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This study reports a rare case of concurrent invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) of the breast and ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) detected during sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). A 55-year-old female underwent breast cancer surgery following abnormal breast screening results, revealing ILC histologically. Unexpectedly, SLNB identified ALCL, later confirmed on pathology. The patient received no ALCL-specific treatment due to lack of additional lesions and remained recurrence-free post-surgery. The paper discusses diagnostic challenges, emphasizing comprehensive evaluation and multidisciplinary collaboration. It highlights the rarity of simultaneous ALCL and breast cancer without prior radiation, stressing the importance of clinical vigilance. Despite challenges in differentiation and treatment optimization, individualized patient care is crucial. Further research into concurrent ALCL and breast cancer is essential for improved management strategies. This case underscores complexities in managing rare malignancies and emphasizes the need for tailored approaches for optimal patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports a rare case of concurrent invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) of the breast and ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) detected during sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). A 55-year-old female underwent breast cancer surgery following abnormal breast screening results, revealing ILC histologically. Unexpectedly, SLNB identified ALCL, later confirmed on pathology. The patient received no ALCL-specific treatment due to lack of additional lesions and remained recurrence-free post-surgery. The paper discusses diagnostic challenges, emphasizing comprehensive evaluation and multidisciplinary collaboration. It highlights the rarity of simultaneous ALCL and breast cancer without prior radiation, stressing the importance of clinical vigilance. Despite challenges in differentiation and treatment optimization, individualized patient care is crucial. Further research into concurrent ALCL and breast cancer is essential for improved management strategies. This case underscores complexities in managing rare malignancies and emphasizes the need for tailored approaches for optimal patient outcomes.

Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are mature T-cell neoplasms, approximately half of which harbor rearrangements of the ALK gene that confer a good prognosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion of ALK-negative ALCLs demonstrate rearrangements of the IRF4/DUSP22 locus that also are typically associated with a favorable prognosis. ALCL with primary involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is extremely rare. We report what may be the first case of ALK-negative ALCL with IRF4/DUSP22 rearrangement involving the brain in a 55-year-old man. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated signal abnormalities in the periventricular region, corpus callosum and cingulate gyrus. Biopsy revealed a diffuse parenchymal and angiocentric infiltrate of CD30-positive cells that showed IRF4/DUSP22 rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization. We also review the clinical and pathologic features of primary CNS ALK-negative ALCLs in the literature and highlight the need for awareness of this entity to optimize appropriate management.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCLs) are a group CD30-positive mature T-cell lymphomas, an uncommon subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, characterized by diverse clinical and genetic features. Among the types of ALCL, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-negative ALCL, though typically involves the lymph nodes, can infrequently invade other tissues. When soft tissue involvement occurs, it may mimic the clinical presentation of infectious diseases, leading to potential misdiagnosis. Therefore, a histological examination is necessary to differentiate between ALK-negative ALCL and similar phenotypes associated with infectious conditions. This paper reports a case of ALCL, initially misdiagnosed as an infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: To assess the incidence of benign and malignant peri-implant fluid collections and/or masses on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in women with silicone implants who are being screened for silent implant rupture. METHODS: The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant retrospective study and waived informed consent. Women who underwent silicone implant oncoplastic and/or cosmetic surgery and postoperative implant-protocol MRI from 2000 to 2014 were included. Peri-implant fluid collections and/or masses were measured volumetrically. A benign peri-implant fluid collection and/or mass was pathologically proven or defined as showing 2 years of imaging and/or clinical stability. A malignant peri-implant fluid collection was pathologically proven. Incidence of peri-implant fluid collections and/or masses and positive predictive value (PPV) were calculated on a per-patient level using proportions and exact 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fishers exact test was used in the analysis to test statistical significance pre-defined as P-value

Introduction: In 1963 Cronin and Gerow introduced the use of the silicone implant and its use increased exponentially. However, complications related to implants emerged over time. The set of adverse situations to the use of silicone implants fueled by the growth of social media culminated in an increase in the permanent removal of the implant. Many cases of explants have the inferior pedicle compromised by injury to the perforating vessels, and the crossed flap technique is an alternative for the reconstruction of explanted breasts. Methods: Silicone explants were performed with immediate breast reconstruction without the use of a new implant, motivated by medical indication or the patients own desire. The crossed flap technique was used in all cases. It uses the crossing of parenchymal patches of the superior pedicle, one medial and one lateral, as described by Sperli. Results: 10 cases were operated from 2004 to 2021. The time of use of the prostheses ranged from 3 to 19 years and the main motivation for the explant was capsular contracture. No cases of necrosis were observed. Conclusions: The crossed flap technique is a useful and safe alternative for breast reconstruction surgeries after definitive explantation.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and it originates from mature T lymphocytes. Its subtypes are primary cutaneous ALCL (PC-ALCL), two subtypes of systemic ALCL (ALK-positive and ALK-negative), and breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) as a new pathological entity. BIA-ALCL is a distinct form of CD30-positive and ALK-negative ALCL that is proved to arise in association with breast implants, usually 8–10 years after surgery (breast augmentation). The etiopathogenesis of BIA-ALCL is likely to be multifactorial, based on the combination of chronic inflammation (chronic lymphocyte stimulation), biofilm formation, implant texture, patients’ genetic predisposition and time after the augmentation. Breast implants with textured surfaces seem to be associated with nearly all cases of BIA-ALCL so far. The classical clinical presentation is late onset, persistent seroma around breast implant (periprosthetic effusion) or tumor on the inner side of the capsule, sometimes both are present. In most cases, diagnosis is made by ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), aspiration of periprosthetic fluid, cytologic analysis and immunophenotypic analysis (flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry). Most of the patients present with localized disease, which generally confers an excellent prognosis. Complete surgical excision (removal of the capsule and the implant) has a key role in the treatment. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both are indicated in more advanced cases. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize what we know about this entity so far (in terms of diagnostics, clinical presentation and treatment), but further research is required in order to understand the causes of this disease completely. It is necessary to raise awareness among medical professionals and inform the patients about potential risks that breast augmentation carries, regardless of reconstructive or aesthetic reasons.

Introduction: Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma is an infrequent pathology, determined by the expression of CD30, with different characteristics in its presentation and being more aggressive according to the expression of ALK. Objectives: The present study seeks to determine the epidemiological, clinicopathological and prognostic characteristics of patients with Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study of patients diagnosed with Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma of the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN) between 2006 and 2016. Results: The pathology of 86 patients was analyzed and reviewed, 57% were men and 33% women, of the total population 21.9% were positive for ALK. 48 of the patients were found in CD I and II and 36 between stages III and IV. 57 patients had low or low-intermediate risk, while 26 had high-intermediate and high risk. The estimated overall survival was 40.8% at 5 years, in the group of patients with ALK + it was 67.4% and in the group with ALK- it was estimated at 30.2%. Conclusions: Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma is an aggressive disease, with a heterogeneous distribution with respect to age and slightly more frequent in males, with ALK and the international prognostic index as important prognostic factors.

Introduction. Depending on neuroendocrine differentiation, the prostate cancer is divided into two major groups: primary neuroendocrine prostate tumour (carcinoid, small-cell, and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma) or as a focal tumour in conventional adenocarcinoma. Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate is very rare. Case presentation. A 72-year-old man was diagnosed with a high-grade adenocarcinoma Gleason 9 (4 + 5) by needle biopsy and subsequently, after prostatectomy, with a large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma without areas of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The patient was prescribed chemotherapy (etoposide and cisplatin) with subsequent radiation therapy by a Tumour Board. For the last 5 months, he is in partial remission. Conclusions. An extremely rare case of primary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate has been reported. Prostate needle biopsy may omit neuroendocrine carcinomas. In low-grade prostate cancer, especially diagnosed by needle biopsy, the inclusion of neuroendocrine markers is recommended to exclude neuroendocrine tumours. A broad panel of immunohistochemistry markers, including E-26 transformation-specific related gene (ERG), can rule out metastatic neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate.

BACKGROUND:The phenomenon that malignant cells can acquire stemness under specific stimuli, encompassed under the concept of cancer cell plasticity, has been well-described in epithelial malignancies. To our knowledge, cancer cell plasticity has not yet been described in hematopoietic cancers. To illustrate and study cancer cell plasticity in hematopoietic cancers, we employed an in-vitro experimental model of ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALK+ALCL) that is based on the phenotypic and functional dichotomy of these cells, with cells responsive to a Sox2 reporter (i.e. RR cells) being significantly more stem-like than those unresponsive to the reporter (i.e. RU cells). METHODS:H2O2 was employed to trigger oxidative stress. GFP expression and luciferase activity, readouts of the Sox2 reporter activity, were quantified by using flow cytometry and luciferase activity assay, respectively. Doxorubicin-resistance and clonogenicity were assessed by using the MTS, methylcellulose colony formation and limiting dilution assays. Western blotting and quantitative PCR were used to assess the expression of various members of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Pull-down studies using a Sox2 binding consensus sequence were used to assess Sox2-DNA binding. Quercetin and 10074-G5 were used to inhibit β-catenin and MYC, respectively. siRNA was used to downregulate Sox2. RESULTS:Under H2O2-induced oxidative stress, a substantial fraction of RU cells was found to convert to RR cells, as evidenced by their acquisition of GFP expression and luciferase activity. Compared to the native RU cells, converted RR cells had significantly higher levels of doxorubicin-resistance, clonogenicity and sphere formation. Converted RR cells were characterized by an upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC/Sox2 signaling axis, previously found to be the key regulator of the RU/RR dichotomy in ALK+ALCL. Furthermore, Sox2 was found to bind to DNA efficiently in converted RR cells but not RU cells, and this finding correlated with significant elevations of several Sox2 downstream targets such as WNT2B and BCL9. Lastly, inhibition of β-catenin, MYC or Sox2 in RU cells significantly abrogated the H2O2-induced RU/RR conversion. CONCLUSIONS:We have demonstrated that cancer cell plasticity exists in ALK+ALCL, a type of hematopoietic cancer. In this cancer type, the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC/Sox2 axis is an important regulator of cancer cell plasticity.

Simple Summary: T-cell lymphomas are a rare, heterogeneous family of lymphomas derived from post-thymic T lymphocytes. For patients with relapsed or refractory disease, outcomes are generally poor, with overall survival usually less than one year in the absence of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The historic approach to relapsed or refractory disease has been the use of non-overlapping combination chemotherapy. However, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases, leading to a plethora of novel, biologically rational therapies. In this review, we provide an updated evaluation of therapeutic advances in relapsed and refractory T-cell lymphomas, focusing on approved agents and promising investigational regimens with emerging data within the last five years. We provide a basic framework for the management of disease in this setting. Historic outcomes for patients with relapsed or refractory nodal-based T-cell lymphomas are poor, with survival generally measured in months in multiple reports from the late 20th and early 21st century. Until recently, salvage strategies have mostly been borrowed from other aggressive lymphomas. However, dedicated investigations into the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphomas have resulted in an outpouring of therapies that target these diseases in biologically rational strategies. In particular, an evolving appreciation of the multiple complex oncogenic pathways and epigenetic changes that underlie these diseases has led to numerous agents targeting these aberrancies. Moreover, large reports of salvage allogeneic stem cell transplants in T-cell lymphoma have now been published, showing that adaptive immunotherapy is a potentially curative strategy for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. This review highlights therapeutic advances for relapsed or refractory T-cell lymphomas, including cellular therapy and allogeneic stem cell transplant, and provides a framework for management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We conducted this study to describe the feasibility of high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) in characterizing a breast implant in patients receiving an implant-based augmentation mammaplasty. Methods: The current study was conducted in a total of 612 patients (n =6 12) receiving an implant-based augmentation mammaplasty at other hospitals between August 31, 2017 and August 31, 2020. Of these, 136 patients (n = 136; 272 breasts) receiving reoperation were included in the current study. We compared between the patients' subjective awareness of a breast implant and its HRUS findings and an agreement between HRUS findings of a breast implant and its findings at reoperation. Results: The proportion of the patients receiving a silicone gel-filled breast implant was increased from 65.44% (89/136) to 81.61% (111/136) on HRUS. Moreover, HRUS was effective in identifying a manufacturer of the device. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results indicate that HRUS is feasible in characterizing a breast implant in patients receiving an implant-based augmentation mammaplasty. But further prospective, large-scale studies are warranted to corroborate our results. Level of Evidence V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors. www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in the number of cases of silicone implant insertion either for cosmetic surgery or breast reconstruction after mastectomy, it is not unusual to encounter patients with silicone implants in clinical settings. Recently, the first case of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma was reported in Korea. In addition to previously known complications, such as implant rupture or contracture, the number of implant-associated imaging examinations has also increased. Considering this background, radiologists should have sufficient knowledge about the type of examination required in patients who have undergone implant insertion and imaging findings to correctly identify implant-associated complications. In this article, various complications of silicone implants are discussed, including various imaging findings, which radiologists should know.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare CD30 positive T cell lymphoma whose incidence has recently increased. Until 2020, 733 cases of BIA-ALCL and 36 deaths have been reported around the world, with only one confirmed case in Portugal. The authors describe two clinical cases of BIA-ALCL after breast cancer reconstruction using macrotextured implants. Case 1: A 45-year-old patient, who presented with a typical late-onset seroma five years after breast reconstruction and underwent capsulectomy, confirming localized disease to the capsule. Case 2: A 43-year-old patient presented with an atypical presentation of pleural effusion and tumor mass, 14 years after reconstruction. She underwent implant removal and chemotherapy, due to metastatic disease. These clinical cases illustrate two very distinct clinical presentations of BIA-ALCL. Early diagnosis of this entity allows for effective treatment of the disease, which should be approached in a multidisciplinary setting.

Systemic anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are classified into ALK-positive and ALK-negative types. We recently reported that ALK-negative ALCLs are genetically heterogenous. The largest subset, representing 30% of cases, had rearrangements of the DUSP22 locus. These cases had favorable outcomes similar to ALK-positive ALCL, and superior to other ALK-negative ALCLs. Here, we examined the morphologic features of these cases in more detail. First, we conducted blinded review of hematoxylin and eosin slides of 108 ALCLs from our previous study, scoring cases for the presence of 3 histologic patterns and 5 cell types. Cases then were unblinded and re-reviewed to understand these features further. DUSP22-rearranged ALCLs were more likely than other ALK-negative ALCLs to have so-called doughnut cells (23% vs. 5%; P=0.039), less likely to have pleomorphic cells (23% vs. 49%; P=0.042), and nearly always (95%) had areas with sheet-like growth (common pattern). To examine the reproducibility of these findings, we conducted blinded review of hematoxylin and eosin slides of 46 additional ALK-negative ALCLs using a 0 to 3 scoring system to predict likelihood of DUSP22 rearrangement, the results of which correlated strongly with subsequent findings by fluorescence in situ hybridization (P

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma is an unusual peripheral T-cell lymphoma that arises around textured-surface breast implants placed for reconstructive or cosmetic indications. The association of breast implants with cancer of the immune system has created an understandable concern among patients, plastic surgeons and oncologists. The pathogenesis of BIA-ALCL is not fully understood, the available evidence suggests that BIA-ALCL develops in the context of implant-induced chronic inflammation. It is unclear whether there is any link between the reports of chronic immune stimulation in some of these patients. One proposed mechanism involves chronic stimulation of T cells with local antigenic impulse in the development of lymphoma, the immune system's response to chronic inflammation around the breast implant can lead to degeneration and dysplasia in a genetically susceptible patient. Activation of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway and activation mutations in JAK1 and STAT3 are common in BIA-ALCL. Although ALCL has historically been considered a clinically aggressive lymphoma, the clinical course varies considerably between subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma involving the non-mammary implant is an extremely rare presentation. Irrespective of the type or site, the implant-associated primary ALCL is morphologically and immunophenotypically similar to ALK-negative ALCLs. Herein, we present the case of a 42-year-old male who developed a lytic lesion after an implant for a right femur fracture. The lytic lesion biopsy revealed anaplastic large cell lymphoma with ALK protein expression. Imaging findings showed the widespread dissemination of disease all over the body, entrapping the implant too. ALCL involving the bone implant is a very unusual and rare presentation that needs to be documented.

Introduction: Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare T-cell neoplasm that is predominantly associated with the use of textured implants. Recently, several countries have tried to clarify their epidemiological profile of BIA-ALCL. This study aims to estimate the number of cases of BIA-ALCL in Portugal and to describe the pattern of use of breast implants at a national level. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study including 57 healthcare institutions - 29 public hospitals and 28 private institutions. Each department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery was asked to provide information concerning the main manufacturer(s) and respective device texture of the breast implants used, and to report the number of registered cases of BIA-ALCL. Results: In our study sample, the response rate was 58%. In our sample, most hospitals reported using textured breast implants from Mentor (45.45%), Allergan (42.42%) and Polytech (39.39%). Only one private institution referred using smooth-coated implants from Mentor and Motiva. Despite several hospitals reporting late-onset seromas, there was only one confirmed case of BIA-ALCL after proper investigation with immunohistochemistry and histological procedures. Discussion: BIA-ALCL may represent a shift for surgeons regarding selection of implant type. Smooth-coated implants or autologous tissue represent adequate alternatives that could surpass the risks associated with textured devices. Conclusion: In the future, the creation of a national patient registry and proper recognition of BIA-ALCL by plastic surgeons could be useful tools to clarify the impact of the disease nationally and to mitigate potential risk factors.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a recently described form of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma now formally recognized by the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. The aim of this paper is to report the first case of BIA-ALCL diagnosed in a pregnant patient. It is well known that BIA-ALCL appears as an indolent lymphoma with a good prognosis when diag-nosed at early stages and clinical guidelines for its management have been clearly published. Nevertheless, they lack a standardized approach for BIA-ALCL during pregnancy. With limited experience in our case, treatment has been safely postponed after term without affecting patient's overall prognosis and without fetal complication. The fact that the disease was diagnosed at an early stage (stage I) undoubtedly influenced the course of treatment. A multidisciplinary approach weighing the risks and benefits of treatment is of paramount importance in order to ensure the best possible outcome for both the mother and her child and clinical update guidelines should be issued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac lymphoma is a rare entity. In this setting, the secondary involvement of the heart is far more frequent than the primary cardiac lymphoma. Herein, we present an autopsy case of a disseminated anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)- positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with a dominant mediastinal involvement. Extensive cardiac infiltration with the near replacement of the myocardial wall by the neoplastic cells was observed. A total of nine isolated case reports of anaplastic large cell lymphoma with cardiac involvement were found in the English-language literature, and a widespread cardiac and thymic infiltration by the systemic ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma has not been documented. An incidental regenerative nodule was also identified in the liver. The patient died of pulmonary thromboembolism and cardiac arrest.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) has received increasing interest among plastic surgeons as a long-term complication of breast augmentation. Although the prognosis is usually good, mortality is a possible outcome. Most of the cases reported in the past two decades have been from the United States, Europe, and Australia, whereas cases of BIA-ALCL in Asia remain rare. Herein, we describe the first known case of BIA-ALCL in Thailand, in which a 32-year-old woman developed BIA-ALCL 3 years after breast augmentation using textured implants. The patient underwent bilateral removal of the implants and ipsilateral total capsulectomy. This case report--the first of its kind from Thailand--should increase awareness of BIA-ALCL among plastic surgeons in Asia. The true incidence of BIA-ALCL in Asia may be underreported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is an uncommon type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by strong expression of the Ki-1 (CD30) antigen. Gastrointestinal involvement typically is less common than in other types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We report a case of CD30-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma occurring at the site of colonic anastomosis in an elderly patient who had been treated for colonic adenocarcinoma by right hemicolectomy 10 years previously. The lymphoma was a 2-cm mass composed of large, atypical cells infiltrating the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis propria. Immunoperoxidase stain was strongly positive for Ki-1, and negative for LeuM1, L26, UCHL1, EMA, and cytokeratin. There have been numerous reports of unusual extranodal presentations of systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma; the only previously reported case involving the colon, however, occurred in the context of ulcerative colitis. Anastomotic recurrence is a relatively common complication of surgical therapy for adenocarcinoma, but the recurrent tumors are invariably adenocarcinomas. We are aware of no cases of lymphoma of any type occurring at the site of anastomosis after resection for adenocarcinoma.

Paraneoplastic neurologic degeneration (PND) manifests as a sudden or subacute neurological syndrome often linked to underlying cancer, either overt or subclinical. Within the spectrum of PND, subacute paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) represents a distinctive subset. While rare, prompt diagnosis holds the potential to ameliorate both neurological and oncological outcomes. Herein, we present the case of a 61-year-old patient diagnosed with subacute cerebellar degeneration, ultimately unveiling non-small cell lung carcinoma., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Kharouaa et al.)

Although breast implant‐associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA‐ALCL) is a rare disease, its incidence has been increasing. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of BIA‐ALCL in women with breast implants. A systematic search was carried out in Pubmed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, LIVIVO, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and OpenGrey databases. The risk assessment of bias was based on the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. The rarity of BIA‐ALCL was a major limitation. Although we have found evidence of an increased risk of BIA‐ALCL, further studies are needed to understand why some large samples did not present any case of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective A retrospective analysis of the clinical and pathological features of an anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) with cavernous sinus syndrome as its first symptom. Methods and Results A 35-year-old woman had head and facial pain for a month, diplopia for 7 d, right eyelid drooped for 4 d. Head MRI showed abnormal signals in right cavernous sinus, and pituitary adenoma or carvernous sinus syndrome were considered. Partial tumor resection was performed after hormone therapy was failed. Histological manifestations revealed that the tumor cells were diffuse and heterogeneous with abundant and pink stained cytoplasm, round, oval, irregular or kidney-shaped nuclei. Immunohistochemical staining showed that CD30 and CD56 were positive on the membrane, and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) was positive on membrane and cytoplasm, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) was negative. Ki-67 labeling index was 80%. Unfortunately, this patient died 3 weeks later after the operation, because of severe illness and intolerance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Conclusions The diagnosis of ALCL should be considered when cavernous sinus syndrome as the clinical symptom, and pathological examination should be performed if necessary. It should be differentiated from some tumors, such as undifferentiated non - keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma, germinoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, malignant melanoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare type of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising around the capsule of breast implants. It has been diagnosed in an extremely small group of women with breast implants for breast reconstruction and augmentation. The pathogenesis of this disease is currently poorly understood, but it appears to be related to textured implants. The aim of this article is to provide patients, radiologists, pathologists, surgical oncologists and plastic surgeons with an evidence-based overview of the incidence, diagnosis, and management of BIA-ALCL according to real-world experience, because although it is very rare, early recognition and surgical resection is usually crucial and curative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prognosis of the primary refractory anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK+) anaplastic T large cell lymphoma is ominous. The identification of molecular targets with potential to drive oncogenesis remains a cornerstone for the designing of new selective cancer therapies. Crizotinib is a selective ATP-competitive inhibitor for ALK, approved for its use in lung cancer with rearrangements on ALK gene. The reported cases describe the use of crizotinib as a bridging strategy prior to allotransplantation; there are no reported prolonged survivals under monotherapy with Crizotinib. We report a case of a primary refractory ALK+ anaplastic largecell lymphoma that sustains complete response after 3 years of crizotinib monotherapy.

Objective: Rare disease Background: Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are a rare type of primary breast lymphoma. The association between breast implants and ALCL was first described in 1997 and since then 34-173 cases have been presented. The annual incidence of breast implant-associated ALCL (BI-ALCL) is 0.1-0.3 per 100 000 women who undergo breast reconstruction, and cases are often underreported due to the rarity of these tumors. BI-ALCL arises from the inflammatory T cells surrounding the fibrous capsule, and most tumors are in situ. Case Report: Here, we present the case of a 51-year-old woman with ALCL following bilateral silicone breast implants. The patient presented with breast enlargement and tenderness 9 years following reconstructive surgery. Imagining studies showed fluid collection surrounding the affected breast implant. Staging studies and histocytopathology examination confirmed the presence BI-ALCL without capsular invasion or metastasis. Complete surgical excision was performed. The patient continues to be in complete remission. Conclusions: Due to the rarity of these tumors, establishing the diagnosis of BI-ALCL can be challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Clinicians should be aware of the relationship between breast implants and BI-ALCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a well-recognized entity, presents a varied clinical picture and epidemiological characteristics associated with the expression of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein. When classic symptoms are present (weight loss, fever, and night sweats) and combine with enlarged and easily accessible peripheral lymph nodes, diagnosis is not that difficult. But when the clinical presentation is nonspecific, a tough diagnostic task is required. HIV infection is highly associated with neoplastic disorders—mainly with those of hematological origin. However, ALCL is exceptionally associated with HIV infection, and the few reported cases are ALK– ALCL. The authors report two cases of ALK+ ALCL with the unusual clinical presentation: one is associated with the HIV infection and the other presents as a fever of unknown origin (FUO) without peripheral lymphadenopathy. The latter was autopsied and was characterized by nodal and extra nodal involvement. The authors call attention to the plurality of clinical presentation of this group of lymphomas, and the early indication of bone marrow examination in cases of an FUO with elevated hepatic enzymes and lactic dehydrogenase.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), described less than 30 years ago by Karl Lennert and Herald Stein in Kiel, West Germany, is a T-cell or null non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with distinctive morphology (hallmark cells, prominent sinus and/or perivascular growth pattern), characteristic immunophenotype (CD30+, cytotoxic granules protein+, CD3–/+) and specific genetic features as translocations involving the receptor tyrosine kinase called anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) on 2p23 and variable partners genes, which results in the expression of ALK fusion protein. The absence of ALK expression is also observed and is associated with poorer prognosis that seen with ALK expression. ALK-negative ALCL is more frequent in adults, with both nodal and extra nodal clinical presentation and includes several differential diagnoses with other CD30+ lymphomas. Liver involvement by ALCL is rare and is generally seen as mass formation; the diffuse pattern of infiltration is even more unusual. The authors present a case of a 72-year-old man who presented clinical symptoms of acute hepatic failure. The patient had a long history of alcohol abuse and the diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis was highly considered, although the serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) value was highly elevated. The clinical course was fulminant leading to death on the fourth day of hospitalization. Autopsy demonstrated diffuse neoplastic hepatic infiltration as well as splenic, pulmonary, bone marrow, and minor abdominal lymph nodes involvement by the tumor. Based on morphological, immunophenotypical, and immunohistochemical features, a diagnosis of ALK- negative ALCL was concluded. When there is marked elevation of LDH the possibility of lymphoma, ALCL and other types, should be the principal diagnosis to be considered.

We describe a 48-year-old woman with three erythematous nodules localized on the left forearm, with 2 months evolution. Histological and immunohistochemical examination revealed a CD30++ large-cell lymphoma. Systemic involvement was not detected. The tumor regressed spontaneously within a week, after the incisional skin biopsy. In control skin biopsy, there was not any histological feature of lymphoma. No reactivation or any symptom of systemic disease was observed during the 10-month follow-up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES To report cases of primary neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the kidney, including carcinoid tumour, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small cell carcinoma (SCC), which show a wide range of NE differentiation and biological behaviour, and are exceedingly rare. PATIENTS AND METHODS The clinicopathological features of all nine renal NETs diagnosed during a 7-year period were reviewed. RESULTS Six carcinoids, two SCC and one LCNEC were identified from 2780 kidney tumours. No patient had carcinoid syndrome or other NE symptoms. Three of six carcinoids and no SCC/LCNEC arose in horseshoe kidneys. The mean size of the six carcinoids and three SCC/LCNEC was 4.8 cm and 12.2 cm, respectively. No carcinoid had tumour necrosis or mitosis. By contrast, three SCC/LCNEC had extensive tumour necrosis and brisk mitosis. All renal NETs were positive for synaptophysin but were variably positive for chromogranin and CD56. Three of six carcinoid tumours were confined to the kidney, and four of five patients were disease-free at a mean (range) of 26 (6–74) months. One patient with nodal metastases has had no recurrence and another died with liver metastases. Three patients with SCC/LCNEC each presented with locally advanced disease and extensive lymphadenopathy; two of them died from distant metastasis or local tumour progression, and the third is currently alive with disease. CONCLUSIONS Various NETs can occur in the kidney, but rarely. Renal carcinoids have a variable clinical course; SCC and LCNEC are associated with poor clinical outcomes. The diagnosis of NETs, especially LCNEC, requires awareness of their rare occurrence and prudent use of immunohistochemical NE markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the complete remission (CR) and survival of patients with systematic AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ARL) who are receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Analysis was made on the Grupo de Estudio del SIDA register of systematic ARL to collect cases diagnosed at 15 institutions with active follow-up every 6 months. Results showed that CR was associated with tumor-related factors in patients with ARL and treated with HAART.

The structural development of novel carbon materials has always been a hot spot in theoretical and experimental research, due to carbon possess a wide range of applications in the fields of industry and electronic technology. In this work, an sp 2 + sp 3 hybrid carbon allotrope, named tower carbon, is proposed and studied based on density functional theory, including its structure, stability, electronic and mechanical properties. The crystal structure of tower carbon is like a Chinese classical architectural tower, so it is named tower carbon, which belongs to the cubic crystal system, and it is stable in thermodynamics, dynamics, and mechanics. The electronic band structure of tower carbon is calculated by Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof hybrid functional. The results show that tower carbon is metallic material. In addition, the anisotropy factor of tower carbon and the directional dependence of Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio are estimated. Compared with cF320, the tower carbon has less anisotropy., (© 2022 IOP Publishing Ltd.)