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Danz computes the depth of certain twisted group algebra extensions in Comm. Alg. (2011), which are less than the values of the depths of the corresponding untwisted group algebra extensions in Burciu et al, I.E.J.A. (2011). In this paper, we show that the closely related h-depth of any group crossed product algebra extension is less than or equal to the h-depth of the corresponding (finite rank) group algebra extension. A convenient theoretical underpinning to do so is provided by the entwining structure of a right $H$-comodule algebra A and a right H-module coalgebra C for a Hopf algebra H. Then A tensor C is an A-coring, where corings have a notion of depth extending h-depth. This coring is Galois in certain cases where C is the quotient module Q of a coideal subalgebra R < H. We note that this applies for the group crossed product algebra extension, so that the depth of this Galois coring is less than the h-depth of H in G. Along the way, we show that subgroup depth behaves exactly like combinatorial depth with respect to the core of a subgroup, and extend results in Kadison J.Pure Appl.Alg. (2014) to coideal subalgebras of finite dimension., 25 pp. A proposition 1.3 is added connecting relative separability with finite depth, and an example 1.6 computing Q for H* in D(H). The introduction and abstract are rewritten

The separability tensor element of a separable extension of noncommutative rings is an idempotent when viewed in the correct endomorphism ring; so one speaks of a separability idempotent, as one usually does for separable algebras. It is proven that this idempotent is full if and only the H-depth is 1 (H-separable extension). Similarly, a split extension has a bimodule projection; this idempotent is full if and only if the ring extension has depth 1 (centrally projective extension). Separable and split extensions have separability idempotents and bimodule projections in 1 - 1 correspondence via an endomorphism ring theorem in Section~3. If the separable idempotent is unique, then the separable extension is called uniquely separable. A Frobenius extension with invertible $E$-index is uniquely separable if the centralizer equals the center of the over-ring. It is also shown that a uniquely separable extension of semisimple complex algebras with invertible E-index has depth 1. Earlier group-theoretic results are recovered and related to depth $1$. The dual notion, uniquely split extension, only occurs trivially for finite group algebra extensions over complex numbers., 15+epsilon pages, added a triviality theorem for uniquely split finite group complex algebras

We continue a study of separable equivalence from Hokkaido Mathematical Journal 24 (1995), 527-549. We prove that symmetric separable equivalent rings $A$ and $B$ are linked by a Frobenius bimodule ${}_AP_B$ such that $A$ is $P$-separable over $B$. Separably equivalent rings are linked by a biseparable bimodule $P$. In addition, the ring extension $A \rightarrow$ End $P_B$ is split, separable Frobenius. It is observed that left and right finite projective bimodules over symmetric algebras are Frobenius bimodules; twisted by the Nakayama automorphisms if over Frobenius algebras., 10 pages, an addendum to Hokkaido Mathematical Journal 24 (1995), 527-549, corrections and clearer arguments with thanks to the referee at Bulletin of the London Mathematics Society

The coset $G$-space of a finite group and a subgroup is a fundamental module of study of Schur and others around 1930; for example, its endomorphism algebra is a Hecke algebra of double cosets. We study and review its generalization $Q$ to Hopf subalgebras, especially the tensor powers and similarity as modules over a Hopf algebra, or what's the same, Morita equivalence of the endomorphism algebras. We prove that $Q$ has a nonzero integral if and only if the modular function restricts to the modular function of the Hopf subalgebra. We also study and organize knowledge of $Q$ and its tensor powers in terms of annihilator ideals, sigma categories, trace ideals, Burnside ring formulas, and when considering semisimple Hopf algebras, the depth of $Q$ in terms of the McKay quiver and the Green ring., Comment: 26 pages, two pages of new remarks on finite type algebra extensions in Section 2, induced algebras and separable equivalence in Section 4, with additional references

A subring pair B < A has right depth 2n if the n+1'st relative Hochschild bar resolution group is isomorphic to a direct summand of a multiple of the n'th relative Hochschild bar resolution group as A-B-bimodules; depth 2n+1 if the same condition holds only as B-B-bimodules. It is then natural to ask what is defined if this same condition should hold as A-A-bimodules, the so-called H-depth 2n-1 condition. In particular, the H-depth 1 condition coincides with A being an H-separable extension of B. In this paper the H-depth of semisimple subalgebra pairs is derived from the transpose inclusion matrix, and for QF extensions it is derived from the odd depth of the endomorphism ring extension. For general extensions characterizations of H-depth are possible using the H-equivalence generalization of Morita theory. In certain nice categories of bimodules the minimum depth and H-depth of certain types of ring extensions are always finite., 12 pages, correction to Example 3.5, page 9, S(z) = z (not the inverse, a mistake in the literature dating back to circa 2005)

We investigate when a weak Hopf algebra H H is Frobenius. We show this is not always true, but it is true if the semisimple base algebra A A has all its matrix blocks of the same dimension. However, if A A is a semisimple algebra not having this property, there is a weak Hopf algebra H H with base A A which is not Frobenius (and consequently, it is not Frobenius “over” A A either). Moreover, we give a categorical counterpart of the result that a Hopf algebra is a Frobenius algebra for a noncoassociative generalization of a weak Hopf algebra.

A depth two Hopf subalgebra K of a semisimple Hopf algebra H is shown to be a normal Hopf subalgebra. On the one hand, we prove this using Galois theory of quantum groupoids. On the other hand, we give a second proof using character theory of semisimple Hopf algebras.

An algebra extension $A \| B$ is right depth two in this paper if its tensor-square is $A$-$B$-isomorphic to a direct summand of any (not necessarily finite) direct sum of $A$ with itself. For example, normal subgroups of infinite groups, infinitely generated Hopf-Galois extensions and infinite dimensional algebras are depth two in this extended sense. The added generality loses some duality results obtained in the finite theory math.RA/0108067 but extends the main theorem of depth two theory, as for example in math.RA/0107064. That is, a right depth two extension has right bialgebroid T = (A \otimes_B A)^B$ over its centralizer R = C_A(B). The main theorem: an extension A | B is right depth two and right balanced if and only if A | B is T-Galois wrt. left projective, right R-bialgebroid T., Comment: 10 pages

The Green ring of the half quantum group $H=U_n(q)$ is computed in [Chen, Van Oystaeyen, Zhang]. The tensor product formulas between indecomposables may be used for a generalized subgroup depth computation in the setting of quantum groups -- to compute depth of the Hopf subalgebra $H$ in its Drinfeld double $D(H)$. In this paper the Hopf subalgebra quotient module $Q$ (a generalization of the permutation module of cosets for a group extension) is computed and, as $H$-modules, $Q$ and its second tensor power are decomposed into a direct sum of indecomposables. We note that the least power $n$, referred to as depth, for which $Q^{\otimes (n)}$ has the same indecomposable constituents as $Q^{\otimes (n+1)}$ is $n = 2$, since $ Q^{\otimes (2)}$ contains all $H$-module indecomposables, which determines the minimum even depth $d_{ev}(H,D(H)) = 6$., Comment: 20 pp

Given a ring homomorphism B → A, consider its centralizer R = AB, bimodule endomorphism ring S = EndBABand sub-tensor-square ring T = (A ⊗BA)B. Nonassociative tensoring by the cyclic modules RTorSR leads to an equivalence of categories inverse to the functors of induction of restricted A-modules or restricted coinduction of B-modules in case A | B is separable, H-separable, split or left depth two (D2). If RTorSR are projective, this property characterizes separability or splitness for a ring extension. Only in the case of H-separability is RTa progenerator, which takes the place of the key module AAefor an Azumaya algebra A. In addition, we characterize left D2 extensions in terms of the module TR, and show that the centralizer of a depth two extension is a normal subring in the sense of Rieffel as well as pre-braided commutative. For example, the notion of normality yields a version for Hopf subalgebras of the fact that normal subgroups have normal centralizers, and yields a special case of a conjecture that D2 Hopf subalgebras are normal.

Study of the quotient module of a finite-dimensional Hopf subalgebra pair in order to compute its depth yields a relative Maschke Theorem, in which semisimple extension is characterized as being separable, and is therefore an ordinary Frobenius extension. We study the core Hopf ideal of a Hopf subalgebra, noting that the length of the annihilator chain of tensor powers of the quotient module is linearly related to the depth, if the Hopf algebra is semisimple. A tensor categorical definition of depth is introduced, and a summary from this new point of view of previous results are included. It is shown in a last section that the depth, Bratteli diagram and relative cyclic homology of algebra extensions are Morita invariants., 27 pp, dedication, additional acknowledgements, and grammatical corrections

We review the depth two and Hopf algebroid-Galois theory in math.RA/0108067 and specialize to induced representations of semisimple algebras and character theory of finite groups. We show that depth two subgroups over the complex numbers are normal subgroups. As a converse we observe that normal Hopf subalgebras over a field are depth two extensions. We introduce a generalized Miyashita-Ulbrich action on the centralizer of a ring extension, and apply it to a study of depth two and separable extensions, providing new characterizations of separable and H-separable extensions. With a view to the problem of when separable extensions are Frobenius, we supply a trace ideal condition for when a ring extension is Frobenius., final version, 19 pages. to appear: Communications in Algebra

Since an H-separable extension A|B is of depth two, we associate to it dual bialgebroids S:= End B A B and T:= (A ⊗B A) B over the centralizer R as in Kadison-Szlachanyi. We show that S has an antipode τ and is a Hopf algebroid. T op is also Hopf algebroid under the condition that the centralizer R is an Azumaya algebra over the center Z of A. For depth two extension A|B, we show that End A A ⊗ B A ≅ T α End B A.

Suppose k is a field and is a separable Frobenius extension of k-algebras with trivial centralizer , Markov trace, and N a direct summand in M as N-bimodules. Let and be the successive endomorphism rings in a Jones tower (cf. Sec. 2). We define in Sec. 3 a depth 2 condition on this tower by requiring that a basis of freely generates as an M-module and a basis of freely generates as an -module. Then we provae in Sec. 4 that A and B have involutive strongly separable Hopf algebra structures dual to one another. As our main results, we prove in Sec. 5 that is a B-module algebra such that is the smash product ; in Sec. 6, that M is a A-module algebra such that is . We show that the actions involved are both outer. In Sec. 7, we prove that is a Hopf-Galois extension and point out a converse, thereby finding a non-commutative analogue of the classical theorem: a finite degree field extension is Galois if and only if it is separable and normal.

In Secion~1 we describe what is known of the extent to which a separable extension of unital associative rings is a Frobenius extension. A problem of this kind is suggested by asking if three algebraic axioms for finite Jones index subfactors are dependent. In Section~2 the problem in the title is formulated in terms of separable bimodules. In Section~3 we specialize the problem to ring extensions, noting that a biseparable extension is a two-sided finitely generated projective, split, separable extension. Some reductions of the problem are discussed and solutions in special cases are provided. In Section~4 various examples are provided of projective separable extensions that are neither finitely generated nor Frobenius and which give obstructions to weakening the hypotheses of the question in the title. We show in Section~5 that existing characterizations of the separable extensions among the Frobenius extensions in are special cases of a result for adjoint functors., Comment: 22 pages

This paper begins with an introduction to β-Frobenius structure on a finite-dimensional Hopf subalgebra pair. In Section 2 a study is made of a generalization of Frobenius bimodules and β-Frobenius extensions. Also a special type of twisted Frobenius bimodule which gives an endomorphism ring theorem and converse is studied. Section 3 brings together material on separable bimodules, the dual definitions of split and separable extension, and a theorem of Sugano on endomorphism rings of separable bimodules. In Section 4, separable twisted Frobenius bimodules are characterized in terms of data that generalizes a Frobenius homomorphism and a dual base. In the style of duality, two corollaries characterizing split β-Frobenius and separable β-Frobenius extensions are proven. Sugano"s theorem is extended to β-Frobenius extensions and their endomorphism rings. In Section 5, the problem of when separable extensions are Frobenius extensions is discussed. A Hopf algebra example and a matrix example are given of finite rank free separable β-Frobenius extensions which are not Frobenius in the ordinary sense.

Constraints are given on the depth of diagonal subalgebras in generalized triangular matrix algebras. The depth of the top subalgebra \(B \cong A / \mathrm{rad}\,A\) in a finite, connected, acyclic quiver algebra \(A\) over an algebraically closed field \(\mathbb {K}\,\) is then computed. Also the depth of the primary arrow subalgebra \(1\mathbb {K}\,+ \mathrm{rad}\,A = B\) in \(A\) is obtained. The two types of subalgebras have depths \(3\) and \(4\) respectively, independent of the number of vertices. An upper bound on depth is obtained for the quotient of a subalgebra pair.

In arXiv:1210.3178 it was shown that subgroup depth may be computed from the permutation module of the left or right cosets: this holds more generally for a Hopf subalgebra, from which we note in this paper that finite depth of a Hopf subalgebra R < H is equivalent to the H-module coalgebra Q = H/R^+H representing an algebraic element in the Green ring of H or R. This approach shows that subgroup depth and the subgroup depth of the corefree quotient lie in the same closed interval of length one. We also establish a previous claim that the problem of determining if R has finite depth in H is equivalent to determining if H has finite depth in its cross product Q* # H. A necessary condition is obtained for finite depth from stabilization of a descending chain of annihilator ideals of tensor powers of Q. As an application of these topics to a centerless finite group G, we prove that the minimum depth of its group complex algebra in the Drinfeld double D(G) is an odd integer, which determines the least tensor power of the adjoint representation Q that is a faithful complex G-module., 22 pp., we deleted two sections on Hopf algebra, added a section on subgroup depth, rearranged the sections, and updated the title and notation

We define left relative H-separable tower of rings and continue a study of these begun by Sugano. It is proven that a progenerator extension has right depth two if and only if the ring extension together with its right endomorphism ring is a left relative H-separable tower. In particular, this applies to twisted or ordinary Frobenius extensions with surjective Frobenius homomorphism. For example, normality for Hopf subalgebras of finite-dimensional Hopf algebras is also characterized in terms of this tower condition., Comment: 19 pages. Added a module condition characterizing H-separable extension, a Frobenius extension condition so that left and right tower conditions are equivalent, and a going up and down proposition between the tower conditions here and in http://arxiv.org/abs/0707.3756

By means of a certain module V and its tensor powers in a finite tensor category, we study a question of whether the depth of a Hopf subalgebra R of a finite-dimensional Hopf algebra H is finite. The module V is the counit representation induced from R to H, which is then a generalized permutation module, as well as a module coalgebra. We show that if in the subalgebra pair either Hopf algebra has finite representation type, or V is either semisimple with R* pointed, projective, or its tensor powers satisfy a Burnside ring formula over a finite set of Hopf subalgebras including R, then the depth of R in H is finite. One assigns a nonnegative integer depth to V, or any other H-module, by comparing the truncated tensor algebras of V in a finite tensor category and so obtains an upper and lower bound for depth of a Hopf subalgebra. For example, a relative Hopf restricted module has depth 1, and a permutation module of a corefree subgroup has depth less than the number of values assumed by its character., Comment: 28 pages, corrections added (as in the article)

A pseudo-Galois extension is shown to be a depth two extension. Studying its left bialgebroid, we construct an enveloping Hopf algebroid for the semi-direct product of groups, or more generally involutive Hopf algebras, and their module algebras. It is a type of cofibered sum of two inclusions of the Hopf algebra into the semi-direct product and its derived right crossed product. Van Oystaeyen and Panaite observe that this Hopf algebroid is nontrivially isomorphic to a Connes-Moscovici Hopf algebroid.

It is shown how the cochain complex of the relative Hochschild A-valued cochains of a depth two extension A|B under cup product is isomorphic as a differential graded algebra with the Amitsur complex of the coring S = End BAB over the centralizer R = AB with grouplike element 1S. This specializes to finite dimensional algebras, Hopf-Galois extensions and H-separable extensions.

An algebra extension A | B is right depth two if its tensor-square A\otimes_B A is in the Dress category Add A as A-B-bimodules. We consider necessary conditions for right, similarly left, D2 extensions in terms of partial A-invariance of two-sided ideals in A contracted to the centralizer. Finite dimensional algebras extending central simple algebras are shown to be depth two. Following P. Xu math.QA/9905192, left and right bialgebroids over a base algebra R may be defined in terms of anchor maps, or representations on R. The anchor maps for the bialgebroids S = End {}_BA_B and T = End {}_AA\otimes_BA_A over the centralizer R = C_A(B) are the modules {}_SR and R_T studied in math.RA/0505004, math.RA/0408155 and math.GR/0409346, which provide information about the bialgebroids and the extension (cf. math.QA/0409106). The anchor maps for the Hopf algebroids in math.KT/0105105 and math.QA/0508411 reverse the order of right multiplication and action by a Hopf algebra element, and lift to the isomorphism in math.QA/0508638. We sketch a theory of stable $A$-modules and their endomorphism rings and generalize the smash product decomposition in Prop. 1.1, (L. Kadison, Hopf Algebroid and H-separable extensions, Proc. A.M.S. 131 (2003), 2993-3002) to any A-module. We observe that Schneider's coGalois theory (Isr.J.Math 1990) provides examples of codepth two, such as the quotient epimorphism of a finite dimensional normal Hopf subalgebra. A homomorphism of finite dimensional coalgebras is codepth two if and only if its dual homomorphism of algebras is depth two., 15 pp, duality of codepth two and depth two in some detail

A depth two extension $A \| B$ is shown to be weak depth two over its double centralizer $V_A(V_A(B))$ if this is separable over $B$. We consider various examples and non-examples of depth one and two properties. Depth two and its relationship to direct and tensor product of algebras as well as cup product of relative Hochschild cochains is examined. Section~6 introduces a notion of codepth two coalgebra homomorphism $g: C \to D$, dual to a depth two algebra homomorphism. It is shown that the endomorphism ring of bicomodule endomorphisms $\End {}^DC^D$ forms a right bialgebroid over the centralizer subalgebra $g^*: D^* \to C^*$ of the dual algebra $C^*$., 19 pages, final version to appear in Applied Categorical Structures

To a finite Hopf-Galois extension $A | B$ we associate dual bialgebroids $S := \End_BA_B$ and $T := (A \o_B A)^B$ over the centralizer $R$ using the depth two theory in math.RA/0108067. First we extend results on the equivalence of certain properties of Hopf-Galois extensions with corresponding properties of the coacting Hopf algebra \cite{KT,Doi} to depth two extensions using coring theory math.RA/0002105. Next we show that $T^{\rm op}$ is a Hopf algebroid over the centralizer $R$ via Lu's theorem 5.1 in math.QA/9505024 for smash products with special modules over the Drinfel'd double, the Miyashita-Ulbrich action, the fact that $R$ is a commutative algebra in the pre-braided category of Yetter-Drinfel'd modules \cite[Schauenburg]{Sch} and the equivalence of Yetter-Drinfel'd modules with modules over Drinfel'd double \cite[Majid]{Maj}. In our last section, an exposition of results of Sugano \cite{Su82,Su87} leads us to a Galois correspondence between sub-Hopf algebroids of $S$ over simple subalgebras of the centralizer with finite projective intermediate simple subrings of a finite projective H-separable extension of simple rings $A \supseteq B$., Comment: 19 pages, to appear in the Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society - Simon Stevin in approx. the second issue of 2005

We reduce certain proofs in math.RA/0108067, math.RA/0408155, and math.QA/0409589 to depth two quasibases from one side only, a minimalistic approach which leads to a characterization of Galois extensions for finite projective bialgebroids without the Frobenius extension property. We prove that a proper algebra extension is a left $T$-Galois extension for some right finite projective left bialgebroid over some algebra $R$ if and only if it is a left depth two and left balanced extension. Exchanging left and right in this statement, we have a characterization of right Galois extensions for left finite projective right bialgebroids. Looking to examples of depth two, we establish that a Hopf subalgebra is normal if and only if it is a Hopf-Galois extension. We characterize finite weak Hopf-Galois extensions using an alternate Galois canonical mapping with several corollaries: that these are depth two and that surjectivity of the Galois mapping implies its bijectivity., Comment: 19 pp., to appear in Proceedings of the "Ferrara Algebra Workshop" jointly with the "Workshop on Hopf Algebras,Swansea" (to be published as a special issue of the "Annali dell'Universita' di Ferrara, sez. VII, Scienze Matematiche)

We study quasi-Hopf algebras and their subobjects over certain commutative rings from the point of view of Frobenius algebras. We introduce a type of Radford formula involving an anti-automorphism and the Nakayama automorphism of a Frobenius algebra, then view several results in quantum algebras from this vantage-point. In addition, separability and strong separability of quasi-Hopf algebras are studied as Frobenius algebras., Comment: revised edition of MPS 20040106

We bring together ideas in analysis of Hopf *-algebra actions on II_1 subfactors of finite Jones index and algebraic characterizations of Frobenius, Galois and cleft Hopf extensions to prove a non-commutative algebraic analogue of the classical theorem: a finite field extension is Galois iff it is separable and normal. Suppose N < M is a separable Frobenius extension of k-algebras split as N-bimodules with a trivial centralizer C_M(N). Let M_1 := End(M)_N and M_2 := End(M_1)_M be the endomorphism algebras in the Jones tower N < M < M_1 < M_2. We show that under depth 2 conditions on the second centralizers A := C_{M_1}(N) and B : = C_{M_2}(M) the algebras A and B are semisimple Hopf algebras dual to one another and such that M_1 is a smash product of M and A, and that M is a B-Galois extension of N., 21 pages, ams-latex; to appear in Advances in Mathematics

A minimum depth is assigned to a ring homomorphism and a bimodule over its codomain. When the homomorphism is an inclusion and the bimodule is the codomain, the recent notion of depth of a subring in a paper by Boltje-Danz-Kulshammer is recovered . Subring depth below an ideal gives a lower bound for BDK's subring depth of a group algebra pair or a semisimple complex algebra pair.

We study a Hopf algebra $H$, which is finitely generated and projective over a commutative ring $k$, as a $P$-Frobenius algebra. We define modular functions in this setting, and provide a complete proof of Radford's formula for the fourth power of the antipode, using Frobenius algebraic techniques. As further applications, we extend Etingof and Gelaki's result that a separable and coseparable Hopf algebra has antipode of order two, the result of Schneider that Hopf subalgebras are twisted Frobenius extensions, and show that the quantum double is always a Frobenius algebra., Comment: 22 pages