel bidirectional links between food parenting and children's eating behaviors and weight outcomes, and examine the mediating role of dietary intake.

Contains fulltext : 231330.pdf (postprint version ) (Open Access), Background: The family environment plays an important role in the development of children's energy-balance related behaviors (EBRBs). As a result, parents' energy-balance parenting practices (EBRPPs) are eminent targets of preventive childhood obesity programs. Families with a lower socioeconomic position (SEP) may benefit from participating in such programs, but are generally less well reached than families with a higher SEP. Objective: This study describes the application of the Intervention Mapping Protocol (IMP) for the development of an app-based preventive intervention program to promote healthy EBRPPs among parents of children (0-4 years old) with a lower SEP. Methods: The six steps of the IMP were used as a theory- and evidence-based framework to guide the development of the app-based preventive intervention program. Results: In Step 1, behavioral outcomes for the app-based program (ie, children have a healthy dietary intake, sufficient sleep, and restricted screen time/sufficient physical activity) and socio-cognitive (ie, knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy) and automatic (ie, habitual behaviors) determinants of energy-balance related parenting were identified through a needs assessment. In Step 2, the behavioral outcomes were translated into performance objectives. To influence these objectives, in Step 3 theory-based intervention methods were selected for each of the determinants. In Step 4, the knowledge derived from the previous steps allowed for the development of the app-based program Samen Happie! through a process of continuous co-creation with parents and health professionals. In Step 5, community health services were identified as potential adopters for the app. Lastly, in Step 6, two (randomized controlled) trials were designed to evaluate the process and effects of the app among Dutch parents of infants (Trial 1) and preschoolers (Trial 2). These trials were completed in November 2019 (Trial 1) and February 2020 (Trial 2). Conclusions: The IMP

Contains fulltext : 236270.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Parental stress may influence adolescents' food intake and weight development over time, however, it is largely unknown why this is the case. This study examines whether the link between parental stress and adolescents' snack intake and weight outcome is mediated by food parenting practices (FPPs). Participants included 400 parents and their adolescent children (aged 12-16) who completed questionnaires. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used to assess parental general stress levels and the Adolescent Food Parenting Questionnaire (AFPQ) to assess FPPs. Multiple mediation analyses with parallel mediators were performed, with parental general stress as an independent variable and adolescent snack intake and zBMI as dependent variables. FPPs (autonomy support, coercive control, modeling, healthy structure, snack structure) were entered as mediators in the model, adjusted for covariates. Autonomy support mediated the link between parental general stress and adolescent savory snack and sweet snack intake at follow-up. Parents who reported higher stress levels provided less autonomy support, which resulted in more adolescent snacking. None of the other FPPs mediated any link between parental stress and intake or weight outcome, and no significant indirect effects were observed with zBMI as an outcome variable. Further research should replicate this finding and may further examine underlying mechanisms.

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Item does not contain fulltext, Food parenting practices refer to food-specific, goal-oriented, discrete, and observable acts of parenting, which play an important role in the development of children's dietary behavior and Body Mass Index (BMI). During the past decade, experimental and intervention studies have improved our knowledge of the influence of food parenting practices on the development of children’s healthy dietary intake, including fruit and vegetable (F&V) intakes. However, less is known about whether and how food parenting practices influence the children’s intake of less healthy foods, including energy-dense foods and sugar-sweetened drinks and excessive weight gain and the risk of obesity. This chapter aims to summarize the recent advances in the studies of food parenting to create a clear picture of the potential targets for intervention research.

Contains fulltext : 217211.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Both mothers' and best friends' food intake are associated with adolescents' food intake, but they are rarely investigated simultaneously. In this study, we tested the associations of mothers' and best friends’ food intake with adolescents' intake of unhealthy and healthy food, obtained from home and from outside the home, and the moderating role of adolescents' exposure to their food intake. Participants included 667 adolescents (53% female, Mage = 12.9) and 396 of their mothers. Within this adolescent sample, 378 best friend dyads were identified. All participants completed food frequency questionnaires. Mothers separately reported on their food intake in the presence and absence of their child, and adolescents indicated how often they ate and drank together with their best friend during school breaks. Mothers', but not best friends', food intake was positively related to adolescents' intake of unhealthy and healthy food obtained from home and healthy food obtained from outside the home. Exposure to mothers' healthy food intake magnified mother-child similarities in healthy food intake. Exposure to best friends' intake of unhealthy food moderated adolescent-friend similarities in unhealthy food intake. Future work should assess the mechanisms that underlie these similarities, and should investigate these associations over time and in later developmental periods.

Contains fulltext : 202004.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), The association between depressive symptoms and emotional eating has been well established. The aim of the current study was to examine whether the association between depressive symptoms and emotional eating was mediated by mindfulness, a construct that has successfully been implemented in the treatment of eating disorders and depression. Mindfulness, particularly, the component "acting with awareness" was theorized to decrease impulsive eating. Data from 417 Dutch adult participants were analyzed. Mediation analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling in Mplus. Of the five mindfulness subcomponents, only acting with awareness mediated the association between depressive symptoms and emotional eating. Results showed complete mediation in that the effect of depression on emotional eating was entirely carried indirectly through the mediator acting with awareness. None of the other mindfulness components mediated the depressive symptoms-emotional eating link. This indicates the potential importance of the "acting with awareness" construct, explaining why depressive symptoms would be associated with emotional eating. Future prospective research should examine whether, why and for whom acting with awareness may mediate the prospective link from depressive symptoms to emotional eating.

Contains fulltext : 197324.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Increasing attention has been given to direct associations of general parenting styles with children's obesity. General parenting styles (i.e., authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved) refer to the broad emotional context reflecting childrearing across situations and domains (Darling and Steinberg, 1993). Parenting styles focus less on what parents do (i.e., behavior-specific parenting practices) and more on how they do it in general (Power, 2013). In this commentary, we argue that general parenting styles should be conceptualized as a contextual factor that may moderate the influence of weight-related (e.g., food) parenting practices on behavior and weight outcomes among children, as opposed to having direct effects on those outcomes.

Contains fulltext : 177657.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), A large proportion of adolescents eats too many energy-dense snacks, which is detrimental for their current and future health. To understand how to promote healthy dietary behaviors in adolescents, we need to identify factors that affect their snacking. While previous cross-sectional work has shown mother-child similarities in eating behavior, longitudinal studies are lacking. Hence, the first aim of this study was to examine whether maternal snacking predicted changes in adolescents' snacking over time. A second aim was to examine whether adolescents' television viewing magnified the strength of this longitudinal association. Television viewing may increase the motivation to eat the snacks consumed by mothers later on, for example through food advertisement exposure and mindless eating. To address both aims, 2051 adolescents (Mage baseline = 13.81; 51.5% boys) were asked to report on their snacking and television viewing three times, with intervals of one year. Moreover, a subsample of mothers of adolescents (N = 1080) reported on their snacking at baseline as well. The results indicate that maternal snacking indeed predicts adolescents' snacking over time and that this effect is more pronounced among adolescents who watch a great amount of television. These findings attest to the importance of mothers in forming adolescents' snacking, not only concurrently but also prospectively. Additionally, this study highlights the relevance of assessing other home environmental factors that may influence maternal effects on their children's snacking.

Item does not contain fulltext, Although parents often report positive intentions to promote and create a healthy food environment for their children (e.g., setting limits to snacks offered), they also experience difficulties in translating these intentions into actual behaviors. In this position paper, we argue that automatic processes explain an important part of the gap between parents' intentions and their actual food parenting behaviors. We provide a conceptual framework in which we hypothesize that automatic effects on food parenting occur through two key interrelated constructs: habits (key outcome construct) and volitional regulation behaviors (key mediating construct). Moreover, we discuss potentially important impulse-focused techniques that may directly change habits (e.g., nudging; inhibitory control training) or indirectly through volitional regulation behaviors (e.g., implementation intentions; mental contrasting). We make use of the literature on the role of intention-behavior discordance in general health behaviors and discuss implications for food parenting practices. Our framework provides a dual process view towards food parenting and may help to explain when and why parents are likely to engage in (un)healthy food parenting behaviors. In addition, this framework may hopefully stimulate research on (combinations of old and) new techniques to promote good food parenting behaviors.

Item does not contain fulltext, Background: Body mass index (BMI) is correlated negatively with subjective well-being and positively with depressive symptoms. Whether these associations reflect causal effects is unclear. Methods: We examined bidirectional, causal effects between BMI and mental health with Mendelian randomisation using summary-level data from published genome-wide association studies (BMI: n=339 224; subjective well-being: n=204 966; depressive symptoms: n=161 460). Genetic variants robustly related to the exposure variable acted as instrumental variable to estimate causal effects. We combined estimates of individual genetic variants with inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis, weighted median regression and MR-Egger regression. Results: There was evidence for a causal, increasing effect of BMI on depressive symptoms and suggestive evidence for a decreasing effect of BMI on subjective well-being. We found no evidence for causality in the other direction. Conclusion: This study provides support for a higher BMI causing poorer mental health. Further research should corroborate these findings and explore mechanisms underlying this potential causality.

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Contains fulltext : 192605.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), An extensive body of research has established that eating with others can have inhibitory effects on food intake. Recent findings suggest that these effects may (partly) persist over time when the eating norm is no longer enforced. To gain more insights into the persistence of effects of a live non-eating stranger, the main aim of the present study is to explore how food intake of young women changes as a result of previous exposure to a non-eating confederate (i.e., adult stranger). To address this aim, an experiment was conducted in which 64 young women, aged 17 to 26 (M = 19.81, SD = 1.95), were given access to chocolates at two different time points. First, participants were all paired with a non-eating stranger (i.e., confederate). Afterwards, half of the participants remained with the non-eating stranger (i.e., together-together condition), while the other half was left alone with the food (i.e., together-alone condition). Results indicated that participants who were left alone increased their intake on average, although raw data revealed interesting individual differences. In contrast, most of the participants who remained with the non-eating stranger did not increase intake. Participants in an ad hoc added control condition (i.e., no exposure to a non-eating confederate; alone-alone condition; n = 26) showed food intake similar to participants in the together-alone condition after they were left alone. Our findings suggest that if intake behaviors are too extreme and divergent from the desire to eat as much as possible, women may, on average, only adhere to these behaviors in the presence of others.

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Contains fulltext : 178856.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Background: To improve the effectiveness of school-based obesity prevention programs, it is essential to understand the views and behaviors of the target group. The present study aimed to get a better understanding of adolescents' food and health perceptions and their willingness to be involved in a specific school-based prevention program, i.e., the Dutch 'Healthy School Canteen Program'. Methods: The present study used a mixed methods research design. First, seven semi-structured focus groups were conducted using a selective sample of 42 Dutch adolescents (24 girls, 18 boys, aged 13-16 years). Second, an online survey among 133 adolescent respondents (72 girls, 61 boys, aged 12-19 years) using snowball sampling was conducted. Content analysis was performed to make inferences about the focus group discussions, whereas statistical analyses were conducted to analyze the survey data. Results: Findings from the group discussions indicated that healthy eating was only an issue of importance when adolescents perceived negative physical changes (e.g., with regards to looks or physical performance). Adolescents also indicated that they clearly wanted to make their own food and drink choices at school. The quantitative data indicated that taste, price and variety were seen as the most important aspects of a healthy food assortment (mean scores 8.1, 7.8 and 7.7 on a 10-point scale respectively). In general, most adolescents (64%) expressed that students should be involved in the organization of a healthy food environment in schools. At the same time, however, adolescents were not willing to participate themselves. This was mostly because they were skeptical about their ideas being heard and put into action by their schools. Conclusions: School-based prevention programs, such as the Healthy School Canteen, should take into account that adolescents have a low risk perception of unhealthy eating and are seeking food choice autonomy. In addition, schools should not lose sight of

Item does not contain fulltext, Objective/background: The inverse relationship between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) has been well established and appears to be stronger among boys than girls. However, less is known about the mechanisms responsible for this sex-specific link. The main aim of the current study was to examine the sex-specific interaction between food responsiveness and sleep duration in explaining BMI among children. This sex-specific moderation will give more insight into a possible underlying food intake mechanism. Patients/methods: In total, 206 caregivers filled out questionnaires on child's sleep duration and food responsiveness (49.5% boys; mean age = 9.5 years; standard deviation = 1.4 years). Child's weight and height were measured, after which age- and sex-specific standardized BMI values (referred to as zBMI here) were calculated. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were conducted. A potential significant three-way interaction was further examined using simple slopes analysis and slope difference tests. Results: A significant inverse correlation was found between sleep duration and zBMI for boys, but not for girls. Moreover, a significant and robust three-way interaction between sex, food responsiveness and sleep duration explaining child's zBMI was found. Slope difference tests indicate that the sleep-BMI slopes only significantly differed between high-food-responsive boys and high-food-responsive girls and between high-food-responsive boys and low-food-responsive boys. Conclusions: These findings suggest that increased food intake might be a mechanism explaining the inverse sleep-BMI link among boys.

Item does not contain fulltext, The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing, due to, among other factors, increased availability of highly palatable food (food high in fat, salt and/or sugar). It has been proposed that certain foods and/or eating behaviours may be addictive, to a degree comparable to substances of abuse. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) measures 'food addiction' by translating the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder to eating behaviour. So far, only a few studies have examined the prevalence of food addiction in children with the YFAS for children (YFAS-C). Large-scale studies, especially among adolescents, are lacking. Adolescence is of particular interest because it is a period wherein unhealthy eating behaviours or addictive tendencies are likely to develop. The current study examines the prevalence of food addiction using the YFAS-C in a large group of Dutch adolescents (N = 2653) aged 14-21 years. With Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) analysis we tested the relationship between food addiction symptoms and smoking, cannabis use, alcohol use, and sugar intake through drinks, while controlling for gender, age, educational level and weight class. In the total sample 2.6% met the criteria for a food addiction 'diagnosis', and the average symptom count was 1.0 (SD = 1.3, range 0-7). Symptoms of food addiction were positively associated with smoking, alcohol use, cannabis use and sugar intake. We propose that future studies focus on possible genetic/(neuro)biological mechanisms involved in both food addiction and substance use and that longitudinal designs are needed to examine possible causal pathways.

Al van jongs af aan worden kinderen eet- gewoonten aangeleerd. Een toetje na de maaltijd, fruit tussendoor, elke dag een warme maaltijd met voldoende groente, op zaterdag- avond een bakje chips. Ouders en opvoeders spelen een cruciale rol hierin. Ze bepalen niet alleen wat kinderen eten en wanneer, maar gebruiken ook hun eigen specifieke opvoedstijl.

Item does not contain fulltext, Few studies have examined direct effects of food cues presented within television (TV) programs on eating behavior in adults. This research experimentally determined whether exposure to food cues in TV programs affects energy intake during TV viewing among young women, independently from food cues presented in TV advertisements. The experiment involved a 2 (TV program with or without food cues) by 2 (TV advertisements with or without food cues) between-participants design. While watching TV, participants could freely eat peanut chocolate candies and crisps (potato chips). Participants were 121 young women (mean age = 19.6 years; mean BMI = 22.5). Participants who watched a TV program with food cues tended to have a lower total energy intake and ate significantly less peanut chocolate candies than participants who watched the same TV program without food cues. This effect was particularly pronounced among participants with a higher BMI. Food advertisements did not affect energy intake. Findings may indicate that subtle continuous food cues during TV programs could make young females more aware of their own eating and/or weight, leading to reduced intake of particularly sweet snack foods during TV viewing. Considering the non-significant trend for the effect of the TV program with food cues on total energy intake, findings should be replicated to provide possible tools for prevention campaigns using food cue reminders to watch one's intake.