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SUMMARYThe study of the dynamic triggering of earthquakes and tremors during large earthquakes at faraway distances is an active area of research. This type of remote dynamic triggering is often found in subduction zones. The Iranian plateau is part of the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic system and hosts different collision styles of deformation and significant strike-slip faults. Using 13 yr (26 December 2004–8 September 2017) of continuous data of Iranian National Seismic Network (INSN) and some dense temporary networks, for the first time we carried a systematic study of dynamic triggering in Iran during 47 recent large earthquakes with magnitude and depth ranges of 6.4–9.1 and 8–90 km, respectively. We explored the local catalogue of 124 805 events with a magnitude of completeness (Mc) of 1.8 for the study of dynamic triggering but did not find any convincing evidence of dynamic triggering from the catalogue. The waveform data of 24 hr duration around the main events were analysed to find possible dynamic triggering through manual analysis of the waveform, STA/LTA, and beta statistics and found the triggering. We found dynamic triggering in Iran during Sumatra, 26 December 2004, Mw 9.1; Tohoku-Oki, 11 March 2011, Mw 9.1; Indian Ocean, 11 April 2012, Mw8.6 and Baluchistan, 24 September 2013 earthquakes and also possible triggering during Sumatra, 12 September 2007, Mw8.5. Only ∼10 per cent of the analysed earthquakes produced dynamic triggering. The triggering initiates during the passage of high amplitude Love waves and continues through the passage of the Rayleigh waves. We found north, central and eastern regions are more probable for triggering than Zagros and Makran regions. The instances of triggering were not restricted to only a small region, but instead, occurred at multiple locations. We find the onset of tremor correlates with very small stress changes, on the order of 1 kPA. However, the amplitude of the dynamic stresses is not a sufficient condition since some of the areas with considerably larger dynamic stresses are not triggered any seismicity in the region. The backazimuth angle of ∼50° and ∼120° seems to play an important role in the triggering. Teleseismic waves most probable for triggering local earthquakes within NW and central Iran include incoming surface waves with an incident angle of ∼60°–90° with respect to the local fault fabric.

A large peak hip adduction angle during running is a risk factor for several overuse injuries in women. The purpose of this study was to determine if female runners with a large peak hip adduction angle have differences in eccentric hip abductor muscle strength, hip neuromuscular control, and/or hip width to femoral length ratio (HW:FL) compared to those with a small angle. Hip adduction during running, hip strength, hip control, and HW:FL were measured in sixty healthy female runners (1.66 ± 0.06 m; 63.2 ± 8.3 kg; 27 ± 6 years). Data from twenty runners with the largest and twenty with the smallest peak hip adduction angles were analysed. Between-group differences in hip strength, control, and HW:FL were determined using independent t-tests (p 0.05). Variables that were significantly different between groups were entered into a regression model. Runners in both groups had similar hip strength (p = 0.90) and control (p = 0.65). HW:FL was greater in the large peak angle group (p = 0.04), but only explained a small amount of peak hip adduction angle variance for all sixty runners (R

Vertebral fracture (VF) is a common osteoporotic fracture, while its epidemiology varies according to regions and ethnicities, little is known about it in Japan. Using whole-spine radiographs from a population-based cohort study, the Research on Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis Against Disability study 3rd survey performed in 2012-2013, we estimated the sex- and age-specific prevalence of VF in the Japanese. Genant's semiquantitative method (SQ) was used to define VF; SQ ≥ 1 as VF, SQ = 1 as mild VF, SQ≥ 2 as severe VF. We also revealed accurate site-specific prevalence, and associated factors with mild and severe VF. The participants were 506 men [mean age 66.3 years, standard deviation (SD):13.0] and 1038 women (mean age 65.3 years, SD: 12.6). The prevalence of VF in participants aged under 40, in their 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s, and ≥ 80 years was 17.4, 7.9, 18.5, 25.6, 26.3, and 41.5%, respectively, in men, and 2.9%, 2.4%, 7,3, 10.3, 27.1, and 53.0%, respectively, in women. Men had a significantly higher prevalence of mild VF (21.2%) than women (10.0%, p

Owing to strong winds during the typhoon season, damage to pilotis in the form of dropout of the exterior materials occurs frequently. Pilotis placed at the end exhibit a large peak wind pressure coefficient of the ceiling. In this study, the experimental wind direction angle of wind pressure tests was conducted in seven directions, with wind test angles varying from 0° to 90° at intervals of 15°, centered on the piloti position, which was accomplished using the wind tunnel experimental system. Regardless of the height of the building, the maximum peak wind pressure coefficient was observed at the center of the piloti, whereas the minimum peak wind pressure coefficient was noted at the corners, which corresponds with the wind direction inside the piloti. The distribution of the peak wind pressure coefficient was similar for both suburban and urban environments. However, in urban areas, the maximum peak wind pressure coefficient was approximately 1.4–1.7 times greater than that in suburban areas. The maximum peak wind pressure coefficient of the piloti ceiling was observed at the inside corner, whereas the minimum peak wind pressure coefficient was noted at the outer edge of the ceiling. As the height of the building increased, the maximum peak wind pressure coefficient decreased. Suburban and urban areas exhibited similar peak wind pressure distributions, however, the maximum peak wind pressure coefficient in urban areas was approximately 1.2–1.5 times larger than that in suburban areas.

Strong-motions from 79 moderate magnitude (5.9 ≥ Mw) earthquakes that caused various degrees of impact on humans and built-environment in Japan between 1996 and 2019, after the start of K-NET and KiK-net, are presented. As such, most of the earthquakes occurred beneath the land, and agencies had reported damages from events as small as Mw 4.1. Together, large peak ground accelerations exceeding 500 cm/s2were recorded during 15 earthquakes, reaching approximately 1128 cm/s2during one event. Similarly, large peak ground velocities exceeding 30 cm/s were recorded during ten earthquakes, reaching about 76 cm/s to the maximum. Most of the large values aforementioned were recorded within a hypocentral distance of approximately 30 km and on soil site conditions. Intermediate to long-period ground motions are of growing concerns in urban areas located on sedimentary basins with mid-rise and high-rise buildings. The threshold magnitude for the large ground motions at the periods of about 2–5 s is not well understood. In March 2013, the Japan Meteorological Agency introduced four levels of long-period ground motion intensity (LPGMI) based on absolute velocity response spectra (AVRS) between 1.6 and 7.8 s. In the present data set, LPGMI of level 3 (AVRS 50–100 cm/s) and level 4 (AVRS >100 cm/s) were observed each at a single site from shallow-focus earthquakes of Mw 5.8 and 5.9 at distances of approximately 12 and 15 km, respectively. However, the peak response periods were relatively short (1.6–1.8 s). The data showed that LPGM from moderate earthquakes is of lower concern regarding earthquake early warning at distances beyond 200 km. The 2018 Mw 5.5 North Osaka earthquake, despite the moderate magnitude, caused the loss of six human lives and brought significant damage to buildings and lifelines. Comparing the data with the ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) and other events suggested that the North Osaka earthquake was probably a higher stress drop event. These moderate earthquakes’ observations hinted that the commonly used GMPEs in Japan may not sufficiently grasp these earthquakes' hazards.

Filopodia are thin finger-like protrusions from cells and they are hard to detect using electrical, mechanical, or optical sensors because of their nanometer scale features. Besides, the signals from filopodia and the cell membrane are often mixed together which makes the detection of filopodia challenging. Here, a 3D nanoplasmonic biosensor with microposts is proposed to overcome these limitations. By using suitable chemical coating and physical dimensions, the signals from filopodia and the cell membrane were separated by having the microposts keep the cell membrane from making contact with the nanoplasmonic biosensor. The filopodia were detected by the 3D asymmetrical nanopillars with sharp Fano resonance. The sensitivity and figure of merit of the nanoplasmonic biosensor were 650 nm per refractive index unit and 28.3, respectively. A large peak shift of 6 nm was observed for the detection of MC3T3 osteoblastic cell filopodia at a concentration of 1300 cells per mm2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of filopodia detection using nanoplasmonic biosensors, where microposts were used to separate the cell membrane from filopodia and the 3D nanoplasmonic biosensors were used to monitor filopodia on the nanometer scale. These combined 3D micro- and nano-structures allow filopodia to be detected using different sensors without interference from the cell membrane.

This paper deals with the estimation of seasonal long-memory time series models in the presence of ‘outliers’. It is long known that the presence of outliers can lead to undesirable effects on the statistical estimation methods, for example, substantially impacting the sample autocorrelations. Thus, the aim of this work is to propose a semiparametric robust estimator for the fractional parameters in the seasonal autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (SARFIMA) model, through the use of a robust periodogram at both very low and seasonal frequencies. The model and some theories related to the estimation method are discussed. It is shown by simulations that the robust methodology behaves like the classical one to estimate the long-memory parameters if there are no outliers (no contamination). On the other hand, in the contaminated scenario (presence of outliers), the standard methodology leads to misleading results while the proposed method is unaffected. The methodology is applied to model and forecast sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollutant concentrations which have seasonal long-memory features and occasional large peak pollutant concentrations.

We present two new rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) stars, TIC 198781841 and TIC 229960986, discovered in TESS photometric data. The periodogram of TIC 198781841 has a large peak at 166.506 d$^{-1}$ (1.93 mHz), with two nearby peaks at 163.412 d$^{-1}$ (1.89 mHz) and 169.600 d$^{-1}$ (1.96 mHz). These correspond to three independent high-overtone pressure modes, with alternating even and odd $\ell$ values. TIC 229960986 has a high-frequency triplet centered at 191.641 d$^{-1}$ (2.218 mHz), with sidebands at 191.164 d$^{-1}$ (2.213 mHz) and 192.119 d$^{-1}$ (2.224 mHz). This pulsation appears to be a rotationally split dipole mode, with sideband amplitudes significantly larger than that of the central peak; hence, both pulsation poles are seen over the rotation cycle. Our photometric identification of two new roAp stars underscores the remarkable ability of TESS to identify high-frequency pulsators without spectroscopic observations., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in RNAAS

We study the effect of Dzyaloshisnkii–Moriya interaction on spin transport in the two and three-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnetic models in the square lattice and cubic lattice respectively. For the three-dimensional model, we obtain a large peak for the spin conductivity and therefore a finite AC conductivity. For the two-dimensional model, we have gotten the AC spin conductivity tending to the infinity at ω → 0 limit and a suave decreasing in the spin conductivity with increase of ω. We obtain a small influence of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction on the spin conductivity in all cases analyzed.

Recent studies showed that static electricity meters can generate wrong metering results when exposed to conducted electromagnetic inference caused by electronic appliances, consisting of waveforms with very steep rising edges in combination with large peak amplitudes. To identify more waveforms that can cause errors, we captured a large series of waveforms of common household appliances, and after analyzing these waveforms we selected a number of waveforms for testing a static electricity meter.

We observed comet 96P/Machholz 1 on a total of 9 nights before and after perihelion during its 2017/2018 apparition. Both its unusually small perihelion distance and the observed fragmentation during multiple apparitions make 96P an object of great interest. Our observations show no evidence of a detectable dust coma, implying that we are observing a bare nucleus at distances ranging from 2.3 AU to 3.8 AU. Based on this assumption we calculated its color, and found average values of g'-r' = 0.50 +/- 0.04, r'-i' = 0.17 +/- 0.03, and i'-z' = 0.06 +/- 0.04. These are notably more blue than those of the nuclei of other Jupiter family and long period comets. Furthermore, assuming a bare nucleus, we found an equivalent nuclear radius of 3.4 +/- 0.2 km with an axial ratio of at least 1.6 +/- 0.1. The lightcurve clearly displays one large peak, one broad flat peak, and two distinct troughs, with a clear asymmetry that suggests that the shape of the nucleus deviates from that of a simple triaxial ellipsoid. This asymmetry in the lightcurve allowed us to constrain the nuclear rotation period to 4.10 +/- 0.03 hours and 4.096 +/- 0.002 hours before and after perihelion, respectively. Within the uncertainties, 96P's rotation period does not appear to have changed throughout the apparition, and we conclude a maximum possible change in rotation period of 130 seconds. The observed properties were compared to those of comet 322P and interstellar object 1I/'Oumuamua in an attempt to study the effects of close perihelion passages on cometary surfaces and their internal structure, and the potential interstellar origin of 96P., Revised to fix typos; 13 pages text, 3 tables, 8 figures; Accepted by ApJL

This chapter explored whether the sovereign debt credit ratings shocks impact credit growth directly and indirectly via the economic growth channel. We find that sovereign debt credit ratings downgrades (upgrades) shocks lead to a large peak decline (increase) when economic growth is allowed to operate in the model than when it is shut off. This evidence confirms that economic growth matters for the transmission of sovereign debt credit ratings downgrades and upgrades shocks to credit growth. Furthermore, sovereign debt credit ratings downgrades (upgrades) shocks lead to a large peak decline (increase) when economic growth operates in the model than when it is shut off. This evidence confirms that economic growth matters for the transmission of sovereign debt credit ratings downgrades and upgrades shocks to credit growth. Furthermore, evidence shows that credit growth declines more due to sovereign debt credit ratings downgrades shocks than it increases due to upgrades shocks. These results indicate asymmetric shock effects sovereign debt credit ratings downgrades and upgrades. In addition, shocks to sovereign debt credit ratings revisions lead to big fluctuation in credit growth when GDP growth is endogenous in the model than when it is exogenous. This shows that allowing for feedback effects leads to a bigger amplification role for GDP growth. This evidence shows that GDP growth is key transmitter of sovereign debt credit ratings downgrades and upgrades shocks to credit growth.

Accurate prediction of the runup of surge waves induced by seismic excitations in reservoirs is of great significance in engineering practices. Available literatures have separately identified the importance of the peak ground velocity and the frequency content of seismic record; however, additional parameters related to the reservoir dimension are also needed. A general formula considering those parameters has not yet been reported. In this study, the dominant parameters contributing mostly to the wave runup are identified through the combination of an in-house-code Navier-Stokes model and the wavelet transformation technique, then based on the dimensional analysis and present numerical results, a new formula accounting for those parameters, namely the peak ground velocity, frequency content of seismic record and reservoir dimension will be proposed to predict the maximal wave runup. The present formula is verified by comparisons among available results in literatures, and better predictions have been guaranteed than available formulas, implying it is applicable to optimize the design of parapet walls. Highlighted is that the most severe surge wave can be triggered by earthquake with low-dominant frequency and large peak ground velocity.

Concentrations of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, have been continuously increasing, and cropland soils are one of the largest sources of N2O. Variations in environmental and anthropogenic factors have substantial impacts on both the frequency and magnitude of N2O emissions. Based on measurements from a wheat–maize system in the North China Plain, the authors parameterized the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model, which was initially developed in Australia, for simulating N2O emissions under different agricultural management practices. After calibrating one of the key parameters – the fraction of N2O lost in nitrification (k2) – the results showed that the model successfully captured the daily N2O fluxes under different nitrogen fertilization treatments, but underestimated some large peak fluxes. By pooling all data together, the calibrated APSIM model also performed well in representing cumulative N2O emissions under various treatments at annual and fi...

Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) is used as efficacious procedure for ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communication applications, which divides the spectrum into various subbands, whose bandwidth is approximately 500MHz. Major arduousness in multiband-OFDM is ,it have very large peak to average power ratio value which causes the signal to enter into dynamic region that consequence in the loss of orthogonal properties and results in the interference of the carrier signals which crops the amplifier saturation and finally limits the capacity of the system. Many PAPR amortize algorithms have reported in the survey and pre-coding is PAPR reduction which is inserted after modulation in the OFDM system. The Existing work presents the reduction of that value by different clipping techniques namely Classical-Clipping (CC), Heavy side-Clipping (HC), Deep-Clipping (DC) and Smooth-Clipping (SC) and their comparison analysis is done. Every clipping method is best at its own level .The proficiency of these strategies are evaluated in locutions of average power disparity, complete system decadence and PAPR reduction. Finally results show the MB OFDM yields better performance to reduce PAPR in effective way.

The construction process contributes to pollutant emissions, particularly through the operation of diesel- and gasoline-powered equipment. In the past decade, a series of investigations were undertaken to quantify these emissions for a variety of non-road construction equipment performing different activities and undergoing different duty cycles, and a model to estimate quantities of six types of pollutant was developed. This paper uses that model to estimate emissions for four street and utility construction projects which no one has done previously. We combined information from company records with standard construction industry manuals to estimate total emissions for the projects and to examine the pollution patterns and magnitudes. The street construction projects all had similar emission profiles with a large peak at the beginning and a steady output of emissions throughout the duration of the project. For example, in two of the projects studied, half of all CO2 emissions were produced before...

The first climatological comparison of small-current cloud-to-ground (SCCG; peak current ≤50 kA) and large-current cloud-to-ground (LCCG; peak current >50 kA, >75 kA, and >100 kA) lightning flashes is presented for southern China. The LCCG lightning exhibits an apparent preference to occur over the sea. The percentage of positive LCCG lightning during the nonrainy season was more than twice that during the rainy season, while the percentage of positive SCCG lightning showed small seasonal differences. Positive cloud-to-ground (PCG) lightning was more likely to feature a large peak current than was negative cloud-to-ground (NCG) lightning, especially during the nonrainy season and over land. Distinct geographical differences are found between SCCG and LCCG lightning densities and between their own positive and negative discharges. Furthermore, the percentages of positive lightning from LCCG and SCCG lightning exhibit distinctly different geographical and seasonal (rain and nonrainy season) distributions. The diurnal variations in SCCG and LCCG lightning are clearly different over the sea but similar over land. Diurnal variations in the percentage of positive lightning are functions of the peak current and underlying Earth’s surface. In combination with the University of Utah precipitation feature (PF) dataset, it is revealed that thunderstorms with relatively weak convection and large precipitation areas are more likely to produce the LCCG lightning, and the positive LCCG lightning is well correlated with mesoscale convective systems in the spatial distribution during nonrainy season.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the rapid visco analyser (RVA) instrument as a tool to sequentially analyse barley (Hordeum vulgare) malting varieties in order to visualise and interpret the effect of amylose and amylose complexes on its pasting properties. The RVA sequential profiles derived from the barley samples analysed showed a large peak (peak viscosity, PV) at the start of each cycle alternating with viscosity troughs during the hot paste viscosity cycle. The sequential cycles caused a slight decrease in both PV and (final) FV values in all barley varieties analysed. The addition of silver nitrate to the barley flour samples tends to slightly increase the PV value independently of the time of the analysis. The development of this methodology will provide with better tools to study starch pasting properties as well as to study the interactions between amylose and amylopectin with other compounds in various malting varieties.

In this work, a novel thermo-controlled sensor based on a thermo-controlled electrochemical sensing film modified electrode was fabricated to achieve the detection of acetaminophen (AP). The composite sensing film was consisted of poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEA) and carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT(COOH)). The electrochemical responses of AP at proposed sensor were very sensitive to temperature. When the temperature was higher than 30 °C, AP had good electrochemical behavior and a large peak current on the sensor, while the peaks were greatly suppressed at low temperature (

Following initial studies showing that conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) can lead to large error readings of static electricity meters, VSL performed a thorough verification study confirming that wideband currents produced by non-linear, fast-switching loads indeed can lead to significant error readings of static meters. Key parameters of the EMI causing the errors are a short rise time and large peak height of the current step. When dimming linear or non-linear loads such as heaters and energy-saving lamps, the (lack of) internal filter in the dimmer has a large influence on these key parameters.

We develop a model for the potential and current density distributions in and around a long, straight and inactive (“dead”) gap inside a PEM fuel cell anode. Physically speaking, such gaps represent cracked or delaminated domains in an anode catalyst layer. The dead region is modeled as a step function for the anode exchange current density. An analytical solution to the model equations is derived; the solution exhibits a large peak of the anode current density j a peak just outside the gap. For a typical cell current density of 1 A cm −2 , a gap with a width of 400 μ m induces j a peak of about 4 A cm −2 . For smaller gap widths on the order of 10 μ m, which is typical for cracks, the effect is marginal. Variations in membrane thickness have a minor effect on j a peak .

Using computer simulations for the population dynamics of systems with many species, we investigate the stability of food webs distributed over several patches that are connected by migration. We evaluate the proportion of persisting species (robustness) and the probability that dynamics reach a fixed point in dependence of food-web complexity, patch arrangement, and migration rule. We find that migration in general increases robustness. This increase is strongest for intermediate migration rates and for star-like patch arrangements. The probability of reaching a fixed point decreases for intermediate migration rate, and has a large peak at larger migration rate for the star topology. We explain these various observations by the rescue effect, by dynamical coexistence of species, and by the buildup of biomass reservoirs in highly connected patches. As the species number becomes larger, differences between different patch arrangements become smaller, and the decrease in the probability of reaching a fixed point vanishes. This means that complex food webs are in some sense dynamically simpler than food webs consisting of less species.

International audience; The Chicxulub crater is the only well-preserved peak-ring crater on Earth and linked, famously, to the K-T or K-Pg mass extinction event. For the first time, geologists have drilled into the peak ring of that crater in the International Ocean Discovery Program and International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (IODP-ICDP) Expedition 364. The Chicxulub impact event, the environmental calamity it produced, and the paleobiological consequences are among the most captivating topics being discussed in the geologic community. Here we focus attention on the geological processes that shaped the ~200-km-wide impact crater responsible for that discussion and the expedition’s first year results.

I have used a potential model and results from an earlier shell-model calculation to compute expected widths for decays of the first three states of $^{17}\mathrm{Na}$. I compare them with a recent experiment that observed a large peak near the region of the predicted $3/{2}^{+}$ and $5/{2}^{+}$ states.

This paper investigates the feasibility of utilizing IGBTs under extreme operating conditions which exceed their datasheet current rating by a factor of 5–10. Various types of 1200V/100A rated IGBTs experimentally demonstrated a peak current conduction capability greater than 1000A, and an RBSOA of 1200V/800A. The work is motivated by power converters with a large peak to nominal load ratio such as EV drivetrains, or infrequent and short pulse high power applications.

Autobiographical memory for events experienced during normal daily life has been studied at the group level, but no studies have yet examined the ability to detect recognition of incidentally acquired memories among individual subjects. We present the first such study here, which employed a concealed-information test in which subjects were shown words associated with activities they had experienced the previous day. Subjects wore a video-recording device for 4 hr on Day 1 and then returned to the laboratory on Day 2, where they were shown words relating to events recorded with the camera (probe items) and words of the same category but not relating to the subject’s activities (irrelevant items). Electroencephalograms were recorded, and presentation of probe items was associated with a large peak in the amplitude of the P300 component. We were able to discriminate perfectly between 12 knowledgeable subjects who viewed stimuli related to their activities and 12 nonknowledgeable subjects who viewed only irrelevant items. These results have strong implications for the use of memory-detection paradigms in criminal contexts.

We propose an optimal way to use horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratios (HVRs) for subsurface structure exploration, based on the diffuse field concept (Kawase et al. , 2011; Sanchez‐Sesma et al. , 2011). This approach is applicable to both earthquake and microtremor ground motions. We show here analyses of the observed ground‐motion data at and around a K‐NET station in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, where very large peak horizontal ground acceleration was observed during the earthquake of 11 March 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, Japan. We compare HVRs of the strong motions for the mainshock and the largest peak acceleration aftershock with those averaged over tens of weak motions to observe soil nonlinearity effects on the HVRs. Then, we determine detailed velocity profiles from the HVRs at the K‐NET Tsukidate station and the temporary aftershock observation sites. We find that HVRs can be explained quite well by the identified velocity profiles at all the target sites. The observed peak at 9 Hz for the averaged weak‐motion data originates in the topmost layers lying over the engineering bedrock.

This research experimentally examined the strength, failure modes, and behaviors of dowel-bearing and fiber-bearing wood beam-column connections and explored the effects of cyclic loading on the strength, failure modes, and behaviors of those connections. Base on limited numbers of exploratory laboratory tests (6 preliminary tests in total), the authors observed that the typical bolted connection (dowel-bearing type wood beam-column connection with fiberbearing surfaces) showed good behavior (large peak moment) under the monotonic loads, and the tenon joint connection (fiber-bearing wood beam-column connection) showed good behavior under cyclic loads. The cyclic property of loading reduced the strength of the dowel-bearing type wood beam-column connections, but increased the strength of fiberbearing type wood beam-column connections. More importantly, the authors identified a possible location of safety concern in current national design specifications (NDS) standards for the typical bolted connection (dowel-bearing connection with fiber bearing surface) under cyclic loading because the tested value was smaller than the NDS calculated value. But, because of the small amount of tests conducted, no final conclusion can be drawn based on those preliminary observations yet. A large number of repetitive laboratory tests should be conducted.

The lattice dynamics of rocksalt CdO is studied as a function of pressure using density-functional linear-response theory. The predicted static phase-transition pressure from rocksalt (B1) to CsCl (B2) structures is 76.12 GPa. Analysis of the phonon calculations suggests that the pressure-induced instabilities at p = 78.26 GPa of the transverse acoustic (TA) modes in a large portion of the Brillouin zone are responsible for the phase transition from B1 B2 phases of CdO. Moreover, the calculated partial phonon density of states at the precursor phase transition of p = 70 GPa reveals strong reduction of the longitudinal acoustic Cd-like modes and the existence of a large peak related to the longitudinal optic O-like mode.

The SILVACO-TCAD numerical simulator is used to explain the effect of different types of deep levels on the temperature dependence of the capacitance of p-type Si-doped GaAs Schottky diodes grown on high index GaAs substrates, namely (3 1 1)A and (2 1 1)A oriented GaAs substrates. For the (3 1 1)A diodes, the measured capacitance–temperature characteristics at different reverse biases show a large peak while the (2 1 1)A devices display a much smaller one. This peak is related to the presence of different types of deep levels in the two structures. These deep levels are characterized by the Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) technique. In the (3 1 1)A structure only majority deep levels (hole deep levels) were observed while both majority and minority deep levels were present in the (2 1 1)A diodes. The simulation software, which calculates the capacitance–voltage and the capacitance–temperature characteristics in the absence and presence of different types of deep levels, agrees well with the experimentally observed behavior of the capacitance–temperature properties. A further evidence to confirm that deep levels are responsible for the observed phenomenon is provided by a simulation of the capacitance–temperature characteristics as a function of the ac-signal frequency.

Relation of coordination dynamics values to therapy duration for a load of 20N and for exercising in the forward (lines and dots) and backward directions (20Nb; dashed line and crosses) in a patient with a SCI sub C5/6 (Kadri). Note that with no therapy the coordination dynamics values got worse (increased) and upon therapy they improved again. Upon metal removal the coordination dynamics values increased strongly. The transient coordination dynamics value increases (peaks) ‘1’ through ‘9’ fall together with the re-appearance of certain muscle functions or specific improvements of motor and autonomic functions and indicate therefore most likely small bits of regeneration. After the large peak ‘6’ of transient coordination dynamics value increase, urinary bladder functioning was re-learned.

Figure 1 presents a summary of the weekly rates since mid-1999. Prior to 1999, large influenza events were fairly common, however, in early 2000 both influenza and ILI dropped to historically low values, and have remained low since then except for two occasions. The first is swine flu (influenza A (H1N1) 2009), which arrived in the UK in late April 2009, and peaked in late July in England and Northern Ireland (there was a second wave peaking in October 2009 mainly in Northern Ireland). By the first week of January 2010 rates across England for ILI varied from 7 per 100 000 in the North East up to 17 per 100 000 in West Midlands, demonstrating regional variation (Health Protection Agency, 2010). The second large peak shown in Figure 1, in December 2010, was a resurgence of the swine flu strain; plus Influenza B and another Influenza A strain (Ellis et al 2011). The Swine flu strain mainly affected children, and hence had little impact on deaths. This variable impact on deaths is illustrated in Figure 2 where the cluster of very low deaths near to 100 ILI per 100 000 is for the swine flu epidemic. However, the more usual situation is that the ILI affects the elderly resulting in the large increase in deaths at higher ILI rates. Also note that ILI rates below 10 per 100 000 (which mainly occur during the summer) lead to a roughly linear increase in deaths, while above this the impact on deaths begins to taper off. These effects are obscured by the log scale in Figure 2 which is designed to make the low ILI rates more visible. The increase in deaths is of profound importance since it is usually associated with a large surge in respiratory admissions, i.e. illness precedes decease. In general, in-hospital deaths for respiratory admissions (ICD-10 chapter J) show an exponential relationship with age, giving around 1 in 10 deaths per admission at age 72, rising to 5 in 10 at age 100 (data is from a hospital with a low HSMR). In this respect, the emergence of a new influenza strain during 2014 meant that the influenza vaccine administered to the general public during that year was largely ineffective, Rod Jones Influenza-like illness, deaths and health care costs

Roof sheathing on typical North American timber frame house construction is subjected to high uplift loads during severe windstorms resulting in commonly observed failures. To investigate such failures in detail, ramp and fluctuating wind loads were applied to oriented strand board and plywood panels fixed to rafters with twisted and ring-shank nail varieties, as well as staples. It was observed for panels fixed with twist-shank nails that the panels separate from the rafters in small increments associated with the large peak pressures. In contrast, the failure progression for ring-shank nails is much more sudden. With both types of failure progression, however, it is observed that it is the short duration peak gusts which damage and fail the panels, and always at the nails with the largest tributary areas in the interior of the panel. Tests were also conducted with different missing nail configurations and the capacities assessed. It was observed that fasteners with the incremental failure mechanism were able to more effectively distribute the load such that the effects of missing nails are reduced compared to the panels which fail by the sudden mechanism.

Economists, psychologists, and neuroscientists have long been interested in methods that elicit individuals' true valuations of goods. In this paper, we take 1 of the most popular of such mechanisms, the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) procedure, and study the nature of the dependence of the valuations obtained using the BDM procedure on the distribution of prices presented to subjects when the method is implemented. In a within-subject design with products with a high market value, we show that this effect of price distribution occurs quite frequently, significantly impacts reported valuations, and is unlikely to be caused by misconceptions about the BDM procedure. This effect is largest when pricing distributions show a large peak close to an individual's average valuation of the good. A simple nonincentive-compatible subjective rating of the desirability of goods can be used to predict the likelihood that pricing distributions will influence BDM valuations; valuations for goods that subjects report to most want to purchase are most likely to be influenced by distributional structure. Our results challenge some of the dominant theoretical models of how BDM-like valuation procedures relate to standard notions of utility and shed light on how to interpret the data obtained using the BDM method.

The recognition of wear mechanisms is important for effective maintenance of dynamic machinery, because the selection of an appropriate maintenance solution is dependent on the particular mechanism of wear that occurs at the frictional interface. To permit the recognition of wear mechanisms by means of an acoustic emission (AE) monitoring technique, the features of AE signals generated during adhesive wear and during abrasive mechanical wear were examined. For adhesive wear, friction and wear experiments were conducted by using a micro-sliding friction tester of the pin-on-block type with various combinations of pure metals that showed different adhesion forces. For abrasive wear, the experiments were conducted by rubbing an iron pin on emery papers with various grain sizes. AE signal waveforms generated in each wear mechanism were recorded and a frequency analysis was performed. AE signals detected during adhesive wear showed a large peak in the high-frequency region, whereas AE signals detected during abrasive wear showed a few peaks in the low-frequency region. These results permit the recognition of wear mechanisms by the AE technique.

Knowledge of the in-situ stresses is essential for underground excavation design, particularly in evaluating stability of excavation. Acoustic Emission method, which utilizes the Kaiser effect, is one of the simple methods for measuring in-situ stresses. Experiments on the Kaiser effect has been carried out under uniaxial compression and triaxial compression (σ1 > σ2 = σ3), but has not been carried out under the three different principal stresses (σ1 > σ2 > σ3). In this study, we performed two experiments on the Kaiser effect under multiaxial loading, using a hollow cylindrical granite specimen. The rapidly increasing point of cumulative AE event count was determined as the peak point of AE event count rate increment (AERI). The main results are summarized as follows. (1) In the case of the cyclic incremental σ1 loading under σ2≠σ3, the large peak point of AERI appeared just before the pre-stress level. And as more stresses prior to just before the peak point were estimated, the estimated error showed a tendency to increase. (2) In the case of re-loading under the lower σ2 and σ3 more than pre-loading, the estimated stresses using the three peak points of AERI corresponded to the pre-differential stresses (σ1-σ2), (σ1-σ3) and pre-axial stress σ1. The magnitudes of the three principal stresses were estimated under multiaxial loading from the Kaiser effect, using only one specimen.

In this study, temperature dependence of internal friction, tand, of ECAPed Al-Ni eutectic alloy was measured using a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to discuss the recrystallization behavior of the alloy. The temperature dependence of internal friction of 8 passed samples shows a large peak at around 200 °C on heating, while this peak disappears on the subsequent cooling stage. Moreover, smaller peak was observed for 2 passed samples. Therefore, it can be concluded that the origin of the peak comes from the recrystallization of a-Al.

Seasonal, regional, and storm-scale variations of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning characteristics in Florida are presented. Strong positive CG (+CG) and negative CG (−CG) flashes (i.e., having large peak current) are emphasized since they often are associated with strong storms, structural damage, and wildfire ignitions. Although strong −CG flashes are most common during the warm season (May–September) over the peninsula, the greatest proportion of strong +CG flashes occurs during the cool season (October–April) over the panhandle. The warm season exhibits the smallest +CG percentage but contains the greatest +CG flash densities, due in part to more ambiguous +CG reports (15–20 kA). The more frequent occurrence of ambiguous +CG reports helps explain the unusually small average +CG peak current during the warm season, whereas strong +CG reports (>20 kA) appear to be responsible for the greater average warm season +CG multiplicity. The −CG flash density, multiplicity, and peak current appear to be directly related, exhibiting their greatest values during the warm season when deep storms are most common. A case study examines the atmospheric conditions and storm-scale processes associated with two distinct groups of storms on 13–14 May 2007. Although these groups of storms form in close proximity, several factors combine to produce predominately strong +CG and −CG flashes in the northern (south Georgia) and southern (north Florida) regions, respectively. Results suggest that heat and smoke very near preexisting wildfires are key ingredients in producing reversed-polarity (+CG dominated) storms that often ignite subsequent wildfires.

The magnetic properties of YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) multilayered film containing BaHfO3 (BHO) nanorods at zero and small fields have been investigated. The dc magnetization and the ac susceptibility were measured with a SQUID magnetometer. The paramagnetic magnetization is shown after the field-cool-warming below the transition temperature Tc = 87 K. The nonlinear susceptibility had a large peak around Tc, which reflects a glass-transition. An aging effect occured in the relaxation of zero-field-cooled magnetization below the Tc. Paramagnetic behavior and magnetic-glass properties were observed in the YBCO multilayered film containing BHO nanorods. The results suggest that the YBCO multilayered film is a novel magnetic-glass system at low fields., 30th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS2017), 13–15 December 2017, Tokyo, Japan

Little is known about the association between age at first calving and subsequent performance in seasonal calving dairy production systems where grazed grass constitutes the majority of the basal diet. The objective of this study was to quantify, using the Irish national database, the association between age at first calving and subsequent milk production, calving performance, fertility and survival in grazing, seasonal-calving Holstein–Friesian dairy cows. Median age at first calving from a population of 196,120 animals varied from 751 to 764 days across the years 2000 to 2006, inclusive while age at first calving ranged from 660 days to 1156 days. A frequency distribution of age at first calving revealed a large peak coinciding with approximately 24 and a smaller peak at approximately 36 months of age. Associations with age at first calving were undertaken on between 6338 and 50,786 animals. First lactation 305-day yield of milk, fat and protein decreased almost linearly by 55.5 kg, 0.6 kg and 2.3 kg, respectively for each month earlier at first calving. Although heifers calving younger for the first time had a greater likelihood of requiring some assistance at calving there was no association between age at first calving and risk of severe assistance at first calving. Age at first calving was associated with survival to second, third, fourth and fifth parity with no association with survival to sixth parity; heifers calving at 24 months of age had generally the greatest odds of survival to older parities with heifers calving at approximately 3 years of age having lower odds.

The peak value of transmitted pulse in printed circuit boards (PCB) is important for a pulse peak detection devices. When an input line and an output line are connected to each pad with the direction of right angle, the propagating pulses with the narrow time duration separate into some parts and decrease the peak value of pulse response. This paper presents an improved line-pad connected structure. The microstrip line is in contact with a pad from outside by considering the pulse propagation time passing through the via structure. We obtained the large peak value of the pulse response for which the time duration is larger than 0.2ps.

We have constructed computational minimum cross-section histograms that statistically unveil the presence of preferred configuration during the breakage of Ni nanowires. The computed histograras showed strong dependence on the nanowire stretching direction. For the [100] and [110] stretching directions we have observed a very large peak assoeiated to a minimum cross-section of 5 atoms. We have confirmed the configurations that contribute to this peak are staggered pentagonal nanowires. We have found that the formation of these nanowires is enhanced by increasing the temperature up to 550 K. At higher temperatures, the formation of pentagonal nanowires declines due to the competence against the nanowire melting processes.

Density measurements were performed near the smectic C (SmC)-nematic (N1)-nematic (N2)-isotropic (I) phase transitions for HOBA liquid crystal. A discontinuity in the density values at the SmC–N1 and N2–I phase transitions was observed. From a thermodynamic point of view these phase transitions are considered to be first order. An additional small change in the density data was observed in the vicinity of the N1–N2 phase transition. This experimental result confirms the existence of these nematic phases previously reported in the literature. Furthermore, the thermal expansion coefficient (β) was also calculated, exhibiting a large peak at the transition. This behavior can be interpreted as an indication that the transition N1/–N2 is weakly first order.

The Blasting Erosion Arc Machining (BEAM) process was applied to improve the machining efficiency of SiC/Al composites. A set of experiments were conducted on 20 vol% SiC/Al composites to find out the relationship between the parameters and machining performance. Results revealed that when the peak current was 500 A, the material removal rate (MRR) could be greater than 8,200 mm3/min and the tool wear ratio (TWR) was about 2%. Besides, the influence of polarity on the surface properties was also studied by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and metalloscope. It disclosed that machining with a large peak current and a negative BEAM is suitable for bulk mass material removal, while the surface quality could be improved by applying the positive BEAM. Finally, a machined sample demonstrated the fesibility of BEAM for the machining of SiC/Al materials.Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique was used to determine pore water profile and to assess remobilization character of metals at sediment/water interface. The remobilization of Mn was due to redox reaction in profile, which engendered two large peaks: one with DGT concentration of 1355 µg L(-1) at depth of -4.75 cm in sediment and the other with DGT concentration of 1040 µg L(-1) at depth of -3.25 cm in sediment pore water. Fe reduction zone had a large peak of Fe (3209 µg L(-1)) at depth of -4.75 cm in sediment. Fe DGT-profile also indicated the little peaks and low values of dissolved Fe concentration in Fe-reduction/S-reduction boundary zone in sediment. Detailed correspondence of trace metals with Fe or Mn features in DGT-profiles suggested that their release is related to the reductive dissolution of Fe- or Mn-oxide.

Non-contiguous orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (NC-OFDM) is a promising framework for wireless communication systems due to OFDM characteristics like the spectral bandwidth efficiency, robustness to frequency selective fading channels, etc. However, it has been widely known that multicarrier signals generated by OFDM technique exhibit a large peak to average power ration (PAPR), one of the main impediment that has limited the applicability of OFDM systems. Several approaches are employed in literature to derive the PAPR distribution and thus try to reduce it in OFDM context, as Central limit theorem and modern extreme value theory. In new contexts like NC-OFDM systems when flexible access to spectrum is done with non-contiguous portions, the PAPR distribution remains generally unknown, and it is necessary to describe it, since this is one of the key design parameters. In this correspondence, we develop the PAPR bound expression in NC-OFDM context.

A setup for ultrasonic measurement in pulsed magnetic fields was established in this work. We first introduce the basic ideas of this measurement. Using this setup we measured the longitudinal elastic constant C11 and the corresponding ultrasound attenuation β11 up to 28 T for the filled skutterudite compound SmRu4P12. At 14 K, C11 shows steep increase while β11a large peak at around 8 T, indicating the magnetic ordering of this compound. Anomalies were also observed at 4.2 K, however, it is not clear if these correspond to phase transitions.

The 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake yielded one of the largest amounts of near-source strong ground motion seismic data ever. We invert strong-motion seismograms to obtain a model for the space-time distribution of coseismic slip on the fault. To reduce noise in the inversion, we take into account local amplifications that affect each station by using records of the 1983 M 6.5 Coalinga earthquake. Site amplification correlates well with large peak ground velocities registered during the 2004 Parkfield mainshock. The inversion for a kinematic rupture model yields a nonunique solution; we therefore analyze various rupture models that explain the data equally well. Our preferred rupture model identifies a primary zone of high slip surrounding the hypocenter, where the maximum slip is 57 cm. A secondary slip area, over which contours are not well resolved, is located northwest of the hypo- center. The rupture speed is highly heterogeneous. We infer an average rupture ve- locity of 2.8 km/sec close to the hypocenter, and of 3.3 km/sec in the secondary region of large slip to the northwest of the hypocenter. By correlation of our rupture model with both microseismicity and velocity structure, we identify six patches on the fault plane that behave in seismically distinct ways. Online material: Kinematic rupture model parameters.