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IntroductionWe examine the profiles of hate speech authors in a multilingual dataset of Facebook reactions to news posts discussing topics related to migrants and the LGBT+ community. The included languages are English, Dutch, Slovenian, and Croatian.MethodsFirst, all utterances were manually annotated as hateful or acceptable speech. Next, we used binary logistic regression to inspect how the production of hateful comments is impacted by authors' profiles (i.e., their age, gender, and language).ResultsOur results corroborate previous findings: in all four languages, men produce more hateful comments than women, and people produce more hate speech as they grow older. But our findings also add important nuance to previously attested tendencies: specific age and gender dynamics vary slightly in different languages or cultures, suggesting that distinct (e.g., socio-political) realities are at play.DiscussionFinally, we discuss why author demographics are important in the study of hate speech: the profiles of prototypical “haters” can be used for hate speech detection, for sensibilization on and for counter-initiatives to the spread of (online) hatred.

In cases of malignant gliomas located at language eloquent area, it is often difficult to preoperatively detect those area with functional MRI. Awake surgery is often used to spare the language eloquent area during surgery for such tumors; it is not available for a patient whose intracranial pressure is elevated due to the malignant tumor. The Wada test involves infusing anesthetic agents into the internal carotid artery to determine language dominancy before surgery for epilepsy or brain tumor. The super-selective Wada test is a technique to detect more detailed functional localization by infusing anesthetics into far distal middle cerebral artery branches. We present a 37-year-old man suffering from a left frontal lobe glioblastoma, in whom detection of an artery supplying Broca's area was attempted by a super-selective Wada test. The super-selective Wada test successfully detected the branch of middle cerebral artery supplying Broca's area. Total resection of the contrast-enhancing area was achieved without damaging the artery supplying Broca's area without any neurological sequelae. This is the first report describing the usefulness of the super-selective Wada test in glioblastoma treatment. Our findings suggest that the super-selective Wada test is a powerful and useful means to distinguish the artery that supplies the language area from the tumor feeding artery in cases of tumors in the language eloquent area.

Resumen Introducción: La hipotonía-hiporrespuesta (HHR) es uno de los efectos adversos supuestamente atribuibles a la vacunación e inmunización de tipo neurológico más notificados. El impacto a largo plazo a nivel del neurodesarrollo no es completamente conocida. Objetivo: Caracterizar los eventos de HHR post vacuna pentavalente notificados entre 2014 y 2018 al Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) de Uruguay. Realizar el tamizaje del neurodesarrollo de los que al momento de la evaluación tenían menos de 6 años de edad. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de las notificaciones al Sistema Nacional de Farmacovigilancia del MSP. Se realizó el tamizaje del neurodesarrollo con la Guía Nacional para la Vigilancia del Desarrollo. Resultados: 30 casos, la mayoría de breve duración, en las primeras horas post primera dosis y con recuperación espontánea. Requirieron hospitalización 29. Se realizó el tamizaje del neurodesarrollo en 16. La media de tiempo entre el evento y esta evaluación fue 2 años y 2 meses. Fue normal la prueba de tamizaje en 15. En uno se detectó un retraso del lenguaje. Conclusiones: Los episodios de HHR se presentaron con características similares a las descritas en la bibliografía. A pesar de las limitaciones del estudio, no se encontraron retrasos ni desvíos del desarrollo en los niños evaluados.

Avaliar o desenvolvimento da area pessoal-social e da area de linguagem e as habilidades dessas areas de criancas com microcefalia, com a utilizacao do Teste de Triagem de Desenvolvimento de Denver II. Estudo exploratorio transversal e analise descritiva, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado no Centro Integrado de Reabilitacao (CEIR), localizado em Teresina-PI. A amostra constituiu-se de 61 criancas de ate 3 anos de idade diagnosticadas com microcefalia relacionada a infeccao pelo virus Zika e a outras etiologias infecciosas – sifilis, toxoplasmose, rubeola, citomegalovirus e herpes (STORCH). A partir da avaliacao pelo Denver II, a media da amostra na area pessoal-social foi 2,59 e a media na area de linguagem foi 2,51, evidenciando atraso do desenvolvimento nas duas areas avaliadas, com preponderância de atraso na area pessoal-social. Os resultados evidenciam atraso no desenvolvimento de todas as habilidades avaliadas na amostra, tanto da area social-pessoal como da area de linguagem. Quanto ao uso do teste Denver II com essa populacao, neste estudo, alem de avaliar as areas pessoal-social e de linguagem, tambem foram analisadas as habilidades de cada uma dessas areas, identificando se o desenvolvimento estava “normal” ou com “atraso”, considerando a idade e os indicativos do teste. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento Infantil. Linguagem. Socializacao. Virus Zika. ABSTRACT To evaluate the development of the person-social area and of the language area and the habilities of these areas in children with microcefalia, with the use of Denver Development Screening Test II. Tranversal exploratory study and descriptive study, of quantitative approach, performed at the Integrated Center of Rehabilitation (CEIR, in portuguese), located in Teresina-PI. The sample consisted of 61 children up to 3 years of age diagnosed with microcephaly related to Zika virus infection and other infectious etiologies - syphilis, toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes (STORCH). From the avaliation by the Denver II, the sample's avarage in the person-social area was 2.59 and the avarage in the language area was 2.51, highlighting delay of the development in the two evaluated areas, with delay preponderance in the personal-social area. The results evidence delay in the development of all habilities appraised on the sample, both in the personal-social range as in the language range. As to the use of the Denver II test with this population, in this study, beyound evaluating the personal-social and language areas, were analyse the habilities of each one of these areas, identifying if the development was “regular” or with “delay”, considering the age and the test indicators. Keywords : Infantile Development. Language. Socialization. Zika Virus.

AIM Due to scarce available national data, this study assessed current attitudes of neonatal caregivers regarding decisions on life-sustaining interventions, and their views on parents' aptitude to express their infant's best interest in shared decision-making. METHODS Self-administered web-based quantitative empirical survey. All 552 experienced neonatal physicians and nurses from all Swiss NICUs were eligible. RESULTS There was a high degree of agreement between physicians and nurses (response rates 79% and 70%, respectively) that the ability for social interactions was a minimal criterion for an acceptable quality of life. A majority stated that the parents' interests are as important as the child's best interest in shared decision-making. Only a minority considered the parents as the best judges of what is their child's best interest. Significant differences in attitudes and values emerged between neonatal physicians and nurses. The language area was very strongly associated with the attitudes of neonatal caregivers. CONCLUSION Despite clear legal requirements and societal expectations for shared decision-making, survey respondents demonstrated a gap between their expressed commitment to shared decision-making and their view on parental aptitude to formulate their infant's best interest. National guidelines need to address these barriers to shared decision-making to promote a more uniform nationwide practice.

Content-based instruction is a favoured methodology for approaching L2 language instruction. Although vocabulary development is one language area where advanced learners could grow, there is little...

The article deals with the “new” self-image of the German-Brazilians as becomes apparent in interviews in three Bohemian-speaking places in Southern Brazil. The identity of the descendants of Bohemian immigrants as constructed in the semi-structured interviews is primarily based on the identity repertoire of the past. The common language serves their new identity by separating the past from the present and helping to differentiate the language area of Bohemian from that of other contact varieties and Portuguese. The new, “hybrid” identity is constructed within the discourse, in that the speakers use object-language, metalinguistic and discursive means to consolidate their identity.

A child’s cognitive, physical, social and emotional background is the first and foremost point to pay attention in order to help him /her get prepared for school. In order to reach language area-related acquisitions of program in courses, a preschool teacher should pay regard to both structure of the program and children’s literature products, which he/she uses as a source during course. Survey model is used in this study which aims to determine the perspectives of preschool teachers on their practice manners of preschool curriculum language area activities and their level of utilizing children’s literature in this process . Data are collected from 125 volunteer teachers who work at private and independent preschools and nursery classes in central districts of Mersin city in fall-semester of 2012-2013 education year. Preschool Curriculum Language Area Open-ended Survey Form for Preschool Teachers and Personal Information Request Form is used which is developed in direction of expert view. The results of study can be presented in two general headings which are Preschool Curriculum and Functionality of Children’s Literature and Its Usage in Language Area Activities. As a conclusion, it shows that a large number of teachers have positive attitudes towards preschool curriculum language area. In addition, it can be seen that teachers use children’s literature products effectively in language area. Considering the results of study, teachers can be given inservice trainings about usage of alternative tools and techniques in Turkish language activities. Ministry of National Euducation can prevent the negative examples in advised sources by making a careful and detailed study over children’s literature.

The cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEP) are a relatively recent intraoperative monitoring tool that has shown high reliability in detecting the functional language area and its connections. In this work we describe a patient with a tumor located in the language area who underwent tumor resection. A neurophysiological intraoperative mapping of the frontal and posterior language area with the anesthetized patient was carried out. Then the patient was awaked. To demonstrate the relationship between language function and CCEP, the Ojemann’s stimulation technique was used in the same electrodes were CCEPs were obtained. An alteration in the emission of language had been found on the electrodes where CCEP was obtained and in adjacent electrodes. During tumor resection we used a double check for language function: neurological evaluation and CCEPs. We obtained a biunivocal relationship between warning criteria in the CCEP and immediate language impairment on neurological examination. We always observed a significant decrease in the CCEP associated with language impairment. The CCEP are able to obtain information in real time with a good spatial resolution of the language function. Future studies should be carried out in order to analyse the robustness of this technique to perform it in anesthetized patients.

In the journal Das Innere Reich, published from 1934 to 1944 by the Langen-Müller publishing house in Munich, there is an astonishing density of articles relating to Transylvania. The south-eastern border region of the former Habsburg Monarchy is the subject of publications of essayistic contributions and texts by authors from the region, with Heinrich Zillich in particular playing a central role. The integration of Transylvania followed two basic lines: On the one hand, a group of people who had been living outside the inner-German language area for centuries was established as an integral part of the ʻGerman ethnic groupʼ. On the other hand, Transylvania, which has always been inhabited by different ethnic groups, was presented as a model of a clearly hierarchical region in the sense of the national ideology.

El presente trabajo se inscribe teóricamente en el enfoque glotopolítico y se sitúa en el contexto de la actual política de área idiomática encabezada por el Estado español junto con otros agentes sociales. Con el propósito de indagar el rumbo que dicha política ha tomado recientemente en el ámbito del español como lengua extranjera, analizaremos la aparición en 2016 de un nuevo sistema de exámenes, el Servicio Internacional de Evaluación de la Lengua Española (SIELE), y su inscripción en un programa de acción que ha impulsado en los últimos años el Instituto Cervantes con el nombre iberoamericanización; como consecuencia, se ha modificado sensiblemente la relación de fuerzas entre los agentes que integran el campo de la certificación de español como lengua extranjera. Finalmente, en un marco más amplio, se vinculará el mencionado programa de la institución española con una política de Estado orientada a la promoción de la marca-país y al replanteo de estrategias en las relaciones exteriores de España con los países latinoamericanos. The present work is theoretically inscribed in the glottopolitical approach and is placed in the context of the current language area policy headed by the Spanish State together with other social agents. In order to explore the direction that this policy has recently taken in the field of Spanish as a foreign language, we will analyze the emergence in 2016 of a new exam system, the International Evaluation Service of the Spanish Language, and its inclusion in an action program promoted by the Cervantes Institute with the name of “Ibero-Americanization” in recent years; as a consequence, the relation of forces between the agents that integrate the field of the certification of Spanish as a foreign language has been modified. Finally, in a broader framework, the aforementioned program of the Spanish institution will be linked with a State policy aimed at promoting of the country-brand and rethinking strategies in Spain’s foreign affairs with Latin American countries. Fil: Rizzo, María Florencia. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Escuela de Humanidades. Laboratorio de Investigacion En Ciencias Humanas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Laboratorio de Investigacion En Ciencias Humanas.; Argentina

DeutschDie Prognose von intramuralem Fehlverhalten und Lockerungsmissbrauchen ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Vollzugsplanung und in der Regel eine Voraussetzung fur die Gewahrung von Lockerungen und weiteren freiheitsbezogenen Masnahmen. Derzeit existierende Ruckfallprognoseinstrumente wurden bislang kaum dahingehend untersucht, ob sie sich auch fur diese Form der Prognose eignen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden unterschiedliche aktuarische Prognoseinstrumente (Static-99, SVG-5 und OGRS 3) bei 129 Straftatern, die in den Jahren 2013 bis 2018 aus der Sozialtherapeutischen Anstalt in Ludwigshafen entlassen wurden, angewendet und ihre Prognoseleistung gepruft. Zusatzlich wurden zwei anstaltsinterne Checklisten in die Untersuchung mit aufgenommen. Im Ergebnis zeigten sich alle drei aktuarischen Instrumente und daruber hinaus die Anstaltscheckliste zur Fluchtgefahr als valide fur die Vorhersage von intramuralem Fehlverhalten, wobei die OGRS 3 (AUC = .77) die besten Werte erzielte. Fur die Prognose von Lockerungsmissbrauchen waren die Ergebnisse von OGRS 3 und SVG-5 vielversprechend, wobei auch hier die OGRS 3 (AUC = .77) am besten abschnitt. Gerade bei der Prognose von Lockerungsmissbrauchen zeigten die Ergebnisse jedoch auch Limitationen der zur Verfugung stehenden Analysemethoden auf, die bei der praktischen Anwendung angemessen berucksichtigt werden sollten. EnglishThe prediction of institutional misconduct and gradual release violations is essential for the treatment planning in prisons and in most cases a precondition for decisions about gradual release and other incarceration-related efforts. However, currently existing risk assessment tools have not yet been examined in the German-speaking language area to determine whether they are also suitable for predicting institutional misconduct and gradual release violations. In this study, three actuarial risk assessment tools (Static-99, SVG-5, and OGRS 3) were examined in this context based on 129 offenders, who were released from the socio-therapeutic institution in Ludwigshafen (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) between 2013 and 2018. In addition, two internal checklists were included in the study to assess their predictive validity. All three actuarial instruments and the institutional checklist about the risk of flight showed good predictive accuracy for the prediction of institutional misconduct, with the OGRS 3 (AUC = .77) achieving the highest effect sizes. The results of the OGRS 3 and SVG-5 were also promising for the prediction of gradual release violations, with the OGRS 3 (AUC = .77) again obtaining the highest predictive accuracy. However, especially for the prediction of gradual release violations, the results also showed limitations of the available methods, which have to be taken into consideration when they are used in applied risk assessment settings.

The purpose of this study is to describe the pragmatic development of ADHD childdren. Every child who was born, over time experiencing various development, such as motor development, cognitive development, emotional development, up to language development. Children who have Attention Deficit Hiperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have constraints in some of their development, one of them is pragmatic language development. This research utilizes neurolinguistics theory that explain about language and brain. The result that found in this study are ADHD children can’t survive in a conversation because their focus is easily broken, then they tends to make themselves as a center of a communication. ADHD children also have a difficult in formulating speech and tend to be impulsive and always in a hury. Brain disorder, although not in a language area, still affect the pragmatic language development of ADHD children. By knowing the problem about ADHD children’s pragmatic problem, we can knowing the solution for handle it.

An analysis of the material presented in the article (geographical names, hydronyms, oronyms as well as anthroponyms) makes it possible to draw geolinguistic, onomastic and historical-linguistic conclusions concerning the Polish-Bohemian language borderland (between Silesia, Moravia and Bohemia) in the Middle Ages and to establish the areas in which the two languages could influence each other. In the 12th century, Silesia was strongly linked linguistically to the other provinces of former Poland. In the 13th century, direct contact between the Polish and Czech languages occurred in an area from Ostravice to Prudnik. In the 13th and 14th centuries contacts between the two languages in the area overlapped with German–Polish and German–Bohemian contacts. This resulted in changes of names, mixed names, spread of new naming models. Part of the language area of the Polish-Bohemian borderland became a German-speaking area. This determined the local nature of the Polish-Czech or Polish-Bohemian linguistic neighbourhood.

Functional resonance magnetic imaging (fMRI) allows for identification of eloquent cortex in pre-treatment planning. Previous studies have shown a correlation among lesion to activation distance (LAD) measures and morbidity and mortality. This study investigates the relationship between LAD, well-established language centers (Wernicke’s and Broca’s), and language performance measures. We included a sample population of brain tumor patients that received language fMRI (verbal fluency and sentence verification) for pre-treatment assessment (n = 51). LAD to the nearest language area was measured and divided into groups ≤ 10 mm and > 10 mm. Verbal fluency scores were compared between these groups. Additionally, patients were divided into similar groups based on LAD to either Broca’s or Wernicke’s areas, and the verbal fluency scores and sentence verification accuracy (n = 29) were subsequently compared between groups. Brain tumor patients with LAD ≤ 10 mm to either language area had significantly lower verbal fluency scores (p = 0.028). The difference in verbal fluency scores between groups with LAD ≤ 10 mm and > 10 mm to Wernicke’s area trends toward significance (p = 0.067). The sentence verification accuracy was significantly lower in patients with LAD ≤ 10 mm to either language area (p = 0.039). These findings suggest that there exists a significant relationship between LAD to language centers and measures; greater language deficits are seen when LAD ≤ 10 mm.

Revitalization locations for the Adang language learning process are carried out in Alaang Village. The choice of this village due to Alaang Village is located around 30 kilometers from the center of Kalabahi city and is in the middle of the Adang language speaker area. Although it is quite far from the city center, the Alaang people only use the Adang language among the older generation. The target of this activity is the young generation as the next generation of the Adang language. One revitalization activity deals with at least 20 teenagers or children. The learning process is focused on storytelling, poetry, poetry, and singing in Adang. The material is developed based on the daily life of the Adang tribe. The recommendation that can be proposed from this activity is the maintenance of the Adang language that can be carried out by inserting local language learning through local content in schools located in the Adang language area.

The Hessian language area is characterized by the opposition of an object-linguistic heterogeneity and a perceived homogeneity. The perception and conceptualization of “Hessian” is highly connected to the medial distribution of “Hessian”. This Mediahessian hasn’t been investigated profoundly. Thus, this paper – based on an outline of the Hessian language area and the media usage of regional language – analyzes: (a) the knowledge about Mediahessian based on a survey, (b) the concept of “Hessian”, which is provided by popular scientific publications, (c) the constitutive and optional features of (TV)-Mediahessian and (d) its functions. The paper ends with a summary of the results and a definition of Mediahessian.

Background Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) provides a reliable identification of “eloquent” cortical brain areas. Moreover, it can be used for diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking of eloquent subcortical tracts. We describe the use of nTMS-based cortical mapping and diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking for defining the “eloquence” of areas surrounding brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs), aiming to improve patient stratification and treatment. Methods We collected data of BAVMs suspected to be in eloquent areas treated between 2017 and 2019, and submitted to nTMS-based reconstruction of motor, language, and visual pathways for the definition of the eloquence of the surrounding brain areas. We describe the nTMS-based approach and analyze its impact on patient stratification and allocation to treatment in comparison with the standard assessment of eloquence based on anatomical landmarks. Results Ten patients were included in the study. Preliminarily, 9 BAVMs were suspected to be located in an eloquent area. After nTMS-based mapping, only 5 BAVMs were confirmed to be close to eloquent structures, thus leading to a change of the score for eloquence and of the final BAVMs grading in 60% of patients. Treatment was customized according to nTMS information, and no cases of neurological worsening were observed. Radiological obliteration was complete in 7 cases microsurgically treated, and accounted for about 70% in the remaining 3 patients 1 year after radiosurgical treatment. Conclusions The nTMS-based information allows an accurate stratification and allocation of patients with BAVMs to the most effective treatment according to a modern, customized, neurophysiological identification of the adjacent eloquent brain networks.

The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between child perfectionism and academic causal self-attributions using a dual approach: variable-oriented and person-oriented. The sample consists of 431 Spanish students (49.42% girls) between the ages of eight and 11 years (M = 9.60, SD = 1.08). The Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale and the Sydney Attribution Scale are employed. Three perfectionism profiles are identified using latent class analysis: high perfectionism, moderate perfectionism and non-perfectionism. Non-perfectionism scores significantly higher than high and moderate perfectionism on failure and success self-attributions to external causes, although in the case of success, these differences are only significant for the language area and the total scores. In contrast, non-perfectionism scores significantly lower than the other two profiles on self-attributions of failure to lack of effort. Effect sizes for the observed differences are generally moderate (d = between 0.44 and 0.75). In addition, results of the bivariate and partial correlational analyses indicate the shared and unique relationships between perfectionist dimensions and causal self-attributions. Thus, it allows discussing the perfectionist dimension which explains the inter-class differences found. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre el perfeccionismo infantil y las autoatribuciones causales académicas a través de un doble enfoque: centrado en la variable y en la persona. La muestra se compone de 431 estudiantes españoles (49.42% mujeres) con edades comprendidas entre los ocho y los 11 años (M = 9.60, DE = 1.08). Se utilizan la Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale y la Sydney Attribution Scale. A través del latent class analysis se obtiene una solución de tres perfiles perfeccionistas: perfeccionismo alto, perfeccionismo moderado y no-perfeccionismo. El grupo no-perfeccionismo obtiene puntuaciones significativamente más altas que el perfeccionismo alto y moderado en las autoatribuciones del fracaso y el éxito a causas externas, aunque en el caso del éxito, estas diferencias solo son significativas para el área de lenguaje y el total de las puntuaciones. Por el contrario, el no-perfeccionismo puntúa significativamente más bajo que los otros dos grupos en las autoatribuciones del fracaso a la falta de esfuerzo. Los tamaños del efecto para estas diferencias son, generalmente, moderados (d = entre 0.44 y 0.75). Además, los resultados de los análisis de correlaciones bivariadas y parciales muestran la relación compartida y única entre las dimensiones perfeccionistas y las autoatribuciones causales, permitiendo discutir qué dimensión perfeccionista explica las diferencias interclase encontradas. This manuscript was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain with the project awarded to José Manuel García Fernández (EDU2012-35124), as well as by the VALi+d Program granted to María Vicent (ACIF/2014/368).

When brain tumors are located near the language area, a test to assess language function is required. During the test, it is practical to display combined information obtained from all the equipment so that the surgeon can confirm the patient's response to the tasks. We developed the intraoperative examination monitor for awake surgery (IEMAS) mainly to combine all information so that the language function test could be performed efficiently. The IEMAS has proved to be useful in clinical settings; however, no quantitative evaluation has been performed. This study aimed to demonstrate the clinical usefulness of the IEMAS through comparison of cases with and without IEMAS use in language function test simulation.The language function test simulator was created to eliminate any uncertain factors, such as symptoms, which vary among patients. Neurosurgeons participated in the test, and the usefulness of the IEMAS was investigated. We analyzed test duration and number of information exchanges between surgeon and examiner.Total test duration with IEMAS use was significantly shorter than without IEMAS use (116.1 ± 23.1 seconds vs. 147.8 ± 48.7 seconds; P0.02). The number of information exchanges between surgeon and examiner was significantly lower with IEMAS use than without IEMAS use (0.2 ± 0.6 times vs. 16.1 ± 15.6 times; P0.02).We compared cases with and without IEMAS use. Total test duration decreased with IEMAS use, and number of information exchanges was reduced, thus demonstrating the usefulness of the IEMAS.