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A study was conducted on the buried soils identified at the base of the foundation of the Cabin of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg, Russia, to help trace the Late Holocene landscape evolution in the lower reaches of the Neva River. The Cabin is a small wooden house, which was the first residence of Peter the Great in a newly emerged Saint-Petersburg. The house was built of pine logs on the Neva River's right bank. The time of its construction is now regarded as the city's founding date (1703). The pedocomplex with two buried soils has not been truncated and retains a record of the depositional environment, pedogenesis, vegetation history, and human activity before the construction of the city of Saint Petersburg. This pedocomplex was studied using various field and laboratory methods including soil morphology at macro-, meso-, and microlevels, and a full set of microbiomorphic analyses (diatoms, pollen, spores, phytoliths, plant detritus, and amorphous organic matter) supported by radiocarbon dating. The sediment sequence was formed in a contrasting depositional environment. The microbiomorphic studies indicated that the initial substrate was formed in aquatic environments. The analysis of diatoms suggested that these sediments were accumulated as a result of the River Neva breakthrough from Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland ca 3500 yrs BP, which provided additional evidence for the River Neva formation. Soil analyses revealed two inundation events, with the earlier flood related to the termination of the Lake Ladoga transgression (LT) and the breakthrough of the Neva River, whereas the latter flood was likely to be connected with an increase of the fluvial activity. Those two inundation events were followed by two stages of pedogenesis. Both soils indicated the hiatus in sedimentation and were represented by Subquatic Umbric Gleysols that were the most widespread indigenous soils in the XVII century. The pollen data suggest that human impact started at ca 800 yrs BP and eventually resulted in the deforestation and the initial agricultural exploration of the study area. Saint Petersburg is the only large city in Russia that could be at risk from flooding if the sea level rises due to continuing global warming. Our research shows that the city's historical center was twice subjected to flooding in the Late Holocene, even without rises in the sea level. Therefore, the detailed analysis of the environmental dynamics within the Lower Neva area and the assessment of its possible consequences for the city are of great importance.

The numerous lake and peat sedimentary archives of Central European Russia are ideal for studying the Lateglacial–Holocene climate and vegetation history of the region. However, robustly dated palaeoenvironmental records have only become available in the last decade and are still few and far between. Together with the continuously growing archaeological record and increasing focus on absolute dating of cultural assemblages, such records, where available, offer an excellent opportunity to study human-environment interactions in the region. For this study we selected one of the most detailed regional pollen records, from a 4.5-m-long sediment section from Zmeinoe Mire (56°16′53″ N, 31°15′36″ E) at Zhizhitskoye Lake (165 m a.s.l.). We performed quantitative pollen-based biome reconstruction and constructed a Bayesian age-depth model to ensure maximum chronological control of the sediment succession. To link the reconstructed vegetation changes to human activities, we gathered and summarized available archaeological data from the study area. Our results show that humid conditions and taiga-like patchy forests (spruce, pine, birch) dominated the study region during the Lateglacial. The Early Holocene (ca. 11,650–8000 cal yr BP) was marked by a warming and drying trend indicated by the spread of cool-temperate summergreen broad-leaved trees and shrubs (elm, lime, hazel) and the retreat of spruce. Warmest conditions, expressed by the maximum contribution of temperate deciduous woody taxa to the pollen assemblages, were recorded during the Middle Holocene (ca. 8000–4000 cal yr BP) when Mesolithic and Neolithic hunter-fisher-gatherer groups flourished in the region. The pollen record suggests that the regional climate became cooler and wetter after 4000 cal yr BP, which may explain the decline of the Neolithic pile dwelling settlement Naumovo at Zhizhitskoye Lake around 3800 cal yr BP. Evidence for human impact on natural forest vegetation becomes visible from 5000 cal yr BP, although it remains at modest levels until the end of the Neolithic (3500–3000 cal yr BP). Decline in arboreal pollen percentages intensified after ca. 2800 cal yr BP, indicating the onset of increased deforestation for pasture, farmland, construction material and fuel by Iron Age populations. This is in line with the foundation of the fortified Iron Age Anashkino settlement north of Zhizhitskoye Lake dated to around 2750 cal yr BP. Forest clearance further increased during the second half of the Iron Age (5th century BCE–5th century CE) and again from ca. 1200 cal yr BP after the onset of the Middle Ages.

The Bronze Age Maikop kurgan is one of the most richly furnished prehistoric burial mounds in the northern Caucasus. Its excavation in 1897 yielded a set of gold and silver tubes with elaborate tips and decorative bull figurines. Interpretations of these tubes include their use as sceptres and as poles to support a canopy. Re-examination of these objects, however, suggests they were used as tubes for the communal drinking of beer, with integral filters to remove impurities. If correct, these objects represent the earliest material evidence of drinking through long tubes—a practice that became common during feasts in the third and second millennia BC in the ancient Near East.

The Antarctic and the surrounding Southern Ocean are currently subject to rapid environmental changes and increasing anthropogenic impacts. Seabird populations often reflect those changes and so act as indicators of environmental variability. Their population trends may provide information on a variety of environmental parameters on the scale of years or decades. We therefore provide long-term data on the cape petrel (Daption capense) population from a long-term monitoring program on Fildes Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, Maritime Antarctic, an area of considerable human activity. Our data, covering a period of 36 years, indicate some variability, but no clear trend in the number of breeding pairs between the breeding seasons 1985 and 2006. However, beginning in the 2008 season, the population decreased significantly and reached a minimum in the 2020 season. The mean annual decrease between 2008 and 2020 was 10.6%. We discuss possible causes of this strong negative population trend. Anthropogenic disturbance only affects a few breeding sites in the area and is therefore unable, on its own, to explain the consistent population decline at all the breeding sites studied. We think it more likely that reduced food availability was the main cause of the drastic decline in the cape petrel population.

The central part of West Spitsbergen, Nordenskiöld Land, is characterized by comparably small extension of glaciers, high landscape diversity and the long-term development of river valleys. In doing so the number of objects suitable for paleobotanical, in particular, palynological research is limited. Holocene climate and vegetation in numerous studies were reconstructed by using palaeobotanical data from lake sediments and peat sequences. Fluvial sediments are widespread and include both terrigenous and organic deposits, but studies focussing on alluvium archives are rare. Such records relate to Coles and Gröndalen valleys.During the researches of the Russian Arctic expedition in the Svalbard archipelago in 2019, the outcrop of marine sediments overlain by an alluvial stratum (with a general thickness of 4.2 m) was found and studied on the right slope of Semmeldalen valley (16 m a.s.l.). The sediments are represented by sand and silt with Mytilus edulis shells in situ (0.2 m), which are covered by gravel-pebble material (2.0 m), followed by stratum of interlayered silt, sand, loam with plant remains lenses and layers (2.0 m). The laboratory studies included radiocarbon dating and pollen analysis. Radiocarbon dating results show that the studied deposits were formed in the period from 9300 to 3500 cal BP.According to pollen data, six stages of vegetation and climate changes were distinguished. The first stage - about 9300 - 9000 cal. BP corresponds to the stage of sedimentation in a shallow sea bay under relatively favourable environmental conditions. The deposits contain rare microfossils of poorly preserved shrub forms. The almost total absence of Quaternary pollen and a spore in the second stage - gravel-pebble sequence - reflects a high rate of sedimentation in the river mouth during sea regression. About 8700 cal BP (stage 3) the subshrub-sedge tundra developed in a relatively warm and humid climate. Following (about 8300 cal BP) it changed by the willow-sedge tundra (stage 4). The low content of microfossils at this stage is evidence of an increase in river runoff and, probably, an increase in the amount of atmospheric precipitation. Most probably study records contain a hiatus in sedimentation between 8000 - 4000 cal BP. The fifth stage is the increase in pollen amount and development of the willow-motley-grass tundra. The sixth stage reflects modern vegetation - willow-grass tundra.The obtained dates and lithology description allow us to make a preliminary conclusion that a sharp decrease in sea level occurred about 9000 cal BP, thereby determining a radical restructuring of the natural environment of the study area. Preliminary results compared with published data show that there are local differences in valley development and environmental conditions changes in Central Svalbard during the Holocene.

Analysis of the latest seismic acoustic data, geological work at the key Polygon Petrozvodsk Bay in Lake Onega and analysis of literature data, including the results of our own recent work at Lake Ladoga, are given in our article. Seismostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic characteristics of Quaternary deposits at the key Polygon are given. Drilling from the ice in the Petrozavodsk Bay carried out in March 2019 made it possible to characterize the entire Quaternary sediment sequence. The performed tomographic studies of the selected sediment corers made it possible to more fully characterize the sedimentation conditions in Lake Onega in the post-glacial time. The presence of glacial deposits has been proven in the lowermost part of the recovered Quaternary section. For the first time, the lithological characteristics of fluvioglacial deposits are given. Palynological studies made it possible to show that, despite the similarity of lithofacies and their interlayering in the section, the time of the retreating of last glaciers from Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega depressions was different.

This study is based on the reassessment and correlation of five pollen records from the upper Western Dvina River region. For the most complete record (Korovinskoe Mire; 56°16′N, 31°20′E) we constructed a Bayesian age-depth model to provide robust chronological control for the reconstructed changes in the regional environments and to facilitate interregional comparisons. The results show that the Holocene Thermal Maximum in the study region (ca. 8600–6900 cal BP) started and ended some centuries earlier than suggested for the neighboring Baltic region (ca. 8100–5600 cal BP). The spruce ( Picea ) pollen records corroborate other palaeobotanical records from the wider region indicating a relatively dry early and middle Holocene and cooler/wetter conditions after ca. 5400 cal BP. Local initial opening of forests by Neolithic populations is indicated by 7600 cal BP and a stepwise intensification of forest clearance is registered from ca. 4200/3700 and ca. 1400–1000 cal BP. There is evidence for an asynchronous pattern of human impact during the early period of occupation prior to ca. 4000 cal BP, which can be explained by a low density and uneven distribution of prehistoric hunter-fisher-gatherer populations. Although single Cerealia -type pollen grains are registered as early as ca. 6700 cal BP, intensive cultivation of cereals in the study region probably did not occur before ca. 1400 cal BP, i.e. much later than suggested for the Baltic states, Poland, and Belarus.

Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia is Europe's largest lake. The postglacial history of the Ladoga basin is for the first time documented continuously with high temporal resolution in the upper 13.3 m of a sediment core (Co1309) from the northwestern part of the lake. We applied a multiproxy approach including radiographic imaging, (bio‐)geochemical and granulometric analyses. Age control was established combining radiocarbon dating with varve chronology, the latter anchored to a correlated radiocarbon age from a lake close by. The age‐depth model reveals the onset of glacial varve sedimentation at 13 910±140 cal. a BP , when Lake Ladoga was part of the Baltic Ice Lake. Linear extrapolation of published retreat rates of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet provides a formation age of the Luga moraine close to Lake Ladoga's southern shore of 14.5–15.9 cal. ka BP , older than previously assumed. Varve sedimentation covers the Bolling/Allerod interstadial, the Younger Dryas stadial and the Early Holocene. Varve‐thickness variations, conjoined with grain‐size and geochemical variations, inform about the relative position of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet and the climate during the deglaciation phase. The upper limit of the varved succession marks the change from glaciolacustrine to normal lacustrine sedimentation and post‐dates the drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake as well as the formation of the Salpausselka II moraine north of Lake Ladoga, by c . 250 years. The Holocene sediment record is divided into three periods in the following order: (i) a lower transition zone between the Holocene boundary and c . 9.5 cal. ka BP , characterized by mostly massive sediments with low organic content, (ii) a phase with increased organic content from c . 9.5 to 4.5 cal. ka BP corresponding to the Holocene Thermal Maximum, and (iii) a phase with relatively stable sedimentation in a lacustrine environment from c . 4.5 cal. ka BP until present.

Russian-German project PLOT (Paleolimnological Transect) aims at investigating the regional responses of the quaternary climate and environment on external forcing and feedback mechanisms along a more than 6000 km long longitudinal transect crossing Northern Eurasia. The well-dated record from Lake El´gygytgyn used as reference site for comparison the local climatic and environmental histories. Seismic surveys and sediment coring up to 54 m below lake floor performed in the frame of the project on Ladoga Lake (North-West of Russia; 2013), Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye (Polar Ural; 2016), Lake Levinson-Lessing and Lake Taymyr (Taymyr Peninsula; 2016-2017), Lake Emanda (Verkhoyansk Range; 2017). Fieldwork at Polar Ural and Taymyr Peninsula was conducted in collaboration with the Russian-Norwegian CHASE (Climate History along the Arctic Seaboard of Eurasia) project. Here, we present the major results of the project obtained so far.

Pollen analysis is one of the methods that allow revealing ecological and climatic changes in thepast based on vegetation reconstruction. Spitsbergen (Svalbard) archipelago, as well as otherregions of the Arctic, is difficult for creation of regional models of vegetation and climatedevelopment during the Holocene. This is primarily due to the limited distribution, low thicknessand relative young ages (usually this is the late Holocene) of organogenic deposits, which aremost suitable for palynological studies.Nordenskiöld Land is located in the central part of the West Spitsbergen Island and different themost favorable climatic conditions. The largest number of sites suitable for paleobotanicalresearches is located here. The Coles valley has length about 12 km, well-developed profile andsituated on the north shore of Nordenskiöld Land. The field campaign with studying offloodplain peat sediments from Coles River valley was carried out in August 2018. Two sites(K18-15, K18-16) were studied on the remains of first terrace. Excavated deposits arerepresented by leafy peat of varying degrees of decomposition with silt lenses. The laboratorystudies of sediments included radiocarbon dating, pollen and non-pollen palynomorph analyses.They were carried out in Laboratory of St-Petersburg State University and Russian chemical-analytical Lab on the Spitsbergen archipelago.The pollen analysis of two sections from Coles River valley allowed us to reconstructpaleovegetation changes. Samples from K18-15 site contain more mineral components and morepollen and spores than samples from K18-16 site. This is probably due to the inflow of pollenwith water. The main components of spore-pollen spectra are Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Salix andBetula sect. Nanae. The relationship between these taxa shows a different degree of moisture ofthe study area under the dominance of the grass - sedge tundra. Thus, a significant influence onthe formation of spores and pollen spectra in the studied deposits is played by the dynamics ofthe sedimentation.Results of radiocarbon dating showed that studied deposits formed during mid and lateHolocene.A generalization of all available palynological data on the Nordenskjöld land made it possible toconstruct a scheme of dwarf birch (Betula sect. Nanae) distribution during the Middle and LateHolocene. A comparison of received data with our previous data and published data fromNordenskiöld Land shows the asynchronous of appear and distribution of shrubs on these areafrom ~5000 to ~2500 yrs ago.

Ground ice and sedimentary records of a pingo exposure reveal insights into Holocene permafrost, landscape and climate dynamics. Early to mid-Holocene thermokarst lake deposits contain rich floral and faunal paleoassemblages, which indicate lake shrinkage and decreasing summer temperatures (chironomid-based T-July) from 10.5 to 3.5 cal kyr BP with the warmest period between 10.5 and 8 cal kyr BP. Talik refreezing and pingo growth started about 3.5 cal kyr BP after disappearance of the lake. The isotopic composition of the pingo ice (delta O-18 - 17.1 +/- 0.6 parts per thousand, delta D -144.5 +/- 3.4 parts per thousand, slope 5.85, deuterium excess -7.7 +/- 1.5 parts per thousand) point to the initial stage of closed-system freezing captured in the record. A differing isotopic composition within the massive ice body was found (delta O-18 - 21.3 +/- 1.4 parts per thousand, delta D -165 +/- 11.5 parts per thousand, slope 8.13, deuterium excess 4.9 +/- 3.2 parts per thousand), probably related to the infill of dilation cracks by surface water with quasi-meteoric signature. Currently inactive syngenetic ice wedges formed in the thermokarst basin after lake drainage. The pingo preserves traces of permafrost response to climate variations in terms of ground-ice degradation (thermokarst) during the early and mid-Holocene, and aggradation (wedge-ice and pingo-ice growth) during the late Holocene.

This article presents the results of a comprehensive geochronological study of gyttja deposits from a section of a terrace above a floodplain located on the right bank of the Ob River near the town of Kolpashevo. According to the 230Th/U dating, the age of the gyttja could be dated in the range of 110–95 kyr. The results of spore–pollen analysis suggest that the gyttja deposit was formed in the period of a wide distribution of middle taiga forest landscapes with the dominance of spruce; the climatic conditions were similar to modern ones. These events probably took place in the interstadial time during MIS-5c or at the end of Kazantsevo interglacial period.

According to radiochemical and biostratigraphic studies of the buried peat layer in the Cheremoshnik key section on the East European plain, the first age dating of this peat was obtained and its assignment to the Mikulino interglacial was confirmed. The Th/U isotope age data obtained for the peat horizon allow us to state with confidence that it was formed during the MIS5e. It was found that a variety of signs, including the lithological characteristics of dated layers and climatic indexes, is evidence that the Cheremoshnik site and Borisoglebsk upland occurred in the periglacial zone during MIS3–MIS2.

Lake Ladoga hosts preglacial sediments, although the Eurasian ice sheet overrode the area during the LGM . These sediments were first discovered by a seismic survey and are investigated using a 22.75‐m‐long core. Its upper 13.30 m comprise Holocene and Lateglacial sediments separated from the lower 11.45 m of preglacial sediments by a hiatus. They consist of highly terrigenous lacustrine sediments, which according to OSL dating, were deposited during an early stage of the last ice age (MIS 5). The palynological data allow a first reconstruction of the Early Weichselian environmental history for northwestern Russia. Birch and alder forests with broad‐leaved taxa dominated during MIS 5d (c . 118–113 ka), suggesting a climate more favourable than in the Holocene. A high content of well‐sorted sands and poorly preserved palynomorphs indicates a shallow‐water environment at least temporarily. More fine‐grained sediments and better preserved organic remains suggest deeper water environments at the core location during MIS 5c (c . 113–88 ka). Pine and spruce became dominant, while broad‐leaved taxa started to disappear, especially after c . 90 ka, pointing to a gradual climate cooling. An increase in open herb‐dominated habitats at the beginning of MIS 5b (c . 88–86 ka) reflects a colder and dryer climate. However, later (c . 86–82 ka) pine and spruce again became more common. Birch and alder forests dominated in the area c . 82–80 ka (beginning of MIS 5a). Although open treeless habitats also became more common at this time, a slight increase in hazel may point to somewhat warmer climate conditions coinciding with the beginning of MIS 5a. The studied sediments also contain numerous remains of freshwater algae and cysts of marine and brackish‐water dinoflagellates and acritarchs documenting that the present lake basin was part of a brackish‐water basin during the Early Weichselian, probably as a gulf of the Pre‐Baltic Sea.

A variety of studies of the re-examined (new exposure) Late Pleistocene key section Cheremoshnik (East European plain, middle of the Volga Basin of Yaroslavl) was conducted on a new methodological level using modern methods. For the first time, a series of paleosols (MIS5–MIS1) from the section offering significant information in regard to chronostratigraphy and landscape evolution have been studied in detail and dated. An excavation ∼7 m deep reveals a soil-sediment stratum which formed over the course of ∼115 ka in an accumulative beam-like terrace and consists of five lithological layers and six pedostratigraphical units. The base of the section was determined to be an Early Mikulino peat-dark humus paleosol which marked incipient subaerial pedogenesis on the Moscow (Riss II) moraine and was covered with a thickness of gyttja with a peat horizon (Histosol) which had formed 114–115 ka and was reliably dated using uranium–thorium dating. The following paleosols were successfully identified within the series of weak stone gullied-channel sediments within the Valdai (Wűrm) thickness (from bottom to top): (1) Bryansk paleosol (MIS3) – Gleysol – with three pedogenesis rhythms; (2) Trubchevskaya paleоsol – Gleyic Turbic Cryosol (MIS2) and (3) pedosediment formed at the end of the Bӧlling interstadial (MIS2). Terminal Pleistocene formations are marked with a gravelly stratum on the section's surface formed during the Preboreal period. Recent Regosol formed on loess-like loam deposits was identified at the top of the whole soil-sediment stratum. The 14C age of the paleosol humus varied between 27,500 and 11,400 cal. BP. The paleosols represent the northernmost occurrence of MIS5–MIS2 fossil soil in Europe, dominated by features of gleyzation, cryogenic aggregation, cracking, and humus and peat formation. Pollen analysis results allowed estimation of changes in vegetation cover, climatic conditions and the age of deposit sedimentation for the period from the Moskow Late Glacial to the Valdai Late Glacial and early Holocene times. Successive stages in the development of vegetation, high contents of alder and hazel pollen and the climax and distinct appearance of broadleaf trees relate the formation of biogenic sediments (LPAZ 2–6) in the Cheremoshnik section to the Mikulino Interglacial. Valdai (MIS4–MIS2) glacial sediment is absent within the investigated area.

Buried Late Holocene paleosols of the Nienshants historical monument at the junction of the Neva and Okhta rivers (St. Petersburg) have been studied. These soils developed from estuary deposits of the Littorina basin with abundant artifacts of the Neolithic and Early Iron ages (7–2 ka BP). The soil cover of the area consists of the mature dark-humus profile-gleyed soils on elevated elements of the mesotopography (3.0–3.5 a.s.l.) and dark-humus gley soils in the local depressions (2.0–2.6 m a.s.l.). The soils are characterized by the low to moderate content of humus of the fulvate-humate type. The beginning of humus formation in the dark-humus gley soil on the slope facing the Neva River is estimated at about 2600 yrs ago; for the darkhumus profile-gleyed soils of the studied paleocatena, at about 2000 and 1780 yrs ago; and for the darkhumus gley soil, at about 1440 years ago. Judging from the spore-pollen spectra, the development of these soils took place in the Subatlantic period under birch and pine-birch forests with the admixture of spruce and alder trees. The gleyed horizons of the buried soil at the depth of 1.6–1.2 m on the Neva-facing slope date back to the Late Subboreal period (2500–2600 yrs ago), when pine-birch-spruce forests were widespread in the area. The new data contribute to our knowledge of the environmental conditions during the Neolithic and Iron ages.

The raised bog sediments that have been continuously accumulated over time represent the most suitable natural object which enables us to reconstruct Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation and palaeoclimates. Bog peat consists of organic carbon formed in situ. It contains moss, plant fragments and microfossils that are necessary for the study of palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate. However, a successful study of palaeoenvironment can be carried out on the basis of investigation of a great quantity of samples along the whole peatbog thickness. In the present paper, the authors present the results of palynological, botanical investigations and radiocarbon dating of 31 peat samples taken from the raised bog Velikoye, located in the eastern part of Kaliningrad Region. The data obtained have enabled us to reconstruct the palaeovegetation, reveal the evolution of the bog and determine rate of peat formation at different evolutional stages over the last 7500 cal BP.

Newly obtained radiocarbon measurements are used to suggest that the initial settlement of the northeastern Baltic area was largely controlled by the Ladoga-Baltic waterway in the north of the Karelian Isthmus, which emerged ∼11,500 cal BP and remained in action for ∼7000 yr. The transgression of Ladoga Lake started ∼5000 cal BP and reached its maximum at ∼3000 cal BP (∼1100–1000 cal BC). The formation of a new outlet via the Neva River led to a rapid regression of the lake that stimulated the spread of farming populations.

Two lake and bog sediments have been thoroughly studied using palynological and radiocarbon dating methods. These are the Lembolovskoye Lake section located in the southern part of the Karelian Ithmus and the Mshinskoye bog section located in the southwestern part of the Leningrad province. The data obtained allow us to reconstruct the main features of the vegetation cover evolution, the chronology for the appearance and a real distribution of the main arboreal species from the south of the Leningrad province to the north, and to construct curves of the paleoclimate parameter changes for the area under study. Thirty-six 14C dates were obtained for the Lembolovskoye Lake section (7 m thick). According to those dates, the organic gyttja formation in the lake began 9870 ± 170 BP. Spore-pollen spectra with high percentage of herbs, arborescent, and shrub-birch dated back to the Younger Dryas were found out in clay layers at a depth of 6.5 m. An appearance of spruce and alder pollen is dated at 6860 ± 120 and 7510 ± 150 BP, respectively. The maximal percentage of broad-leaved species falls on the first half of the Atlantic (AT-1). Thirty-two dates were obtained for the Mshinskoye bog section (6 m thick): from 60 : 70 to 9520 ± 170 BP (the last date fixed the beginning of peat formation); 12 palinozones from the Preboreal to the Subatantic were recognized there. The spruce and alder pollen began to appear 7520 ±110 and 7670 ± 130 BP, respectively. The maximal amount of broad-leaved species is observed at 4690 ± 80 BP. The detailed reconstruction of changes in vegetation communities during the Late Glacial and Holocene was correlated with paleoclimatic characteristics, which have been recontructed for the sections under study by using the information from a statistical method of spore-pollen data processing.

Polarforschung