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Die Inferenzstatistik ermöglicht es, auf Basis von Stichprobendaten Erkenntnisse über die Grundgesamtheit zu gewinnen. Wie funktioniert das? Dieses Buch klärt diese Frage, indem es ausführlich und kleinschrittig Grundkonzepte (Wahrscheinlichkeit, Zufallsvariable, Verteilungen) und Verfahren der Inferenzstatistik (Schätzen, Testen) erläutert. Übungsaufgaben fördern das Verständnis der Inhalte auch für mathematisch ungeübte Leser:innen. Selbst wenn Sie nicht zu den Personen gehören, denen Mathematik zufliegt, können Sie durch die Arbeit mit diesem Buch ein deutlich vertieftes Verständnis für Inferenzstatistik erwerben.

Class climate has been focused in the context of school research for decades. One central facet of class climate is cohesion. Whereas there are well-elaborated instruments to assess cohesion in different contexts (e.g., sport and therapy), such an instrument is missing for the school context. The aim of the current article is to present an instrument to measure different facets of group cohesion in classes of primary and grammar schools. The factorial structure of the instrument is analyzed using data from Grades 2 to 7 ( N ≈ 3052 from 146 classes) by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, tests of measurement invariance across the different levels of education (primary vs. grammar school) are undertaken. Results support configural as well as partial metric and scalar invariance between students of primary and grammar schools. Further, cohesion in primary schools is significantly higher than in grammar schools. Limitations of the study and implications for future research in the context of school are discussed.

Statistik für Einsteiger*innen Die Autor*innen stellen hier grundlegende statistische Verfahren vor. Mit diesen Verfahren können bildungswissenschaftliche Fragestellungen über Zusammenhang, Unterschied oder Veränderung auf Basis von Stichprobendaten beantwortet werden. Die statistischen Grundideen, Kennwerte und Verfahrensweisen werden kleinschrittig hergeleitet, sodass ein tiefes Verständnis für ihre Bedeutung erlangt wird. Durch Übungsaufgaben wird das erlernte Wissen angewendet und gefestigt. Selbst wenn Ihnen Mathematik nicht zufliegt, haben Sie nach der Erarbeitung dieses Buches keinen Grund mehr, Statistik zu fürchten, sondern werden Statistik als ein nützliches Werkzeug für Studium und Forschung zu schätzen wissen.

Teachers’ use of everyday cognitive heuristics can lead to biases in information processing and, thus, to unfair assessments of student characteristics. This problem can be addressed by a core aspect of research-based learning, i.e., by making use of principles and methods of empirical research in order to systematically collect information. However, pre-service teachers’ attitude towards the use of empirical research methods is usually rather low. To foster their attitudes, a total of 444 student teachers were confronted with their own biased perception during a methodology course. Biased perception was triggered by a halo effect inducing experiment. In a subsequent semester, n = 113 of these students participated in an online survey. They answered questions about their cognitive activity and affective reaction following the presentation of the results of the experiment. Moreover, they reported about perceived attitude changes towards systematic thinking and research methods. The results demonstrate the successful implementation of the halo effect, which affected the students cognitively and emotionally. Structural equation modelling showed, that attitude change was dependent on both cognitive and affective reactions. The findings indicate that the halo effect is not only easy to implement in university courses but also appears to have substantial impact on students’ attitudes towards research-based learning.

In this article, we present a new model of teachers' assessment competence. The model is based on the educational competence concept, thus defining competences to be context-specific, learnable cognitive dispositions that are needed to successfully cope with specific situations. Integrating research on assessment processes, practices, and products, we specify the range of situations our model applies to, and discuss how its elements may become involved and measurable in a variable assessment process. The model aims to inspire future integrative research on the description, explanation, prediction, and promotion of teachers' assessments in various situations.

A strategy-based reading promotion program was implemented over a course of 8 months in 65 classes from grades 5 to 7 (student age M = 11.2 years, SD = 1.0). It was investigated whether teachers flexibly adapted their pedagogical content beliefs (PCBs) on the teaching of reading according to the instructional principles of the intervention. Fifteen teachers demonstrated the assumed PCB development curves, that is, an initial increase of direct-transmissive positions followed by an increase in the endorsement of constructivist beliefs. Students of teachers whose PCBs showed this belief development pattern demonstrated significantly larger reading achievement gains than students of the other teachers. Thus, teachers’ PCBs are—in principle—open to change which can turn out relevant for student achievement gains.

Single studies suggest that the effectiveness of certain instructional activities depends on teachers' judgment accuracy. However, sufficient empirical data is still lacking. In this longitudinal study (N = 75 teachers and 1,865 students), we assessed if the effectiveness of teacher feedback was moderated by judgment accuracy in a standardized reading program. For the purpose of a discriminant validation, moderating effects of teachers' judgment accuracy on their classroom management skills were examined. As expected, multilevel analyses revealed larger reading comprehension gains when teachers provided students with a high number of feedbacks and simultaneously demonstrated high judgment accuracy. Neither interactions nor main effects were found for classroom management skills on reading comprehension. Moreover, no significant interactions with judgment accuracy but main effects were found for both feedback and classroom management skills concerning reading strategy knowledge gains. The implications of the results are discussed.

Zentrale Forschungsfrage der Untersuchung war, wie Lehrkrafte dabei unterstutzt werden konnen, ihren Unterricht nachhaltig im Sinne von Prinzipien wirksamer Leseforderung zu verandern. Dazu wurden in 75 Klassen der Sekundarstufe I drei unterschiedliche Ansatze zur Professionalisierung von Lehrkraften in den regularen Unterricht implementiert. In einer Vergleichsgruppe (n=27 Klassen) wurde ein ausgearbeitetes Forderprogramm durchgefuhrt. In einer ersten Experimentalgruppe (n=31 Klassen) fanden zusatzlich drei Fortbildungen mit dem Ziel einer theoriebasierten Reflexion statt. In einer zweiten Experimentalgruppe (n=17 Klassen) wurden daruber hinausgehend drei Fortbildungen zur angeleiteten Entwicklung weiterer Unterrichtsmaterialien angeboten. Unterrichtsbeobachtungen zeigen, dass unter allen drei Bedingungen bedeutsam mehr strategieorientierter Unterricht stattfand, wobei die Unterschiede zwischen den Bedingungen marginal waren. Wahrend nach einem Schuljahr die Leseverstandnisleistungen in beiden Experimentalgruppen hoher ausfielen, glichen sich diese Unterschiede im Verlauf des folgenden halben Jahres wieder an. Bewahrt hat sich generell der Ansatz einer materialbasierten Fortbildung, der Lehrkraft en die Sicherheit vermittelt, auch ungewohnte Instruktionsprinzipien realisieren zu konnen.

Teachers’ pedagogical content beliefs about reading instruction are likely to predict progress in student achievement. Thus, in this study, 15 pre-service teachers gave reading promotion to low-performing sixth- and seventh-graders over a time period of 6 months. The pre-service teachers’ pedagogical content beliefs were then related to their students’ reading achievement gains. In contradiction to previous findings, the results demonstrate direct-transmissive beliefs to be positively related with student achievement. Finally, whether there is an influence of practical teaching experiences on the development of pre-service teachers’ pedagogical content beliefs was examined. For that reason, the belief development during the 6-month period was compared between pre-service teachers with and without teaching experience. Results show teaching pre-service teachers’ beliefs to have developed away from constructivistic positions and toward a direct-transmissive direction. The beliefs of student teachers without teaching experience, on the contrary, tended to slightly develop in diametrically opposed directions. Implications of the results are discussed.