Search

Background and Aims Obesity affects metabolism, increasing the risk of developing non-communicable diseases in adolescence, due to excess adipose tissue and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The metabolomics approach allows the elucidation of metabolites, which may have the concentrations altered by several factors, such as body composition (BC). We aimed to analyze the metabolomic profile of adolescents with normal and overweight and associate the metabolites with clinical markers related to BC, insulin resistance (IR), and CRF. Methods and Results The sample was composed of 57 adolescents, divided into normal-weight (NWG, n = 24) and overweight (OWG, n = 33) groups. They underwent blood collection, anthropometric, BC, and CRF assessment. Blood serum samples were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy (600 MHz). The OWG presented higher values of body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, insulin, IR, cholesterol, percentage of fat mass (% FM), and lower levels of V O2peak compared to NWG. The OWG presented lower concentrations of 3-hydroxyisovalerate, glutamate, and methionine, as well as higher concentrations of aspartate, asparagine, creatine, glycerol, myo-inositol, proline, pyruvate, tyrosine, and valerate compared to NWG. The concentrations of glutamate, myo-inositol, creatine, methionine, and valerate correlated with % FM, pyruvate, and valerate positively correlated with IR, while glutamate, tyrosine, and valerate negatively correlated with CRF. Conclusion Body composition changes the metabolomic profile of adolescents, and the altered metabolites are associated with increased IR and low CRF. These results suggest new targets for health monitoring, prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in adolescents.

This paper describes the process of establishing physical activity recommendations for children up to five years old included in the Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. The development of these recommendations was based on the guidelines proposed by the World Health Organization in 2019. Theoretical support was gathered by using the following strategies: scoping review conducted to update the body of knowledge about the correlates and determinants of physical activity in children 0-5 years old; 2-synthesis of the existing national physical activity guidelines; 3-online interviews with parents and teachers aiming to identify their degree of difficulty in understanding the recommendations contained in the World Health Organization Physical Activity guidelines and to identify barriers and strategies for improving the involvement of children in physical activities; and, 4-public consultation. All actions were developed in the period from May to December 2020, by a working group composed of researchers with expertise in this field and representatives of the Ministry of Health. As a result, a total of 35 recommendations were included in the Brazilian guidelines, 10 of which were related to benefits, four to the dose, seven to the types of activities, seven to the strategies for improving practice, and seven others related to the reduction of sedentary behavior. When relevant and possible, these recommendations were differentiated for children from birth to one year of age, 1-2 years, and 3-5 years. The main message is that any physical activity is better than none and that sedentary behavior should be reduced.

Aim: To analyze the evidence of validity and reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition (TGMD-2) for low-income preschoolers; and to investigate the associations between the final model with sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: 368 preschoolers (3–5 years old [M = 4.80, SD = 0.48]; 176 boys) located in deprived areas were assessed for anthropometric measures and motor competence via the TGMD-2. A two-factor model (12 skills) was used and confirmatory indexes were calculated. The Bayesian criteria and the Composite Reliability were employed to evaluate alternative models. Relationships between the final model proposed with age, sex, and BMI were calculated using a network analysis (Mplus 8.0; Rstudio). Results: A two-factor model (locomotion and object control) with adequate values (>0.30) for the six skills (gallop, leap, slide, strike, throw, and roll) presented excellent indexes. Relationships between sex and throwing (r = −.22), and strike (r = −.21), indicated better performance for boys. Positive relationships were found for age with slide (r = 0.23) and hop (r = 0.28), and for BMI with throw (r = 0.18). Conclusion: Validity of a TGMD-2 short version for low-income preschoolers was present. The machine learning analysis to associate fundamental movement skills with gender, age, and BMI seems useful to optimize future interventions.

We aimed to investigate whether the expression levels and polymorphisms in the ADRB2 gene have influenced the anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes changes in obese/overweight children submitted to physical exercise programs. This longitudinal study included 197 overweight or obese children aged 10-16 years, submitted to physical exercise programs - three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Anthropometric and cardiometabolic profile was collected before and after interventions. The ADRB2 gene expression levels were also measured in these two moments in a small intervention group (n = 17) and a control group (n = 18). Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms were genotyped. A positive correlation between ADRB2 expression and loss of body fat (%) (p = 0.038) was observed, which remained after sex and BMI change corrections. Carriers of the Glu27Glu genotype presented a better response to physical exercise programs regarding their triglycerides levels and triglyceride-glucose index (p = 0.001 for both). The participants' responsiveness to physical exercise programs showed variation due to the ADRB2 gene expression and the Gln27Glu polymorphism. A more significant loss of body fat was associated with higher levels of ADRB2 expression, and the Glu27Glu genotype was associated with a better cardiometabolic response. The Arg16Gly polymorphism did not show interaction with the responsiveness to physical exercise.

BackgroundCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and pubertal stages have been related to many health outcomes, including obesity and adipocytokines. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the moderator role of CRF and pubertal stage in the relationship between adiposity and adipocytokines in girls.MethodThis cross-sectional study was performed with 42 pre-pubertal girls aged from 7 to 11 years and 54 post-pubertal girls aged from 13 to 17 years. Blood samples were collected to determine the serum levels of leptin and adiponectin, and then the leptin/adiponectin ratio (L/A ratio) was calculated. CRF, anthropometric and body composition indicators were assessed. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and several linear regression models were used. The moderation analysis was tested using the PROCESS macro.ResultsAn interaction between body mass index (BMI) and CRF (β: –0.70; confidence interval [CI]: –1.29, –0.12), as well as between BMI and pubertal stage (β: 0.79; CI: 0.28, 1.30) with leptin, was found. Regarding the L/A ratio, an interaction was found only in BMI × CRF (β: –0.56; CI: –1.06, –0.06). Using a combined interaction (CRF and pubertal stage), the results showed a positive association between BMI with leptin and L/A ratio only in low CRF, pre-pubertal and post-pubertal stages.ConclusionThis study suggests a protective role of high levels of CRF in the relationship between BMI and adipocytokines. Despite the effect of pubertal stage, the results suggest that youth should be engaged in physical activity in order to improve CRF levels and consequently improve cardiometabolic health.

Exercise training and a healthy diet are the main non-pharmacological strategies for treating chronic conditions, such as obesity and insulin resistance (IR), in adolescents. However, the isolated metabolic changes caused by exercise training without dietary intervention have not yet been established. We investigated how combined training (CT) without dietary intervention altered the concentrations of serum metabolites, biochemical, anthropometric and functional parameters in overweight and obese adolescents. Thirty-seven adolescents (14.6 ± 1.05 years), of both sexes, were randomly assigned to the control group (CG, n = 19) or the training group (TG, n = 18). The CT was composed by resistance training and aerobic training performed in the same session (~ 60 min), three times a week, for 12 weeks. All assessments were performed pre and post-intervention. Metabolomics analyses were conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) in a 600 MHz spectrometer. There was a decrease in body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), % body fat (%BF), fasting glucose, insulin levels, and insulin resistance (IR), by HOMA-IR, in the TG. An increase in fat-free mass (FFM) was also observed in the CG. The metabolic changes were given mainly by changes in the levels of metabolites 2-oxoisocaproate (↓TG), 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (↑CG and ↓TG), glucose (↓TG), glutamine (↓CG and ↑TG) and pyruvate (↓TG). These findings demonstrate the positive effects of CT program without dietary intervention on metabolomic profile, body composition, biochemical markers, and glucose metabolism in overweight and obese adolescents.

Genes can influence lipid profile and anthropometric variables related to obesity. The present study aimed to verify if variants of the APOE, APOB, ADIPOQ, HSD11β1, and PLIN4 genes are associated with lipid levels or anthropometric variables in a sample comprised of 393 Euro-Brazilian children and adolescents. DNA was genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. The ε4 and ε2 alleles of the APOE gene were associated respectively with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (p=0.015 and p=0.012, respectively), while the ε3 allele was associated with higher abdominal circumference (p=0.0416) and excess weight (p=0.0001). The G allele (rs846910) of the HSD11β1 gene was also associated with excess weight (p=0.039). No other association was found. Our results indicate that the ε4 and ε2 alleles could contribute to lower HDL-C and LDL-C levels, respectively, furthermore, the ε3 allele and the G allele (rs846910) of HSD11β1 gene may be risk factors for excess of weight.These findings are very important because we observed that some genetic variants influence the lipid profile and anthropometric variables early in life.

Objective: To analyze the association between the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene, maximal fat oxidation rates and the lipid profile levels in non-obese adolescents. Methods: 72 schoolchildren, of both genders, aged between 11 and 17 years, participated in the study. The anthropometric and body composition variables, in addition to total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, insulin, and basal glycemia, were evaluated. The sample was divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of the polymorphism: non-carriers of the Arg64 allele, i.e., homozygous (Trp64Trp: n = 54), and carriers of the Arg64 allele (Trp64Arg + Arg64Arg: n = 18), in which the frequency of the Arg64 allele was 15.2%. The maximal oxygen uptake and peak of oxygen uptake during exercise were obtained through the symptom-limited, submaximal treadmill test. Maximal fat oxidation was determined according to the ventilatory ratio proposed in Lusk's table. Results: Adolescents carrying the less frequent allele (Trp64Arg and Arg64Arg) had higher LDL-c levels (p = 0.031) and lower maximal fat oxidation rates (p = 0.038) when compared with non-carriers (Trp64Trp). Conclusions: Although the physiological processes related to lipolysis and lipid metabolism are complex, the presence of the Arg 64 allele was associated with lower rates of FATMAX during aerobic exercise, as well as with higher levels of LDL-c in adolescents. Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre o polimorfismo Trp64Arg do gene ADRB3, as taxas de oxidação máxima de gorduras e as concentrações do perfil lipídico em adolescentes não obesos. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 72 escolares, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 11 e 17 anos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis antropométricas e de composição corporal, além do colesterol total, lipoproteina de alta densidade, lipoproteina de baixa densidade, triglicerídeos; insulina e glicemia basal. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos, segundo a presença ou não do polimorfismo: não portadores do alelo Arg64, ou seja, homozigotos (Trp64Trp: n = 54) e portadores do alelo Arg64 (Trp64Arg + Arg64Arg: n = 18), em que a frequência do alelo Arg64 foi de 15,2%. O consumo máximo de oxigênio e pico de consumo máximo de oxigênio durante o exercício foram obtidos por meio do teste aeróbio submáximo de sintoma limitado em esteira. A oxidação máxima de gorduras foi determinada de acordo com a razão de trocas ventilatórias propostas na Tabela de Lusk. Resultados: Os adolescentes portadores do alelo menos frequente (Trp64Arg e Arg64Arg) apresentaram maiores concentrações de lipoproteina de baixa densidade (p = 0,031) e menores taxas de oxidação máxima de gorduras (p = 0,038) quando comparados aos não portadores (Trp64Trp). Conclusões: Embora os processos fisiológicos relacionados à lipólise e ao metabolismo de lipídeos sejam complexos, a presença do alelo Arg64 associou-se a menores taxas de FATMAX durante exercício aeróbio, bem como maiores níveis de lipoproteina de baixa densidade em adolescentes. Keywords: Genetic polymorphism, Exercise, Lipid metabolism, Lipolysis, Adolescents, Palavras-chave: Polimorfismo genético, Exercício, Metabolismo de lipídeos, Lipólise, Adolescentes

The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is involved in energy homeostasis. The A allele of the rs9939609 (SNP; T>A) is associated with obesity and higher food intake, while its effect in energy expenditure remains unclear. The aim of this study is to examine whether FTO rs9939609 is associated with the anthropometric outcomes of a physical exercise program and a dietary intervention. We studied two independent samples. The first was composed by children and adolescents in which overweight and obese individuals were submitted to a physical exercise program (n = 136) and normal weight participants served as a control group (n = 172). The second sample was composed by obese women submitted to a hypocaloric dietary intervention (n = 126). Physical exercise and dietary intervention were effective, independently of genotype. We found no association of FTO rs9939609 with obesity in children and adolescents (p = 0.67). The rs9939609 affected the response to dietary intervention in obese women: A allele carriers reduced 2.7 cm less of abdominal circumference (AC) than homozygous TT (p = 0.04), while no effect was observed in response to physical exercise in overweight and obese children and adolescents. The A allele is associated with a worse outcome in response to the hypocaloric dietary intervention regarding abdominal circumference reduction; the same allele did not show interaction with any anthropometric outcomes in response to the exercise program applied.

Introduction: Studies of association between obesity and genetic factors have demonstrated a significant contribution of polymorphisms related to body fat distribution and subclinical inflammatory process. Objective: To investigate the association between genotypes of the Gln27Glu polymorphism of the ADRB2 gene and indicators of adiposity, inflammatory markers, metabolic parameters and parameters of physical fitness in overweight adolescents. Methods: A total of 44 male and female adolescents, aged between 13 and 17 years, with positive clinical diagnosis of overweight, were divided into two groups according to the Gln27Glu polymorphism genotypes of the ADRB2 gene: a) Group of carriers of the 27Glu allele (Gln27Glu/Glu27Glu) (n = 22); b) Group of non-carriers of the 27Glu allele (Gln27Gln) (n = 22). Both groups were evaluated for body composition, sexual maturation, cardiorespiratory fitness variables and indicators of muscle strength. Basal glycemia and insulin, lipid profile and inflammatory profile were measured. Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adiposities were evaluated by ultrasonography. Genotyping of the Gln27Glu polymorphism of the ADRB2 gene was performed by the Taqman allelic discrimination assay. Results: The genotype frequency found was: Gln/Gln (n = 22) (50.0%), Gln/Glu (n = 18) (41.0%) and Glu/Glu (n = 4) %). The frequency of the 27Glu allele was 29.5%. The group of adolescent carriers of the 27Glu allele of the ADRB2 gene presented higher mean adiposity indicators (abdominal circumference, trunk fat mass and visceral fat), as well as lower IL-10 concentrations when compared to non-carriers. Conclusions: The 27Glu allele was associated with adiposity indicators in overweight adolescents, while subcutaneous abdominal fat exhibited an inverse relationship with inflammatory variables and maximum oxygen uptake, which may result in more damage to health. Level of evidence III; Case-control study. RESUMO Introdução: Estudos de associação entre a obesidade e fatores genéticos têm demonstrado a significativa contribuição de polimorfismos relacionados à distribuição de gordura corporal e processo inflamatório subclínico. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre os genótipos do polimorfismo Gln27Glu do gene ADRB2 e indicadores de adiposidade, marcadores inflamatórios, parâmetros metabólicos e de aptidão física em adolescentes com excesso de peso. Métodos: Participaram 44 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 13 e 17 anos, com diagnóstico clínico positivo de excesso de peso, divididos em dois grupos conforme os genótipos do polimorfismo Gln27Glu do gene ADRB2: a) Grupo de portadores do alelo 27Glu (Gln27Glu/Glu27Glu) (n=22); b) Grupo de não portadores do alelo 27Glu (Gln27Gln) (n=22). Ambos os grupos foram avaliados quanto à composição corporal, maturação sexual, variáveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e indicadores de força muscular. Foram dosados glicemia e insulina basais, perfil lipídico e perfil inflamatório. As adiposidades abdominais subcutânea e visceral foram avaliadas através de ultrassonografia. A genotipagem do polimorfismo Gln27Glu do gene ADRB2 foi realizada através do ensaio de discriminação alélica Taqman. Resultados: A frequência genotípica encontrada foi: Gln/Gln (n=22) (50,0%), Gln/Glu (n=18) (41,0%) e Glu/Glu (n=4) (9,0%). A frequência do alelo do 27Glu foi de 29,5%. O grupo de adolescentes portadores do alelo 27Glu do gene ADRB2 apresentou maiores médias de indicadores de adiposidade (circunferência abdominal, massa gorda troncular e gordura visceral), assim como menores concentrações de IL-10 quando comparados aos não portadores. Conclusões: O alelo 27Glu apresentou associação com os indicadores de adiposidade em adolescentes com excesso de peso, assim como a gordura abdominal subcutânea demonstrou relação inversa com as variáveis inflamatórias e o consumo máximo de oxigênio, podendo resultar em maiores prejuízos à saúde. Nível de evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle. RESUMEN Introducción: Estudios de asociación entre la obesidad y factores genéticos han demostrado la significativa contribución de polimorfismos relacionados a la distribución de grasa corporal y proceso inflamatorio subclínico. Objetivo: Investigar la asociación entre los genotipos del polimorfismo Gln27Glu del gen ADRB2 e indicadores de adiposidad, marcadores inflamatorios, parámetros metabólicos y de aptitud física en adolescentes con exceso de peso. Métodos: Participaron 44 adolescentes, de ambos sexos, con edad entre 13 y 17 años, con diagnóstico clínico positivo de exceso de peso, divididos en dos grupos según los genotipos del polimorfismo Gln27Glu del gen ADRB2: a) Grupo de portadores del alelo 27Glu (Gln27Glu/Glu27Glu) (n = 22); b) Grupo de no portadores del alelo 27Glu (Gln27Gln) (n = 22). Ambos grupos fueron evaluados cuanto a la composición corporal, madurez sexual, variables de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria e indicadores de fuerza muscular. Fueron dosificadas glucemia e insulina basales, perfil lipídico y perfil inflamatorio. Las adiposidades abdominales subcutánea y visceral fueron evaluadas a través de ultrasonografía. El genotipado del polimorfismo Gln27Glu del gen ADRB2 fue realizado a través del ensayo de discriminación alélica Taqman. Resultados: La frecuencia genotípica encontrada fue: Gln/Gln (n = 22) (50,0%), Gln/Glu (n = 18) (41,0%) y Glu/Glu (n = 4) (9,0%). La frecuencia del alelo del 27Glu fue del 29,5%. El grupo de adolescentes portadores del alelo 27Glu del gen ADRB2 presentó mayores promedios de indicadores de adiposidad (circunferencia abdominal, masa grasa troncular y grasa visceral), así como menores concentraciones de IL-10, en comparación con los no portadores. Conclusiones: El alelo 27Glu presentó asociación con los indicadores de adiposidad en adolescentes con exceso de peso, así como la grasa abdominal subcutánea demostró relación inversa con las variables inflamatorias y el consumo máximo de oxígeno, lo que puede resultar en mayores perjuicios a la salud. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de caso-control.

O objetivo foi aplicar e avaliar as características psicométricas de uma adaptação do Children’s Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP) para o português do Brasil em amostra de adolescentes da região Sul do Brasil. Participaram do estudo 92 adolescentes de ambos os sexos com idade entre 13-17 anos. Os sujeitos foram avaliados quanto à antropometria e a auto-percepções físicas por meio do questionário adaptado CY-PSPP. Identificaram-se quatro fatores que explicam 58% da variância no sexo masculino e 56% para o sexo feminino. A análise de consistência interna identificou os valores de alfa de Cronbach de 0,77 para a dimensão “Condição física”, de 0,76 para “Força física”, de 0,77 para “Competência esportiva”, e de 0,53 para “Atração corporal” para o sexo feminino. Para os meninos, obteve-se alfa de Cronbach de 0,80 para “Força física”, 0,73 para “Competência esportiva” e de 0,53 para “atração corporal”. Nos meninos não foi possível identificar a dimensão condição física. Os presentes resultados demonstraram que as propriedades psicométricas desta versão do CY-PSPP são diferentes entre sexos, visto que a dimensão “Condição Física” não conseguiu ser identificado para o sexo masculino. Além disso, a dimensão “Atração Corporal” não atinge valores de alfa de Cronbach adequados para replicação do questionário na integra em ambos os sexos. Conclui-se que o CY-PSPP na sua versão adaptada para o português do Brasil apresenta condições para replicação das sub-escalas “força física” e “Competência Esportiva” em ambos os sexos, e para as meninas também a dimensão “condição física”, salvaguardando as características da amostra analisada.

Objective: To determine the influence of polymorphisms of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) in triggering exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in adolescents. Methods: The subjects were divided into two groups: present EIB (EIB+) (n=45) and absent EIB (EIB−) (n=115). The bronchial provocation test with exercise was performed with a protocol that consisted of walking/running for at least eight minutes at high intensity, i.e., >85% of maximum heart rate, considering EIB+ as a 10% decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). The genotyping of the ADRB2 gene was performed by the Taqman method, using the Step One Plus system. Independent t-test, Mann–Whitney and Chi-square tests, as well as Spearman's correlation coefficient were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Age, body weight, height, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio were lower in the EIB+ group when compared to EIB− (p

Introduction: Obesity in adolescents has increased worldwide, and is generally associated with poor eating habits and physical inactivity. Objective: To compare absolute and relative muscle strength with body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM) and localized FFM of upper and lower limbs among obese and non-obese adolescents. Methods: BM, height and body mass index (BMI) were verified in 39 male adolescents (aged 13-17 years). Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and maximal strength of upper and lower limbs was estimated by a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test. Participants were divided into three groups: eutrophic (normal weight) (n=11), overweight (n=14), and obese (n=14). One-way ANOVA was used to compare the variables, followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for relevant correlations and multiple linear regression to verify the influence of anthropometric variables, body composition and muscle strength of upper and lower limbs. Results: Obese and overweight adolescents had absolute muscle strength values similar to those of the eutrophic adolescents, which were lower when corrected by BM (p

Recent evidences had shown activation of TLR (toll-like receptors) and NLR (nod-like receptors) in response to imbalance in nutrients intake, such as lipid and glucose. The main aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between 11 SNPs in TLR2, TLR4, NLRC4, CARD8 and NEK7 genes and lipid and glucose metabolism. Sample was composed by healthy children and adolescents (n = 158) and adults (n = 115). DNA extraction was obtained by salting-out and sample genotyping by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry based system. LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose and insulin were measured by standard automated methods. Means were compared by t-test or Mann-Whitney test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to verify association between polymorphisms and lipid and glucose markers. Seven polymorphisms in 5 genes were associated with lipid and glucose parameters. For lipid parameters, the following associations were found: higher LDL-C levels and C allele of rs1554973 (TLR4) and G allele of rs6671879 (NEK7); higher HDL-cholesterol levels and A allele of rs13105517 (TLR2); higher total cholesterol and TT genotype of rs3804099 (TLR2) and G allele of rs6671879 (NEK7); higher triglycerides levels and G allele of rs455060 (NLRC4). For glucose parameters associations were found between C allele of rs7258674 (CARD8) and higher glucose levels, and between C allele of rs212704 (NLRC4) and G allele of rs455060 (NLRC4) and insulin levels. These findings indicate a relationship between polymorphisms of TLRs and NLRs genes and markers of lipid and glucose metabolism.

Aim To compare the anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters of overweight adolescents after 12-weeks of resistance and aerobic training (CT), taking into account the Gln27Glu polymorphism of the β2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) gene. Methods Forty-seven adolescents (15.05±1.07y) were assigned to one of four groups, according to the presence or absence of the Glu27 allele: CT (CarrierT n=11; NoncarrierT n=11) or control (CarrierC n=13; NoncarrierC n=12). Body composition, abdominal fat, maturation, fitness, metabolic and lipid profile, inflammatory markers were assessed. The CT consisted of six resistance exercises, followed by 30 min of walking/running at 50-80% VO2max, totaling 60 min/session, three times a week. A mixed-model factorial ANOVA was used to compare variables at baseline and after 12-weeks. Results TC was effective in reducing total fat mass (NoncarrierT ES=.45, CarrierT ES=.27) and subcutaneous abdominal fat (NoncarrierT ES=.48, CarrierT ES=.46) and increasing lean mass (NoncarrierT ES=.58, CarrierT ES=.60) and fitness. CarrierT group showed a reduction in leptin (ES=.49). Conclusion The responses of body composition and physical fitness to TC were not influenced by the presence of the Gln27Glu polymorphism. However, only the Glu27 allele carriers showed reductions in leptin after 12-weeks. Besides, a lack of intervention caused obesogenic effects, especially in Glu27carriers.

Purpose. The rs9939609 SNP (T > A) inFTOgene is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed at verifying whether this SNP influenced biochemical outcomes of children and adolescents who are overweight/obese submitted to a program of physical exercise and also if there was influence on basal levels of these biochemical variables.Methods. The sample was composed by 432 children and adolescents grouped in three ways (obese, overweight, and normal weight); of these, 135 children and adoloescents who are obese and overweight were submitted to a physical exercise program for 12 weeks. All were genotyped by TaqMan SNP genotyping assay.Results. The children and adolescents who are overweight/obese and carriers of AA genotype had higher levels of insulin (p=0.03) and HOMA (p=0.007) and lower levels of glucose (p=0.003), but the SNP did not modulate the response to physical exercise.Conclusions. In our study, the rs9939609 AA genotype was associated with parameters related to insulin metabolism but did not interact with physical exercise.

Background: Increased carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT) is considered a marker of early-onset atherosclerosis and it has been found in obese children and adolescents, but the risk factors associated with this population remain to be elucidated. Objective : To compare and verify the relationship between c-IMT, metabolic profile, inflammatory markers, and cardiorespiratory fitness in obese and non-obese children and adolescents. Method : Thirty-five obese subjects (19 boys) and 18 non-obese subjects (9 boys), aged 10-16 years, were included. Anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and basal metabolic rate were evaluated. Serum glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), blood lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), and adiponectin were assessed. c-IMT was measured by ultrasound. Results: The results showed that c-IMT, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA-IR, and CRP values were significantly higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), adiponectin, and VO2max values were significantly lower in the obese group than in the non-obese group. The c-IMT was directly correlated with body weight, waist circumference, % body fat, and HOMA-IR and inversely correlated with % free fat mass, HDL-c, and VO2max. Conclusions : Our findings show that c-IMT correlates not only with body composition, lipids, insulin resistance, and inflammation but also with low VO2max values in children and adolescents.

O estudo teve como objetivo revisar sistematicamente a literatura sobre espessamento médio-intimal (EMI), pressão arterial (PA) e perfil lipídico (PL) de crianças e adolescentes obesos e não obesos. A busca foi realizada em bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed, Bireme e Elsevier ScienceDirect) entre 2000-2010. Os seguintes descritores, em inglês, foram usados: "obesity", "adolescents", "atherosclerosis" e "child", sendo utilizadas duas combinações: obesity+child+atherosclerosis e obesity+adolescents+atherosclerosis. A busca eletrônica inicial resultou em 3.211 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, 13 artigos foram selecionados. Destes, dois estudos demonstraram correlação significativa entre EMI e as variáveis PA, LDL e triglicerídeos. Nos outros estudos, não houve correlações significativas. Houve grande variabilidade metodológica entre os estudos. No entanto, obesos apresentaram maiores valores de EMI, PA e PL. The present study aimed to systematically review the literature about intima-media thickness (IMT), blood pressure (BP), and lipid profile (LP) in obese and non-obese children and adolescents. The search was carried out in electronic databases (PubMed, Bireme, and Elsevier ScienceDirect) between 2000-2010. The following keywords, in English, were used: "obesity", "adolescents", "atherosclerosis" and "child", using two combinations: obesity+child+atherosclerosis and obesity+adolescents+atherosclerosis. The electronic search resulted in 3,211 manuscripts. After analysis of the inclusion criteria, 13 papers were selected. Of these, two studies showed significant correlation between IMT and the variables BP, LDL, and triglycerides. In other studies, no significant correlations were found. There is a wide methodological variability across the studies. However, obese children and adolescents had higher values of IMT, BP, and LP.

OBJETIVO: Realizou-se revisão sistemática sobre espessamento médio-intimal (EMI) e marcadores inflamatórios, comparou-se EMI por metanálise e analisou-se a correlação entre EMI e variáveis inflamatórias em crianças e adolescentes obesos e não obesos. FONTES DOS DADOS: Buscaram-se artigos nas bases de dados Pubmed, Bireme e Science Direct, nos anos de 2000 a 2010, com as seguintes palavras-chave em inglês: "obesity", "adolescents", "atherosclerosis" e "child", sendo utilizados em duas combinações: obesity+adolescents+atherosclerosis e obesity+child+atherosclerosis. Utilizou-se meta-análise para comparar EMI entre obesos e não obesos. SINTESE DOS DADOS: Selecionou-se criteriosamente 16 artigos para análise final. Houve diferença da espessura de EMI entre obesos e não obesos em 12 estudos, confirmada pela meta-análise. Os obesos apresentaram concentrações de proteína C-reativa mais elevada em 13 artigos analisados (p < 0,05) e menores de adiponectina em 4 (p < 0,05). Em geral, os obesos apresentaram concentrações menores de adiponectina e maiores valores de EMI e Proteina C-reativa do que os não-obesos, evidenciando relação entre obesidade e início de processo inflamatório. CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que há relação da obesidade com aumento do EMI e alterações nas concentrações dos marcadores inflamatórios nesta fase. We conducted a systematic review of intima-media thickness(IMT) and inflammatory markers, compared IMT and identified by meta-analysis related to EMI and inflammatory variables in obese and non-obese children and adolescents. We searched for articles in databases Pubmed, Bireme and Science Direct, during years 2000 to 2010, with the following key words in English: "obesity", "adolescents", "atherosclerosis" and "child ", They were used in two combinations: obesity + adolescents + atherosclerosis + child + obesity and atherosclerosis. We used meta-analysis to compare IMT between obese and non-obese patients. We carefully selected 16 articles for final analysis. There were differences in the thickness of IMT between obese and non-obese patients in 12 studies, confirmed by meta-analysis. Obese patients had concentrations of C-reactive protein higher in 13 articles analyzed (p < 0.05) and lower adiponectin levels in 4 (p < 0.05). In general, obese men had lower concentrations of adiponectin and higher values of IMT and C-reactive protein than non-obese men, showing the relationship between obesity and early inflammatory process. We concluded that there is a relationship of obesity with increased IMT and changes in concentrations of inflammatory markers in this phase.

Changes in lifestyle have led to an increase of overweight in the juvenile population. However, there are limited studies about this topic in relation to an indigenous population. The aim of this study is to verify the overweight and height defi cit in children aged 8 and 9 years, of both sexes, from urban, rural and indigenous communities of the city of Nova Laranjeiras in the State of Parana. The 277 (148 boys) students were divided into three groups: rural (n = 100), urban (n = 99) and Indian communities (n = 78). The measurements taken were body mass (kg), height (m) and body mass index. The statistics method was an analysis of covariance and chi-square test (P

Nos ultimos anos, a obesidade assumiu proporcoes epidemicas, relacionando-se aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares e tambem ao aparecimento de alteracoes posturais, tanto no adulto como em criancas e adolescentes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e comparar a frequencia de alteracoes posturais e dor em escolares obesos e nao obesos de acordo com o genero. Foram analisadas 51 criancas e adolescentes, de 9 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos, divididas em dois grupos: obesos (n=33) e nao-obesos (n=18), estes foram posteriormente subdivididos por sexo para as analises. A partir da massa corporal e da estatura, foi calculado o indice de massa corporal (IMC). Utilizou-se questionario elaborado pelos autores e validado em conteudo para avaliar a presenca ou nao de dor. Foram avaliados desvios posturais de ombro, cabeca e joelho, pelo uso de fotometria para analise angular e de dimensao. Os meninos obesos apresentaram maiores alteracoes posturais do que os nao-obesos somente na regiao do joelho (p

The present study aimed to systematically review the literature about intima-media thickness (IMT), blood pressure (BP), and lipid profile (LP) in obese and non-obese children and adolescents. The search was carried out in electronic databases (PubMed, Bireme, and Elsevier ScienceDirect) between 2000-2010. The following keywords, in English, were used: "obesity", "adolescents", "atherosclerosis" and "child", using two combinations: obesity+child+atherosclerosis and obesity+adolescents+atherosclerosis. The electronic search resulted in 3,211 manuscripts. After analysis of the inclusion criteria, 13 papers were selected. Of these, two studies showed significant correlation between IMT and the variables BP, LDL, and triglycerides. In other studies, no significant correlations were found. There is a wide methodological variability across the studies. However, obese children and adolescents had higher values of IMT, BP, and LP.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the association between total and abdominal adiposity with metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers, in female adolescents.Subjects and methods The sample consisted of 53 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years from a public school in Curitiba, Brazil. The adiposity indicators studied were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), trunk fat mass (TKFM), total fat mass (TFM) and body fat percentage (BF%) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The metabolic and inflammatory parameters studied were systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), leptin, adiponectin and resistin.Results Eighty percent of WC variation, 87% of TKFM and TFM, and 73% of BF% were predicted by BMI variation. There was a significant positive correlation between all indicators of adiposity with SBP, DBP, insulin, HOMA-IR, CRP and leptin. Triglycerides were positively correlated with BMI and WC, and adiponectin correlated negatively with BMI. TNF-α, IL-6, glucose, total cholesterol, and high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not correlate to the studied variables.Conclusion BMI showed a significant association with most of the parameters studied, and WC was slightly better than BMI to predict insulin resistance in this specific population.

ResumoObjetivoDeterminar a influência dos polimorfismos dos receptores adrenérgicos beta 2 (ADRB2) no desencadeamento de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (BIE) em adolescentes.MétodosOs sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos: BIE presente (BIE+) (n=45) e BIE ausente (BIE−) (n=115). O teste de broncoprovocação com exercício foi feito com protocolo que consistiu em caminhar/correr durante no mínimo oito minutos em intensidade superior a 85% da frequência cardíaca máxima, considerando como BIE presente uma queda de 10% do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1). A genotipagem do gene ADRB2 foi feita pelo método Taqman por meio do aparelho Step One Plus. Para análise estatística usaram‐se os testes t independente, U de Mann‐Whitney, qui‐quadrado e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman.ResultadosIdade, massa corporal, estatura, VEF1, CVF e relação VEF1/CVF foram menores no grupo BIE+ em comparação com o BIE− (p85% of maximum heart rate, considering EIB+ as a 10% decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). The genotyping of the ADRB2 gene was performed by the Taqman method, using the Step One Plus system. Independent t‐test, Mann‐Whitney and Chi‐square tests, as well as Spearman's correlation coefficient were used for the statistical analysis.ResultsAge, body weight, height, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio were lower in the EIB+ group when compared to EIB− (p