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To compare the effect of 12 months of treatment with moxonidine or bisoprolol on telomerase activity (TA) and parameters characterizing the arterial wall state in postmenopausal women with arterial hypertension (AH) and osteopenia. An open-label randomized study with 114 postmenopausal women with hypertension and osteopenia; pulse wave velocity (PWV), intima-media thickness (IMT), and TA were analyzed initially and after 12 months of therapy with moxonidine (n = 57) or bisoprolol (n = 57). Both medications effectively lowered blood pressure (BP) in both groups. After 12 months, the moxonidine group showed a significant increase in TA by 45.5% (from 0.87 to 1.15; p

In recent years there is a positive trend in the development of preventive medicine, in particular, primary prevention of diseases. However, in most cases, patients seek help from a doctor after the manifestation of the disease, and therefore, early identification of risk factors (RF) remains relevant. Conduction of a large number of studies that are aimed at studying modifiable RF associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), allowed the experts of the American Heart Association to develop recommendations “Life's Simple 7”, which makes it possible to structure methods of primary prevention of CVD and minimize the risk of their development. In 2019, experts from the American College of Cardiology presented a simplified version of these recommendations, to improve approaches to primary prevention and their effectiveness not only for doctors but also for patients. Thus, by involving the patient in the decision-making process about follow-up treatment, doctors can achieve a high level of compliance, which is essential for improving the prognosis. The “ABCDE” recommendations, in name of which are reflected the first letters of the leading CVD RF, include such paragraphs as RF assessment, the use of antiaggregating therapy, correction of blood pressure, cholesterol levels, smoking elimination, correction of high glucose levels and diabetes treatment, weight loss, assessment of social and economic factors affecting the morbidity in a particular patient. Despite the undoubted benefit of the “ABCDE” recommendations, some problems of primary prevention currently cannot be solved: the inability to accurately assess social and economic RF; the imperfection of the used CVD risk scales. The updated version of the recommendations allows not only to assess the existing RF of the patient, but also to effectively correct them. In addition, the patient himself can read the recommendations, which improves understanding of the primary prevention importance.

Chronic noninfectious diseases (cardiovascular, bronchopulmonary, oncological diseases and diabetes mellitus) are presently the most common cause of death worldwide, with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) being predominant. For this reason, the key goal of a physician is not only to treat but also to prevent diseases. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is considered one of the most effective drugs for secondary prevention of CVD. However, the use of ASA for primary prevention is still debated. Results of many studies of ASA are inconsistent. Some studies have suggested that using ASA in patients aged 40-70 with a high 10-year risk of CVD and a low risk of bleeding may reduce the incidence of CVD. Administration of ASA to patients with a high or medium risk of CVD is also considered.

Tis review presents data on prevalence, control, and effectiveness of treatment of hypertension in male and female. Te features of protective action and manifestations of undesirable effects of antihypertensive therapy in male and female, as well as situations influencing the choice of a drug depending on sex are discussed.

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is an important healthcare problem because of high prevalence, morbidity and mortality rates. Treatment resistant symptoms, need for communication and support, unite patients with CHF and oncological diseases but despite that CHF patients rarely receive specialized palliative care (SPC). This review is devoted to the need and possible ways of providing SPC to patients with CHF and their families. We discuss here variants of CHF course in terminal phase, the term end of life appropriate care, various specialists’ concepts of SPC delivering to CHF patients in accordance with their preferences.

Aim:to assess the prevalence of bendopnea and association of this symptom with clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic features, clinical outcomes during 2 years of follow­up in ambulatory elderly patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).Materials and methods.We conducted an open, prospective, non­randomized study of 80 ambulatory patients aged ≥60 years admitted with heart failure II–IV NYHA class CHF. Baseline survey included physical examination, estimation of Charlson comorbidity index, echocardiography and laboratory tests. Bendopnea was considered when shortness of breath occurred within 30 sec of sitting on a chair and bending forward. Mean follow­up was 26.6±11.0 months.Results.Bendopnea was present in 38.8 % patients. All these patients complained of shortness of breath during physical exertion and 45.2 % of them had orthopnea. Bendopnea was associated with the male gender (odds ratio [OR] 11.8, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 4.04–34.8, pConclusion. Bendopnea is associated with an adverse hemodynamic profile and prognosis, what allows to consider this symptom as a reliable marker of CHF severity.

Acute viral respiratory infections can increase the risk of progression of a pre-existing condition, including a cardiovascular pathology. Life-threatening complications of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitate research into the cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 crucial for developing adequate treatment strategy for infected patients, especially those of advanced age. This article reviews the literature on the clinical and functional characteristics of patients with COVID-19, including those with poor outcomes. The article looks at the pathophysiological processes occurring in the cardiovascular system in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection, risk factors and death predictors. It also discusses continuation of therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in patients with COVID-19.

Представлено клиническое наблюдение пациентки с артериальной гипертензией и синдромом обструктивного апноэ сна, получающей лечение в амбулаторно-поликлинических условиях.

The purpose of the present review is to bring into focus the issues regarding terminological and registration aspects of multimorbidity we come across in the modern literature. Key questions regarding the definitions for the most widely used terms «comorbidity», «polymorbidity» and «multimorbidity» are discussed. We also considered the aspects of their origin and distinctive features between the concepts. The interaction between illnesses can exacerbate one another, modify the clinical picture and course of illnesses, the nature and severity of complications, lead to a progressive worsening of the prognosis and quality of life in patients. It has been proposed that the terms of “comorbidity» (in case of presence of the pathogenesis interrelation) or “polimorbidity» (in case of absence of the pathogenesis interrelation) are the most appropriate diagnostic and treatment patterns for practice and epidemiological study. «Multimorbidity» seems to be a more appropriate term for clinical practice usage, because it involves not only diagnosis but also interaction between diagnosises, symptoms/syndromes, the mobility or self-care problems et al. The algorithm of the managing patients with multimorbidity is presented.

The review is devoted to pharmacotherapy of chronic heart failure (CHF) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. In this review we discuss data of meta-analyzes of randomized clinical trials and observational studies, as well as the indications for use of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, β-blockers, and antagonists of mineralocorticoid receptors in these patients in current clinical guidelines. New approaches to therapy of CHF from the perspective of influence on myocardial fibrosis are considered in this review.

Objective: To assess the effect of moxonidine on bone metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and osteopenia. Materials and methods: A randomized, open, clinical trial included 114 postmenopausal patients with AH. All participants were evaluated bone metabolism), BMD, telomerase activity (TA). Randomization was carried out into 2 groups (moxonidine and bisoprolol therapy) using simple envelopes. After 12 months of therapy, a dynamic examination was performed. Results: Both groups showed a positive effect of both moxonidine and bisoprolol on hypertension during treatment both as monotherapy and in the group of patients receiving combined antihypertensive therapy: a decrease in SBP and DBP in the 1st group was 13.6% and 12.8% respectively, and in the 2nd group - 13.7% and 15% respectively, while achieving normal values. In most patients of group 1, normalization of body weight was noted in comparison with group 2 (23.4% and 17.4%, respectively, p = 0.043), delta of body weight in the moxonidine group was -1.89%. The increase in the processes of bone formation in the form of increased markers of OC and Osteoprotegerin and a statistically significant increase in TA in patients receiving moxonidine were revealed, while in women who took bisoprolol there were no dynamic changes in bone metabolism rates, there was a tendency for a decrease in BMD and a significant decrease in AT. Conclusions: The detected pleiotropic effect of moxonidine on bone metabolism and replicative cell aging processes will reduce the risk of development or progression of osteopenia and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with AH.

Modern cardiac rehabilitation represents a structured, multicomponent program, which includes physical activity, education of the patient, modification of the health behavior, and psychological and social support. In EU countries, only 44.8% of patients with ischemic heart disease receive a recommendation to participate in any form of rehabilitation, and only 36.5% of all patients presently have an access to any rehabilitation program. Systematic analysis of programs for prevention of cardiovascular diseases and for rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and percutaneous coronary intervention showed that complex programs can still reduce all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and frequency of recurrent MI and stroke. These programs include key components of cardiac rehabilitation, reduction of six or more risk factors, and effective control by drug therapy.

Aim. This study was carried out to evaluate polymorbidity taking into account geriatric syndromes and their relationship with the course of chronic heart failure (CHF) in outpatients aged 60 years and older. Methods. We conducted an open, prospective, non-randomized study. The main group included 80 patients with CHF, the comparison group – 40 patients without CHF. Conducted clinical examination, ECG, echocardiography, two-photon X-ray absorptiometry. The scale of assessment of clinical status in CHF,Charlson comorbidity index were used. The criteria for frailty were the presence of at least 3 signs due FRAIL scale. Mean follow-up was 24.1±13.0 months. Results. All patients with CHF (100%) and 92.5% of the comparison group had a concomitant pathology. A combination of 3 or more of any diseases was more common in CHF compared to control group (p=0.008), CKD (66%) and obesity (35%) were the most common pathology. Combinations of osteoporosis and CKD (28%), obesity and CKD (23%) were the most frequent in the CHF patients, a combination of obesity and CKD (28%), obesity and diabetes (18%) – without CHF patients. The same incidence of osteoporosis (p=0.768), falls (p=0.980), fractures (p=0.549) and frailty (p=0.828) was observed in CHF patients and different EFLV, but prevalence of frailty was observed at the age of 75 years and older. During the observation period, 24% CHF patients and 5% patients without CHF (p=0.022) died. The worst survival of patients with ischemic genesis of CHF and osteoporosis was noted. The factors associated with an increased risk of death in CHF patients were the ischemic etiology of CHF (OR 8.33; 95% CI 1.11–62.4; p=0.039), male gender (OR 7.91; 95% CI 2.3–27.2; p=0.001), LV EF Conclusion. All СHF patients had concomitant diseases, CKD and obesity were the most common pathologies. The ischemic etiology of CHF, along with the male gender, LV EF less than 45%, severe clinical statusand high score on the Charlson comorbidity index turned out to be risk factors for death in outpatients aged 60 years and older with CHF.

Aim. To identify risk factors of decompensation of chronic heart failure (CHF) and related hospitalization in elderly outpatients.Material and methods. The total of 248 patients aged 60–85 years with CHF NYHA class II-IV were enrolled into the study. The first group consisted of 87 (35.1%) patients who required hospitalization due to CHF decompensation during the follow-up, the second group of 161 patients without need for hospital admission. All the patients had undergone clinical and laboratory examination, estimation of CHF severity by the Scale of clinical state, assessment of quality of life and 6-minute walk test (6MWT), echocardiography.Results. Patients were matched for age, gender, disability occurrence, education level, body mass index, quality of life, hemodynamic parameters, incidence rates of anemia, diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation. CHF was more severe in patients who had required hospitalization (p

Current advances in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) treatment are discussed. Normal and pathological wound healing process are observed and the role of growth factors (GFs) is elucidated. Current techniques involving GFs and platelet rich plasma (PRP) are compared. Up-to-date research suggests that treatment with single growth factor (GF) could be insufficient and not encompassing all pathological changes in DFU bed. Efficiency of PRP is rather controversial and lacks evidence. Thus the use of cocktail of particular GFs is suggested. Pro et contra of each approach are discussed.

The article is devoted to the value of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The review summarizes results of a number of epidemiological reports that have increasingly linked elevated serum uric acid with an increased risk of incident CHF and adverse outcomes in CHF patients. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to influencing disturbances of uric acid metabolism are discussed.

PURPOSE to assess the state of bone metabolism and mineral density in outpatients with chronic heart failure (CHF). MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined 70 outpatients (30 men, 40 women, aged 56-88 years) with CHF and 40 outpatients without CHF (10 men, 30 women, aged 57-88 years). Examination included laboratory assessment, echocardiography, study of bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine and femoral neck using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Osteoporosis was recorded in 61.4 and 32.4%, osteopenia - in 20 and 42.5%, normal BMD - in 18.6 and 25% of patients with and without CHF, respectively. A total of 24.3 and 7.5% of patients with and without CHF, respectively, experienced various bone fractures during mean follow up of 26.5 months. Significant correlation was established between osteoporosis and patient's age (r=0.36; p=0.002), CHF duration (r=0.26; p=0.039), falls (r=0.29; p=0.015), fractures (r=0.42

Aim. To evaluate the anemia prevalence and its impact on chronic heart failure (CHF) course.Methods. A total of 228 outpatients (86 women and 196 men, aged 39-85 y.o.) with clinically stable CHF (II-IV functional class according to NYHA) were studied. Anemia was defined by the WHO criteria (hemoglobin levels 9 g/dl). Anemia rate did not differ significantly in patients with reduced (18,5%) and preserve (19,1%) or left ventricle ejection fraction (LV EF) (р=0,743). Anemic and non anemic patients were similar in terms of gender, NYHA functional class, heart rate and LV EF. The rate of anemic patients increased significantly up to 35,8% in creatinine clearance

Вторичная профилактика как комплекс лечебно-профилактических мероприятий, предупреждающих рецидивы уже развившегося заболевания и его осложнений, направлена на предотвращение летального исхода и снижение частоты госпитализаций у лиц с уже имеющейся ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС), артериальной гипертензией (АГ) или хронической сердечной недостаточностью (ХСН). Основными ее принципами являются индивидуализированный подход, подразумевающий выявление и коррекцию факторов риска у конкретного больного. В пожилом возрасте, в отличие от более молодого, ХСН редко встречается в виде изолированного заболевания. Среди сопутствующих заболеваний особый интерес представляют анемия и сниженная функция почек из-за неблагоприятного влияния на течение сердечной недостаточности (СН) и прогноз жизни.Цель. Изучение профилактических аспектов прогрессирования кардиоренального анемического (КРА) синдрома у лиц пожилого возраста с ХСН.Материал и методы. Наблюдались 164 больных от 60 до 85 лет с ХСН II-IV функционального класса по NYHA в результате ИБС или АГ в течение 1,85 года (1,0-4,75). Исходно и в процессе наблюдения проводились клинико-лабораторное обследование, ЭКГ, ЭхоКГ. Статистическая обработка данных применялась с использованием пакетов программ SPSS 16.0 и Statistica 6.0.Результаты. КРА-синдром (наличие анемии - Hb

to assess impact of anemia on chronic heart failure (CHF) course in elderly patients in primary care setting. Methods. We examined 164 outpatients (n=164) aged 60-85 years with clinically stable CHF due to ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension. All patients underwent clinical, laboratorial evaluation, ECG, EchoCG measurements, 6 min walk test. Patients were categorized according to the presence of anemia, as defined by the WHO criteria (hemoglobin levels13 g/dl in men and12 g/dl in women). Median duration of follow up was 1.85 (1.0-4.75) years. Results. Anemia was found in 32.9%, cardio-renal anemic syndrome (CRAS) in 23.2% of patients. In all patients anemia was mild (Hb9 g/dl). It was associated with diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [R] 2.2, 95% CI 1.03-4.69, =0.041), high creatinine level (R 2.76, 95% CI 1.25-6.12, =0.012) and chronic kidney disease (R 5.66, 95% CI 2.51-12.77,0.001). During follow-up mortality rate was similar among anemic and non-anemic patients (27.8 vs 30%, =0.768). Patients with CRAS had worse survival compared with patients of the same age without anemia and preserved kidney function (=0.004). Age75 years (R 3.58, 95% CI 1.59-7.99, =0.002), diabetes (R 2.68, 95% CI 1.19-6.04, =0.018), history of myocardial infarction (R 2.7, 95% CI 1.24-6.04, =0.013), systolic blood pressure110 mm Hg (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.09-5.71, =0.030), complete left bundle branch block (LBBB) (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.26-8.22, =0.012), creatinine130 mmol/l (OR 3.53, 95% CI 1.51-8.22, =0.004) were predictors of mortality of elderly patients with CRAS. Conclusions. CHF patients with and without anemia had similar survival but survival of those with CRAS was worse compared with patients without anemia and preserved kidney function. Age75 years, diabetes mellitus, history of myocardial infarction, low systolic blood pressure, complete LBBB, high creatinine level were predictors of mortality in patients with CRAS.

Цель. Выявление факторов, негативно ассоциируемых с течением и прогнозом хронической сердечной недостаточности (ХСН) у больных пожилого возраста, наблюдающихся в поликлинических условиях.Материал и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 84 женщины и 164 мужчины в возрасте от 60 до 85 лет с ХСН II-IV функционального класса (ФК) по NYHA. Для оценки состояния больных использовали«Шкалу оценки клинического состояния» (ШОКС). Больным определяли качество жизни (КЖ), наличие тревоги и депрессии, ЭКГ, ЭхоКГ, тест с 6-минутной ходьбой. Больные получали медикаментозную терапию согласно Национальным рекомендациям по диагностике и лечению ХСН. Наблюдение длилось от 1 года до 8 лет (в среднем 2,4 года).Результаты. Женщины с ХСН были старше мужчин [71 (66-76) и 68 (65-73) лет соответственно, р= 0,016]. Ишемическая болезнь сердца была ведущей причиной развития ХСН, но чаще она выявлялась у мужчин (89,6%), чем у женщин (58,3%); p< 0,001, а артериальная гипертония преобладала у женщин (n=35, 41,7%), но не у мужчин (n=17, 10,4%). Женщины имели более длительный анамнез ХСН, чем мужчины ( р= 0,013) У них чаще встречалась гипертрофия левого желудочка - ЛЖ ( p= 0,001), фибрилляция предсердий ( p= 0,006), сахарный диабет ( p= 0,032) и инсульт в анамнезе ( р= 0,022). Мужчины чаще соответствовали IV ФК и имели более тяжелое течение ХСН, чем женщины ( р= 0,016). Большинство (76,2%) пожилых женщин с ХСН имели сохраненную фракцию выброса (ФВ) ЛЖ по данным ЭхоКГ-исследования, в то время как у мужчин она встречалась в 39,6% случаев. Несмотря на более легкое течение заболевания, КЖ у женщин было хуже ( p

Spinal motoneurons were activated orthodromically or antidromically with preservation of inhibitory synaptic influences (experiments on healthy rats) and after blocking these influences by tetanus toxin (experiments on rats with local tetanus). The RNA content in the cytoplasm of the α-motoneurons was measured by cytospectrophotometry in UV light. The results showed no quantitative changes in the RNA of the motoneurons during action potential generation. Meanwhile the content of neuronal RNA depends on the character of synaptic influences. The RNA content in the motoneurons rises in response to excitatory and falls in response to inhibitory synaptic action. The possible mechanisms of the observed cytochemical changes in the RNA content during synaptic excitation and inhibition of motoneurons are discussed.

Summary Effects of increased functional activity of spinal motoneurones were studied morphologically on rats in experiments with swimming under different loads and with orthodromic electrical stimulation of 5–40 min duration. The volume of lumbar motoneurones was calculated from major and minor axes of ellipses inscribed into cell body or nuclear outlines on cells' negative projections. Formulae for volume calculations were derived from an optical reconstruction. Both mild and intensive natural motor activity, as well as orthodromic stimulation, resulted in a decrease of the motoneuronal cytoplasmic volume in the longest duration (40 min) of the experiments. The changes of cytoplasmic dimensions were accompanied by a decrease of the nuclear volume after 40 min intensive swimming and orthodromic stimulation. The increase of motoneuronal size was registered only in earlier periods of activation: 5 min after the beginning of mild swimming for the nucleus, and 10 min after the beginning of orthodromic stimulation for motoneuronal cytoplasm. Thus the motoneuronal size changes depended on the duration, intensity and character of the stimulation. The results obtained make it seem that the decrease of the spinal motoneuronal nuclear and cytoplasmic volume might be considered a morphological correlate of their increased functional activity.

The review is devoted to the problem of medication adherence in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. We consider here specificity of approach to management of elderly outpatients, groups of factors associated with medication adherence, and possible ways to improvement of compliance to treatment in patients from the senior age group with heart failure.

The purpose of the present review is to bring into focus the issues regarding terminological and registration aspects of multimorbidity we come across in the modern literature. Key questions regarding the definitions for the most widely used terms «comorbidity», «polymorbidity» and «multimorbidity» are discussed. We also considered the aspects of their origin and distinctive features between the concepts. The interaction between illnesses can exacerbate one another, modify the clinical picture and course of illnesses, the nature and severity of complications, lead to a progressive worsening of the prognosis and quality of life in patients. It has been proposed that the terms of "comorbidity» (in case of presence of the pathogenesis interrelation) or "polimorbidity» (in case of absence of the pathogenesis interrelation) are the most appropriate diagnostic and treatment patterns for practice and epidemiological study. «Multimorbidity» seems to be a more appropriate term for clinical practice usage, because it involves not only diagnosis but also interaction between diagnosises, symptoms/syndromes, the mobility or self-care problems et al. The algorithm of the managing patients with multimorbidity is presented. >.