77 results on '"Langlebigkeit"'
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2. Inzuchteffekte in Milchviehpopulationen - Teil 1: Analysen anhand von Pedigreedaten.
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WIRTH, ANNA and DISTL, OTTMAR
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MILK yield , *LIVESTOCK breeds , *CATTLE breeding , *LIVESTOCK breeding , *CATTLE breeds - Abstract
Increasing levels of inbreeding with the loss of genetic diversity have been observed since years and are therefore the subject of scientific research for many decades and the resulting consequences for the economically important performance, health and functional traits in dairy cattle breeding. The aim of this study was therefore to review methods and previous findings on inbreeding effects in dairy cattle populations based on pedigree data from the literature. Negative effects of inbreeding (inbreeding depression) are well documented for breeding traits in livestock populations. An increase in the inbreeding coefficient based on pedigree data by 1% was associated with a decrease in the phenotypic trait value by 0.13% of the mean or by 0.59% of the phenotypic standard deviation. A reduction of inbreeding depression (purging) can occur when, as a result of selection, the individuals affected by stronger inbreeding depression in their survival and reproductive rate are increasingly impaired or used less frequently in breeding and thus alleles with negative effects on fitness are lost in the population. If sufficiently deep pedigree data are available, it becomes possible to show effects of reduced inbreeding depression using ancestral inbreeding coefficients. Across all studies, the estimated value for the ancestral inbreeding depression Fa_Kal according to Kalinowski et al. (2000) was -1.272% of the phenotypic standard deviation, for the new inbreeding Fa_New according to Kalinowski et al. (2000) -0.866% of the phenotypic standard deviation and the interaction between F and Fa_Bal (Ballou, 1997) -7.063% of the phenotypic standard deviation. This shows that purging of the inbreeding depression by selection was not detectable for all traits investigated, as the inbreeding depression was higher for ancestral inbreeding than for new inbreeding or the inbreeding depression associated with the interaction of the classical inbreeding coefficient with Fa_Bal. For the 305-day milk yield traits of the cows, there was clear evidence of purging of inbreeding depression in the Holsteins in the Netherlands and a reduction of inbreeding depression in the Holsteins in Ireland. However, for fertility and longevity traits, there was no reduction in inbreeding depression due to selection. It is therefore important to minimize the increase in ancestral and new inbreeding. In this way, a reduction in selection progress through inbreeding depression can also be prevented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
3. Amalgamersatz - Was können Glasionomere?
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Schwendicke, Falk
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GLASS composites ,IONOMERS ,SURVIVAL rate ,GLASS ,POLYMERS - Abstract
Copyright of Quintessenz Zahnmedizin is the property of Quintessenz Verlags GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
4. Lebensverlängerung – Verjüngung – Unsterblichkeit? Über eine Hauptattraktion der Paracelsus zugeschriebenen Heilkunde
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Schäfer, Daniel and Strosetzki, Christoph, editor
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- 2022
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5. Túrkeve-Terehalom in the Eastern Carpathian Basin. Bronze Age multi-stratified site provides high-precision chronology with continental implications.
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Daróczi, Tibor-Tamás, Csányi, Marietta, Tárnoki, Judit, Nagy Fanni, Fanni, and Olsen, Jesper
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BRONZE Age , *RADIOCARBON dating , *ARCHAEOLOGICAL finds , *SIXTEENTH century , *AMPHORAS , *BRONZE , *ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations , *ARCHAEOLOGICAL dating - Abstract
The essay "Túrkeve-Terehalom in the Eastern Carpathian Basin" deals with archaeological findings in Túrkeve-Terehalom that date back to the Bronze Age. The excavations have allowed for a precise chronology and raised questions about the synchronization of long-distance connections. The findings include ceramics, structures, and buildings, including a building with an oval hearth and a new clay floor. Various ceramic finds have also been made, including juglets, jugs, and amphorae. The finds are dated to the late Bronze Age. The study describes various layers and datings of buildings and their destruction at the Túrkeve-Terehalom site in the Eastern Carpathian Basin. Construction activities began between 2014 and 1907 BC, while the destruction of the buildings took place between 2006 and 1904 BC. Radiocarbon dating shows that the buildings were rebuilt and reinforced at different times. The study also examines the chronology of the Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin and shows that the transitions from the Middle Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age took place in the 19th and 16th centuries BC, respectively. The results suggest that the chronology of the Bronze Age did not proceed synchronously in different regions. The study also provides evidence of the use of horse harnesses and the spread of technologies during the Bronze Age. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2023
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6. Langlebigkeit in der Zahnmedizin - Einblicke in eine wachsende Bevölkerungsgruppe.
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Frese, Cornelia and Sekundo, Caroline
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SUCCESSFUL aging ,CENTENARIANS ,ORAL health ,QUALITY of life ,OLDER people - Abstract
Copyright of Quintessenz Zahnmedizin is the property of Quintessenz Verlags GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
7. Gebäude‐Ökobilanzen im Wandel der Zeit.
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Nisse, Juliane and Holm, Andreas
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PRODUCT life cycle assessment , *CARBON emissions , *EQUILIBRIUM testing , *GOVERNMENT policy on climate change - Abstract
Life cycle assessment for buildings through the ages Building today is characterised by a multitude of requirements, verifications and duties. While until recently static and physical requirements were set for buildings, requirements for limiting CO2 emissions or reducing embodied energy are more and more frequently being imposed, which play an increasingly important role in climate policy. With the introduction of the 1st Guideline for Sustainable Building in 2001, sustainable building became a royal discipline and was able to increase the value of a sustainable property through corresponding certificates for sustainability. Today, sustainability of buildings is increasingly regarded as a standard and will be demanded as such in the future through laws and/or regulations. This article will discuss in detail how the status of sustainable and above all ecological construction, how the quality of LCA data for building products as well as the assessment and balancing methodology for LCA have changed over the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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8. Warum ist die Keimbahn des Menschen auch in einem alten Körper jung?
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Lepperdinger, Günter, Dimitriou, Minas, editor, and Ring-Dimitriou, Susanne, editor
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- 2019
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9. Aktuelle Herausforderungen an die Profession Pflege in der Altenhilfe : Hürden überwinden durch kooperative und partizipative Gestaltungsprozesse
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Mazzola, Rosa, Hasseler, Martina, Bleck, Christian, editor, van Rießen, Anne, editor, and Knopp, Reinhold, editor
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- 2018
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10. Prognose des Schadstoffaustrags aus mehrphasigen DNAPL-Pools mittels semi-analytischem Berechnungsmodell.
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Steding, Svenja and Schneider, Wilfried
- Abstract
Copyright of Grundwasser is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2021
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11. Potenzial der zukünftigen Entwicklung der Lebenserwartung
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Luy, Marc and Mayer, Tilman, editor
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- 2017
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12. Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte unter der Lupe – Ökobilanzen im Gebäudevergleich.
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Nisse, Juliane and Armbrecht, Katharina
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INDIVIDUAL differences , *SERVICE life - Abstract
Checking out sustainability aspects – life cycle assessments in building comparisons The topic of life cycle assessments at building level plays an increasing role in environmental and socio‐economic terms. This article analyzes the aspect of climate protection in the context of sustainability assessments of buildings. A summary of five life cycle assessment studies accepted by experts (LCEE, RUB, KÖNIG, FIW, STEINBEIS) is given with reference to building‐related life cycle assessments. In particular, the assumptions and framework conditions made in these studies and their effects on the results are assessed. Similarities as well as essential differences of the individual studies are shown in form of a comparative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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13. Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung und psychischer Krankheit im Alter
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Seidel, Michael, Müller, Sandra Verena, editor, and Gärtner, Claudia, editor
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- 2016
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14. Interplay between nutrition, senescence and cytosine methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Vatov, Emil and Vatov, Emil
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In monocarpic plants, senescence is the last stage of leaf development and usually leads to the death of the organism. Systematic degradation of leaf components provides nutrients for the newly developing flowers and seeds. The physiology and transcriptional changes that occur in A. thaliana during this process are very well documented. However, the involvement of epigenic mechanisms remains to be established. In this study, the role of cytosine methylation in the regulation of monocarpic leaf senescence was examined in A. thaliana. Hypomethylated ddc (drm1/2 cmt3) and hypermethylated ros1 mutants showed consistent senescence-specific phenotypes. Disrupted de-novo methylation resulted in delayed, while disrupted demethylation resulted in earlier flowering and appearance of first symptoms of senescence. Both genotypes executed the senescence program faster than Col-0, with lower leaf:seed and higher C:N ratios. During nitrogen, or phosphorus withdrawal and resupply, nutrient remobilization was not inhibited in the two mutants. However, the plants response in terms of changes in shoot and root growth was delayed, or non existent. Furthermore, the impact of N withdrawal on delay of the flowering time was inhibited in the two mutants. These results support involvement of cytosine methylation in stress response signaling and downstream effects on organ development and flowering times. The stress response and senescence specific phenotypes of ddc could be partially due to disrupted WRKY signaling, as loss of methylation in W-box binding sites was prevalent, specifically near the transcription start sites of ORFs, and WRKY18, 25 and 53 appeared to be sensitive towards cytosine methylation. Overall decrease in cytosine methylation levels was observed, as early as the opening of the first flowers, together with a decrease in chlorophyll concentrations and an increase in H2O2 and glucose levels in the wild type Col-0. Inhibition in maintenance methylation in the early stages, Bei monokarpen Pflanzen ist die genetisch programmierte Seneszenz das letzte Stadium der Blattentwicklung. Die Seneszenz führt normalerweise zum Absterben der grünen Pflanzenteile, allerdings nicht der Samen. Der systematische Abbau von Blattbestandteilen liefert Nährstoffe für die sich neu entwickelnden Blüten und Samen. Die physiologischen und transkriptionellen Veränderungen, die bei A. thaliana während dieses Entwicklungsprozesses auftreten, sind sehr gut dokumentiert. Die Beteiligung von epigenetischen Mechanismen an diesem Prozess ist jedoch noch unklar. In dieser Studie wurde die Rolle der Cytosinmethylierung der genomischen DNA bei der Regulation der Seneszenz von monokarpen Blättern in A. thaliana untersucht. Hypomethylierte ddc ( drml/2 cmt3) und hypermethylierte rosl-Mutanten zeigten konsistente, seneszenzspezifische Phänotypen. Eine gestörte de-novo-Methylierung führte zu einer Verzögerung des Alterns, während eine gestörte Demethylierung zu einer früheren Blüte und früherem Auftreten der ersten Symptome der Seneszenz führte. Beide Genotypen durchliefen das Seneszenzprogramm schneller als der Wildtyp Col-0, was zu niedrigerem Blatt:Samen- und höherem C:N-Verhältnis führte. Während und nach transientem Stickstoff- oder Phosphormangel wurde die Nährstoff-Remobilisierung in den beiden Mutanten nicht gehemmt, war jedoch verzögert. Darüber hinaus wurde der verzögernde Einfluss des Stickstoffmangels auf den Blütezeitpunkt in den beiden Mutanten beeinflusst. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse unterstützen die Vermutung, dass die Cytosinmethylierung an der Signalübertragung der Stressantwort beteiligt ist und Auswirkung auf die Organentwicklung und die Blütezeite hat. Die stressreaktions- und seneszenzspezifischen Phänotypen von ddc könnten teilweise auf eine gestörte WRKYSignalübertragung zurückzuführen sein, da ein Methylierungsverlust an W-Box-Bindungsstellen, insbesondere in der Nähe der Transkriptionsstartstellen von ORFs gefunden wurde. Darüber hinaus war die Bi
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- 2023
15. Túrkeve-Terehalom in the Eastern Carpathian Basin. Bronze Age multi-stratified site provides high-precision chronology with continental implications
- Author
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Tibor-Tamás Daróczi, Marietta Csányi, Judit Tárnoki, Fanni Nagy, and Jesper Olsen
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Archeology ,Zerstörung ,long-range connections ,Synchronisierung ,clay floors ,synchronisation ,stratigraphy ,Häuser ,Langstreckenvernetzung ,destruction ,Stratigraphie ,chronology ,Siedlung ,settlement ,Bayesische Modellierung ,longevity ,Chronologie ,Stampflehmboden ,Bayesian modelling ,Langlebigkeit ,houses - Abstract
The multi-stratified site of Túrkeve-Terehalom presents an exceptional opportunity to establish the start and the end of the Middle Bronze Age in the Eastern Carpathian Basin and to refine its inner chronology. The chronological potential of the site rests on the meticulous excavation campaigns over a decade. This potential has been harvested by linking stratified finds, particularly pottery, to narrow, calibrated age-ranges. The result has implications for local chronology while also prompting questions about how to synchronise long-range connectivity with central and northern Europe and the Aegean, as well. The resulting chronological model for Túrkeve-Terehalom firstly challenges prevailing chronological views regarding the life-spans of Bronze Age structures with beaten clay floors, secondly the direction of the wave of destruction and/or abandonment of multi-stratified sites in the Carpathian Basin, and thirdly the continental networking during the Middle Bronze Age.
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- 2023
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16. Indirekte Komposite aus klinischer und werkstoffkundlicher Sicht.
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Rauch, Angelika and König, Andreas
- Abstract
Copyright of Quintessenz Zahnmedizin is the property of Quintessenz Verlags GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
17. Monolithische Restaurationen aus CAD/CAM-Silikatkeramiken.
- Author
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Rauch, A., Häußler, G., and Hahnel, S.
- Abstract
Copyright of Wissen Kompakt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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18. Essays on Insurance Economics
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Ghavibazoo, Omid, Eling, Martin (Prof. Dr.) (Referent), and Binswanger, Johannes (Prof. Dr.) (Koreferent)
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Pflegeversicherung ,Risikoeinstellung ,longevity ,finance ,Morbidität ,risk attitude ,morbidity ,demand ,EDIS-5279 ,Anforderung ,long-term care insurance ,Langlebigkeit - Abstract
This dissertation consists of three essays that offer a holistic view of the challenges existing in the market for private long-term care insurance and a deeper analysis of the behavioral and actuarial aspects of that product. It explores the existing research gaps and anomalies found in this market and provides appropriate answers using both economic and actuarial frameworks. In particular, this dissertation focuses more on demand for private long-term care insurance. The first essay entitled “Research on long-term care insurance: Status quo and directions for future research” provides a comprehensive literature review of long-term care insurance using a mathematical tool to identify the most significant paths in the citation network. Three major research areas (financing, demand, and insurability) are identified and then evaluated systematically based on the standard frameworks, and then future directions are discussed. The existing immense difficulties of long-term care insurance are analyzed from the demand and supply side of that product to explain the marginal contributions of insurance mechanisms to long-term care financing overall. In the second essay, “Willingness to take financial risks and insurance holdings: A European survey” a behavioral challenge that exists on the demand side of the insurance market, in particular, the market for life insurance and long-term care insurance, is examined. Using a cross-national survey dataset from 14 countries, the relationship between individual’s willingness to take financial risks and ownership of life and long-term care insurance is analyzed when the specific determinants of the demand for each insurance product are controlled. These findings support the conclusion that there exists a positive link between the willingness to take financial risks and the ownership of both long-term care insurance and life insurance where that link is not supported by the classical expected utility framework. The third essay, entitled “The interplay between longevity and morbidity on optimal choice of long-term care insurance” analyzes how longevity improvements and their interactions with alternative morbidity scenarios influence the retiree’s optimal choice of purchasing long-term care insurance. The essay concludes that only in the morbidity expansion scenario does the optimal level of purchasing long-term care insurance decrease since the actuarially fair premium increases. In addition, testing for existing survival ambiguities of retirees by using constructed morbidity scenarios, it is found that when survival ambiguities exist, both morbidity compression and expansion lead to a lower level of long-term care insurance purchases.
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- 2023
19. Erleben des Alternsprozesses in einer Lebensspannenperspektive: Implikationen für die geriatrische Onkologie
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Wahl, Hans-Werner
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- 2021
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20. Gas crossover in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis: experimental studies on hydrogen and oxygen crossover and improved mitigation strategies
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Martin, Agate and Martin, Agate
- Abstract
Für die Steigerung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Polymerelektrolytmembran-Wasserelektrolyse (PEM-WE) für die nachhaltige Wasserstoffproduktion, müssen diese sicher und effizient betrieben werden und eine hohe Langlebigkeit aufweisen. Der Crossover der Produktgase Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff durch die Membran wirkt sich auf jede dieser Anforderungen aus, weshalb ein ganzheitliches Verständnis dieses Phänomens notwendig ist, um Lösungs- oder Vermeidungsstrategien zu entwickeln. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden der Crossover von Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff experimentell untersucht. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die Untersuchung von Gestaltungs- und Betriebsparametern auf den Wasserstoff-Crossover vertieft, was insbesondere für den sicheren Betrieb und die Effizienz relevant ist. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass sich eine starke Zellkomprimierung zwar positiv auf das elektrische Betriebsverhalten auswirkt, jedoch gleichzeitig der Wasserstoffverlust durch Crossover erhöht wird. Dies wird damit erklärt, dass der Übergang von gelösten Wasserstoff in den gasförmigen Zustand mit zunehmender Komprimierung gehemmt wird, wodurch die gelöste Wasserstoffkonzentration zunimmt und schließlich die Triebkraft für den Wasserstoff-Crossover verstärkt wird. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass sich der funktionelle Zusammenhang zwischen dem Wasserstoff-Crossover und der Stromdichte bei hohen Stromdichten anders verhält, als es aus gängigen Modellansätzen zu erwarten ist. Im zweiten Teil liegt der Fokus auf der Quantifizierung des Sauerstoff-Crossovers, da dieser Materialdegradation auslöst und somit die Langlebigkeit des Elektrolyseurs verringert. Um die Rekombination von Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff zu vermeiden, werden Platin-freie Katalysatoren an der Kathode eingesetzt. Es wird gezeigt, dass mit rekombinationsträgen Katalysatoren mehr Sauerstoff im Kathodenproduktgas nachgewiesen wird. Allerdings ist dennoch davon auszugehen, dass ein unbekannter Anteil vom permeierten Sauerstoff rekombiniert
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- 2022
21. Stetiger Wandel und langes Arbeitsleben
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Savic, Aleksandar
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Future of Work ,Aging Workforce ,Arbeitsmarktfähigkeit ,Langlebigkeit - Abstract
Alternde Gesellschaft und Langlebigkeit – auf den ersten Blick sind dies Begriffe, die gleichzusetzen sind. Jedoch wird bei genauerer Betrachtung des aktuellen Wissensstandes klar, dass eine differenzierte Sichtweise durchaus angebracht ist. Fakt ist: Die alternde Gesellschaft ist der Treiber des demographischen Wandels und wird uns alle bezüglich Ausbildung, Erwerbsleben, Ruhestand und ganzheitliche Lebensplanung beschäftigen. Weltweit, mit unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen, steigt die Lebenserwartung bei gleichzeitig fallender oder stagnierender Geburtenrate, die schliesslich zur Alterung der Gesellschaft führt. Langlebigkeit beschreibt jedoch auch die Tatsache, dass Menschen nicht nur länger leben, sondern auch noch aktiver, vitaler und produktiver sind, als es in der Vergangenheit möglich war. Der vorliegende Text unternimmt den Versuch, mittels einer ausführlichen Literaturrecherche unterschiedliche Perspektiven auf das Alter zu veranschaulichen. Es wird deutlich, dass das Alter ein mehrdimensionales Konzept ist mit weitgreifenden Auswirkungen auf eine Gesellschaft. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt jedoch ausschliesslich auf den Auswirkungen auf das Arbeitsleben. Neue Verhaltensweisen, Erwartungen und Bedürfnisse der Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitnehmerinnen stehen gesellschaftlichen Strukturen gegenüber, die diese demographische Entwicklung noch nicht widerspiegeln. Dies betrifft nicht nur die Gestaltung des beruflichen Werdegangs, sondern auch Bildung, Arbeitsformen und Altersvorsorge. In der heutigen Diskussion wird sehr oft auf die Eigenverantwortung hingewiesen, die im vorherrschenden Wandel der Arbeitswelt eingefordert wird. Was jedoch zu kurz kommt, ist der Punkt, welche Rahmenbedingungen gegeben sein müssen, um diese Eigenverantwortung effektiv wahrnehmen zu können. Eine der Schlussfolgerung dieser Arbeit ist, dass es hier eine enge Abstimmung zwischen der öffentlichen Hand, dem privaten Sektor sowie den Bildungsinstitutionen bedarf, um auf diesen Wandel nicht nur zu reagieren, sondern und auch mitzugestalten. Der Staat muss als Wegbereiter für strukturelle Anpassungen agieren und dies in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Arbeitgeberinnen und Arbeitgebern und dessen Vertretungen sowie durch die enge Einbindung des Bildungssektor. Nur durch eine ganzheitliche Vorgehensweise können die aufkommenden Herausforderungen einer alternden Arbeitnehmerschaft als Chancen genutzt werden.
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- 2022
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22. Prediction ofmass discharge frommulticomponent DNAPL pools using a semi-analyticalmodel
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Wilfried Schneider and Svenja Steding
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medicine.medical_specialty ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Geowissenschaften [550] ,02 engineering and technology ,Source longevity ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Nebenbestandteile ,Contamination ,ddc:570 ,ddc:550 ,medicine ,Langlebigkeit ,Minor components ,Technik [600] ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Gynecology ,Physics ,Raoult’sches Gesetz ,Biowissenschaften, Biologie [570] ,Matrixdiffusion ,020801 environmental engineering ,Raoult’s law ,Matrix diffusion ,ddc:600 ,Grundwasserkontamination - Abstract
Mehrphasige DNAPL-Pools zählen zu den häufigsten Ursachen für Grundwasserkontaminationen und sind bekannt für ihre Langlebigkeit. Obwohl Untersuchungen bereits gezeigt haben, dass die Phasen sich in ihrer Wasserlöslichkeit gegenseitig beeinflussen, werden diese Interaktionen von bisherigen Modellen vernachlässigt. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein semi-analytisches Berechnungsmodell entwickelt, welches die Poolzusammensetzung als zeitlich variabel behandelt. Basierend auf dem Raoult’schen Gesetz werden für jede Komponente Molanteil, effektive Wasserlöslichkeit und schließlich der Schadstoffaustrag infolge Advektion, Dispersion und Diffusion bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse unterscheiden sich deutlich von Studien an einphasigen Pools. So wird gezeigt, dass Schadstofffrachten über die Zeit sowohl zu- als auch abnehmen können und dass ohne Berücksichtigung des Raoult’schen Gesetzes sowohl die Langlebigkeit von DNAPL-Pools als auch die Dauer bis zur Unterschreitung von Grenzwerten teils deutlich unterschätzt wird. Eine Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigt zudem, dass schwer lösliche Nebenbestandteile nicht vernachlässigt werden dürfen, leicht lösliche hingegen schon. Multicomponent DNAPL pools are among the most common reasons for groundwater contamination and represent highly persistent source areas. Although several studies have already shown that their constituents influence each other’s solubility, existing models neglect these interactions. For this reason, a semi-analytical model has been developed, considering the pool composition as temporally variable. Based on Raoult’s law, the molar fraction, the effective solubility and finally the mass discharge due to advection, dispersion and diffusion of each component are determined. The results significantly differ from studies on single-phase pools. It is shown that mass discharges can both increase and decrease over time and that the longevity of DNAPL pools as well as the time until threshold values are fullfilled will be significantly underestimated if Raoult’s law is neglected. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis reveals that poorly soluble minor components must not be neglected, whereas highly soluble ones can.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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23. Untersuchung des Effekts seltener genetischer Varianten, die bei langlebigen Individuen identifiziert wurden, auf die Resistenz gegenüber Stressoren
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Neureuter, Lisa Alexandra
- Subjects
Ageing ,altersbedingte Erkrankungen ,Age-associated diseases ,Stress Resistance ,Longevity ,Genetics ,Stressresistenz ,Altern ,Genetik ,Stress ,Langlebigkeit - Abstract
Die durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung der Menschen hat sich in den letzten 200 Jahren dank besserer Lebens- und Hygienebedingungen sowie einer verbesserten Gesundheitsfürsorge deutlich erhöht. Mit dem Anstieg der Lebenserwartung steigt jedoch auch die Wahrscheinlichkeit, an altersbedingten Krankheiten zu erkranken. Frühere Forschungen haben gezeigt, dass verschiedene externe Stressfaktoren zum Alterungsprozess und zur Entwicklung altersbedingter Krankheiten beitragen. Daher könnte eine Resistenz gegen diese Stressoren entscheidend sein, um das Auftreten altersbedingter Krankheiten zu verlangsamen. Ich habe daher Zelllinien untersucht, die drei seltene genetische Varianten enthalten, die nur bei langlebigen Personen in Genen identifiziert wurden, die am Insulin/insulinähnlichen Wachstumsfaktor 1-Signalweg beteiligt sind, einem Signalweg, der nachweislich die Alterung beeinflusst, um festzustellen, ob sie die Stressresistenz der Zellen fördern. Um dieser Frage nachzugehen, testete ich zunächst die Reaktion dieser Zelllinien auf verschiedene Stressoren, indem ich verschiedene Assays durchführte, um die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen nach der Exposition gegenüber verschiedenen Konzentrationen eines Stressors zu bestimmen. Zweitens bewertete ich die Expression und Phosphorylierung von Stressproteinen, nachdem die Zellen einem Stressor ausgesetzt waren, mit Hilfe von Western Blotting.Ich stellte fest, dass diese drei genetischen Varianten die Zellen widerstandsfähiger gegen Hunger und endoplasmatischen Stress machten. Allerdings zeigten die genetischen Varianten beinhalteten Zelllinien im Vergleich zum Wildtyp keine verbesserte Resistenz gegenüber H2O2, einer Ursache für zellulären oxidativen Stress. Darüber hinaus konnte ich bestätigen, dass kurzzeitiger Hitzestress die Phospho-Erk- und Hitzeschock-Proteinspiegel in Wildtyp-Zellen erhöht, während Wildtyp-Zellen und Zellen mit diesen drei genetischen Varianten, die mit 0,1 µM des Schwermetalls Cadmium behandelt wurden, keinen Anstieg der Phosphorylierung sowie der Expression von stressbedingten Proteinen zeigten. Meine Daten deuten darauf hin, dass diese seltenen genetischen Varianten die Resistenz der Zellen gegen verschiedene Umweltbelastungen unterstützen. Diese Ergebnisse können unser Verständnis der Rolle verbessern, die die zelluläre Stressresistenz bei der Vorbeugung von Alterung und altersbedingten Krankheiten spielen könnte The average human life expectancy has increased substantially in the last 200 years, owing to bettered living and sanitary conditions as well as improvements in health care. Yet, an increase in one’s lifespan also raises the likelihood of developing age-related diseases. Previous research has shown that various external stressors are linked to the ageing process and the onset of age-related diseases. Therefore, resistance against these stressors could be vital for slowing the onset of age-associated diseases. I thus examined cell lines containing three rare genetic variants uniquely identified in long-lived individuals in genes involved in the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling pathway, a pathway that is established to affect ageing, to determine if they facilitate the resistance of the cells to stress. To address this question, I primarily tested the response of these cell lines against various stressors by performing different assays to determine cell viability after exposure to different dosages of a stressor. Secondly, I assessed the expression and phosphorylation levels of stress-related proteins after the exposure of the cell to a stressor using western blotting. I determined that these three genetic variants rendered the cells more resistant to starvation and endoplasmic stress. However, the variant cell lines showed no improved resistance to H2O2, a cause of cellular oxidative stress compared to the wild type. Furthermore, I could confirm that short-term heat stress elevates phospho-Erk and heat-shock protein levels in wild-type cells whereas wild-type cells and cells harbouring these three genetic variations treated with 0.1 µM of the heavy metal cadmium did not show an increase in phosphorylation as well as expression of stress-related proteins. My data indicate that these rare genetic variants aid cells in their resistance to several environmental stresses. These findings can improve our understanding of the role cellular stress resistance might play in preventing ageing and age-associated diseases.
- Published
- 2022
24. Life expectancy inequalities in the elderly by socioeconomic status: evidence from Italy
- Author
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Lallo, Carlo, Raitano, Michele, Lallo, Carlo, and Raitano, Michele
- Abstract
Background: Life expectancy considerably increased in most developed countries during the twentieth century. However, the increase in longevity is neither uniform nor random across individuals belonging to various socioeconomic groups. From an economic policy perspective, the difference in mortality by socioeconomic conditions challenges the fairness of the social security systems. We focus on the case of Italy and aim at measuring differences in longevity at older ages by individuals belonging to different socioeconomic groups, also in order to assess the effective fairness of the Italian public pension system, which is based on a notional defined contribution (NDC) benefit computation formula, whose rules do not take into account individual heterogeneity in expected longevity. Methods: We use a longitudinal dataset that matches survey data on individual features recorded in the Italian module of the EU-SILC, with information on the whole working life and until death collected in the administrative archives managed by the Italian National Social Security Institute. In more detail, we follow until 2009 a sample of 11,281 individuals aged at least 60 in 2005. We use survival analysis and measure the influence of a number of events experienced in the labor market and individual characteristics on mortality. Furthermore, through Kaplan-Meier simulations of hypothetical social groups, adjusted by a Brass relational model, we estimate and compare differences in life expectancy of individuals belonging to different socioeconomic groups. Results: Our findings confirm that socioeconomic status strongly predicts life expectancy even in old age. All estimated models show that the prevalent type of working activity before retirement is significantly associated with the risk of death, even when controlling for dozens of variables as proxies of individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The risk of death for self-employed individuals is 26% lower than that of empl
- Published
- 2021
25. The Silver Economy as a Constructive Response in Public Policy on Aging
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Bojanić, Ivana Barković, Erceg, Aleksandar, Klimczuk, Andrzej, Bojanić, Ivana Barković, Erceg, Aleksandar, and Klimczuk, Andrzej
- Abstract
The paper presents the concept of the "silver economy" as an economic system related to population aging and underlines the features of this policy idea. The study first introduces the discourse and stages of constructing this system by international and national public policy actors in aging. Next, a critical analysis of the dimensions and areas of implementation and development of the silver economy as a policy concept was carried out as well as a review of its external and internal limitations. The conclusion contains proposals for further research directions.
- Published
- 2021
26. Socioeconomic status, well-being and mortality: a comprehensive life course analysis of panel data, Germany, 1984-2016
- Author
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Montano, Diego
- Subjects
Social Determinants of Health ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Research ,Longevity ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Längsschnittuntersuchung ,DDC 570 / Life sciences ,ddc:570 ,Satisfaction with health ,Socioeconomic determinants of health ,Life satisfaction ,Longitudinal Studies ,Longitudinal study ,Langlebigkeit - Abstract
Background: This study seeks to explore potential causal mechanisms involved in the observed associations between several socioeconomic status (SES) indicators, well-being and mortality, by taking a life course perspective focusing on (i) the trajectory of income and domain-specific well-being indicators, (ii) the influence of different SES indicators on well-being and mortality, (iii) the interactions between those trajectories, and (iv) the associations of the income and domain-specific well-being trajectories with all-cause mortality. Methods: Socioeconomic status is operationalised by net household income, education, employment and marital status. Well-being is measured with two indicators: life satisfaction and satisfaction with health. Data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, collected between 1984 and 2016 and comprising more than 55,000 individuals, are analysed by means of longitudinal k-means cluster analysis, simultaneous equation systems and parametric time-to-death regressions. Results: The analyses indicate the presence of large reciprocal effects of the trajectories of income and well-being on each other. However, the results suggest that well-being has a larger influence on income than the opposite, namely, income on well-being. The mortality analysis, on the other hand, revealed that the history of satisfaction with health is a much stronger predictor of longevity than the individual’s income history. Mortality risk was found lower among married individuals and those with tertiary education. In contrast, unemployment was associated with lower income and well-being levels. The findings provide support to the notion that education is a superior SES indicator than income in the investigation of the social determinants of well-being and mortality. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence of large reciprocal effects of income and well-being and emphasises the importance of taking a life course approach in the investigation of the social determinants of health. Several SES indicators and both well-being indicators were found to be highly predictive of all-cause mortality and indicate the presence of cumulative effects related to one’s income and well-being trajectories., publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
27. The Silver Economy as a Constructive Response in Public Policy on Aging
- Author
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Klimczuk, Andrzej, Bojanić, Ivana Barković, and Erceg, Aleksandar
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socioeconomic development ,policy ideas and concepts ,longevity economy ,demographic aging ,Gerontologie, Alterssoziologie ,P49 ,Altenpolitik ,silver economy ,longevity ,ddc:330 ,Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ,Langlebigkeit ,Lebensqualität ,demographische Alterung ,J14 ,Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ,sozioökonomische Entwicklung ,aging policy ,Bevölkerungsentwicklung ,Bedarf ,population development ,demand ,J18 ,P59 ,policy on the elderly ,neue Technologie ,quality of life ,Familienpolitik, Jugendpolitik, Altenpolitik ,new technology ,ddc:300 ,ageing policy ,Family Policy, Youth Policy, Policy on the Elderly ,Gerontology - Abstract
The paper presents the concept of the "silver economy" as an economic system related to population aging and underlines the features of this policy idea. The study first introduces the discourse and stages of constructing this system by international and national public policy actors in aging. Next, a critical analysis of the dimensions and areas of implementation and development of the silver economy as a policy concept was carried out as well as a review of its external and internal limitations. The conclusion contains proposals for further research directions.
- Published
- 2021
28. On the market-consistent valuation of participating life insurance heterogeneous contracts under longevity risk
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Anna Rita Bacinello, Thorsten Sehner, Pietro Millossovich, An Chen, Bacinello, ANNA RITA, Chen, An, Sehner, Thorsten, and Millossovich, Pietro
- Subjects
Participating life insurance ,Heterogeneous policyholders ,Market-consistent valuation ,Longevity risk ,Fair contract analysis ,Insolvency ,Strategy and Management ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Longevity ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Population ,longevity risk ,heterogeneous policyholders ,lcsh:HG8011-9999 ,HG ,01 natural sciences ,participating life insurance ,lcsh:Insurance ,Risikomanagement ,010104 statistics & probability ,fair contract analysis ,Accounting ,Life insurance ,0502 economics and business ,ddc:330 ,Expected return ,0101 mathematics ,education ,Langlebigkeit ,media_common ,Valuation (finance) ,education.field_of_study ,Lebensversicherung ,050208 finance ,Actuarial science ,G13 ,Financial risk ,05 social sciences ,market-consistent valuation ,Interest rate ,DDC 330 / Economics ,Risk management ,Business ,G22 ,Heterogeneous policyholder - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a market-consistent valuation of life insurance participating liabilities sold to a population of partially heterogeneous customers under the joint impact of biometric and financial risk. In particular, the heterogeneity between groups of policyholders stems from their offered minimum interest rate guarantees and contract maturities. We analyse the effects of these features on the company&rsquo, s insolvency while embracing the insurer&rsquo, s goal to achieve the same expected return for different cohorts of policyholders. Within our extensive numerical analyses, we determine the fair participation rates and other key figures, and discuss the implications for the stakeholders, taking account of various degrees of conservativeness of the insurer when pricing the contracts.
- Published
- 2021
29. Little Vienna - European Architecture as a Link in Shanghai
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Ugrcic, Ognjen
- Subjects
Multikulturalismus ,Nachhaltigkeit ,Longevity ,Satellite Town ,Historism ,Satellitenstadt ,Architektur ,Multiculturalism ,Stadtentwicklung ,Council Housing ,Colonialisation ,Sustainability ,Urban Development ,Historismus ,Architecture ,Recycling ,Gemeindebau ,Kolonialisierung ,Langlebigkeit - Abstract
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der städtebaulichen und architektonischen Entwicklung zweier Metropolen, Wien und Shanghai. Trotz der rund 8500 km weiten Entfernung dieser Großstädte, haben sie sämtliche Gemeinsamkeiten im Themenbereich dieser Arbeit. Aus diesem Grund stellt sich die Frage, ob eine gegenseitige Beeinflussung der Städte stattfand. In diesem Sinne wurden die Metropolen im Laufe der Geschichte ab 1850 in Anbetracht von Stadtgrenzen, Stadtumgebung, Stadtaufteilung und Nachhaltigkeit untersucht. Es wurde dabei spezifisch ab der Mitte des 19. Jh. investigiert, da zu dieser Zeit die englische Kolonialisierung Chinas begann. Demnach war dies ein Indiz für eine europäische Beeinflussung, welche in Shanghai stattfand. Beispielsweise wurden sämtliche chinesische Konstruktionstechniken von der damals besseren westlichen Bauweise ersetzt. Jedoch stellte sich heraus, dass die Ähnlichkeiten nicht nur im Zuge der Kolonialisierung und der daraufhin folgenden Globalisierung zu Stande kamen, sondern auch eine direkte Beeinflussung stattgefunden hat. Nämlich prägten sämtliche jüdische, Wiener Flüchtlinge die Architektur Shanghais durch die Errichtung von „Little Vienna“. In welchem Ausmaß diese Einflüsse eintrafen, wird in dieser Arbeit ebenfalls erläutert. This thesis deals with the urban and architectural development of two metropolises, Vienna, and Shanghai. Despite the vast distance of approximately 8500 km between the cities, there is a lot they have in common in terms of this work’s topic. Hence is why, the question arises to whether there was mutual influence among these cities. This led to the examination of each cities’ borders, surroundings, division, and sustainability. The middle of the 19th century was specifically chosen due to the beginning of the English colonization of China at this time. Accordingly, this was an indication of European influence that took place in Shanghai. For example, many Chinese construction techniques were replaced by the then better western construction methods. However, it turned out that the similarities have not only been caused by colonization and the subsequent globalization, but that there was also a direct influence of the Austrians on Chinese architecture. This influence was generated by Jewish refugees of Vienna, who revitalized parts of the Shanghai and thus created “Little Vienna”. The extent to which these influences occurred is also explained in this work.
- Published
- 2021
30. Durationskonzepte für die Praxis der Lebensversicherung zur Quantifizierung von Änderungsrisiken in Zins und Biometrie
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Radermacher, Marius, Recht, Peter, and Hoffjan, Andreas
- Subjects
Lebensversicherung ,Duration ,Zinsänderungsrisiko ,Biometrische Duration ,Forward Rates ,Zinsrisiko ,Biometrisches Risiko ,Langlebigkeit - Abstract
Bei der Produktkalkulation von Lebensversicherungen werden Rechnungsgrundlagen verwendet, die u.a. aus Zinssätzen und biometrischen Daten bestehen. Aufgrund von typischerweise langen Laufzeiten bei Versicherungsverträgen, kommt es zu Änderungen dieser Daten, die die Bewertung künftiger Beiträge und Leistungen beeinflussen. Dadurch entstehen für Versicherungen Änderungsrisiken, da der kalkulierte Kapitalbedarf möglicherweise nicht ausreicht, um alle vertraglichen Leistungen erfüllen zu können. Diese Arbeit setzt sich zum Ziel geeignete Risikomaße zur Quantifizierung des Zinsänderungsrisikos und des biometrischen Änderungsrisikos zu finden, die auch in der Praxis der Lebensversicherungen angewendet werden können. Dazu wird zunächst ein Durationskonzept hergeleitet, das die Anwendung einer Forward Rate Zinsstrukturkurve ermöglicht. Zusätzlich wird herausgestellt, dass die Sterbewahrscheinlichkeiten strukturell als negative Forward Rates interpretiert werden können. Daraus wird deutlich, dass sich das Zinsänderungsrisiko und das biometrische Risiko strukturell nicht unterscheiden. Dies erlaubt analog zum Konzept der Forward Rate Duration ein Konzept zur Quantifizierung des biometrischen Risikos herzuleiten, das für Anwendungen in der Praxis geeignet ist. Darüber hinaus können beide Konzepte miteinander kombiniert werden, um im Rahmen praktischer Risikoanalysen Anwendung, z.B. der Bestimmung von Solvenzkapitalanforderungen im Rahmen von Solvency II, zu finden.
- Published
- 2021
31. Übersetzung aus dem Kroatischen ins Deutsche und aus dem Deutschen ins Kroatische
- Author
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Kurelić, Lukrecija and Janeš, Franjo
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ekologija ,Politik ,Ernährung ,politika ,kapitalizam prehrana ,Geld ,Radfahren ,deklaracije ,INTERDISCIPLINARNA PODRUČJA ZNANOSTI. Integrativna bioetika (prirodne, tehničke, biomedicina i zdravstvo, biotehničke, društvene, humanističke znanosti) ,biciklizam ,INTERDISCIPLINARY AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE. Integrative Bioethics (Natural, Technical, Biomedical and Healthcare, Social and Humanistic Sciences) ,zdravlje ,gospodarstvo ,Ökologie ,Kapitalismus ,Langlebigkeit ,ekorutina ,Bewusstsein ,dugovjecnost ,Lebensmittelkennzeichnungen ,Gesundheit ,Ökoroutine ,Wirtschaft ,namirnice ,osvijestenost ,novac ,Lebensmittel - Abstract
U prijevodu s njemačkog na hrvatski obrađena su neka poglavlja iz knjige "Ökoroutine. Damit wir tun, was wir für richtig halten" u kojima autor Michael Kopatz govori o društevnim problemima vezanim za ekologiju i gospodarstvo te predlaže što ljudi mogu učiniti kako bi ekološki prihvatljivo ponašanje postalo rutinom. U prijevodu s hrvatskog na njemački obrađena su tri poglavlja iz knjige "Prehrana za koju smo stvoreni. Svjesnom prehranom do zdravlja i dugovječnosti" u kojima se autor Dalibor Petrinić bavi vrstama prehrane, pravilnim kombiniranjem namirnica, deklaracijama na proizvodima i sl. In der Übersetzung aus dem Deutschen ins Kroatische geht es um einige Kapitel aus dem Buch „Ökoroutine. Damit wir tun, was wir für richtig halten“ in denen der Autor Michael Kopatz über gesellschaftliche, wirtschaftliche und ökologische Probleme spricht, aber auch darüber, was wir tun können, um diese Welt in einem besseren Zustand für zukünftige Generationen zu lassen. In der Übersetzung aus dem Kroatischen ins Deutsche geht es um drei Kapitel aus dem Buch „Ernährung, für die wir geschaffen sind. Durch bewusste Ernährung zur Gesundheit und Langlebigkeit““. Der Autor Dalibor Petrinic stellt zuerst die beliebtesten "Diäten" bzw. Ernährungsweisen dar. Er antwortet auch auf die Frage, wie man die Lebensmittel richtig kombiniert und wie man die Lebensmittelkennzeichnungen lesen sollte.
- Published
- 2020
32. Trend processes in mortality models and management of the longevity risk
- Author
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Schupp, Johannes, Zwiesler, Hans-Joachim, and Ruß, Jochen
- Subjects
Schätzunsicherheit ,Life expectancy ,Population ,Longevity ,Mortality ,Statistics ,Zeitreihenmodell ,DDC 330 / Economics ,Risikomanagement ,Versicherungsmathematik ,Mortalität ,Trendänderungen ,Risk management ,Versicherungswirtschaft ,Trendentwicklung ,ddc:330 ,DDC 510 / Mathematics ,Bevölkerung ,Multi-Population ,ddc:510 ,Langlebigkeitsrisiko ,Langlebigkeit - Abstract
This cumulative dissertation contributes to the field of longevity risk, i.e. the risk of people living longer than expected. Longevity risk is an important risk factor for many institution, e.g. private insurance companies or social security systems, as safety margins or capital reserves for annuities or pensions can be insufficient otherwise. Also a quantification over a horizon of several years is necessary under modern risk management regimes. Unlike most other insurance risks, this risk cannot be diversified by pooling as in a scenario of extraordinary longevity simply everybody in a portfolio will live a little longer. Therefore, practitioners aim to develop adequate and feasible multi-year mortality projections that are consistent with the historical observation of mortality. The research papers included in this dissertation improve the quantification and management of longevity risk by developing a trend model for the simulation of consistent future mortality scenarios, thouroughly analysing the uncertainty and impact on longevity risk when estimating the mortality trend, and providing approaches to aggregate mortality trends from different populations to increase also the reliability on a single population level.
- Published
- 2020
33. Towards a scalable secure element cluster : a recommendation on hardware configuration
- Author
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Hinterleitner, Timo
- Subjects
PKCS #11 ,Schlüsselspeicherung ,key storage ,Secure Element ,ESPRESSO ,Hardware Security Module ,skalierbar ,longevity ,Cluster ,scalable ,durability ,HSM ,Langlebigkeit ,FPGA - Abstract
In vielen Rechenzentren und IoT-Anwendungen sind die sichere Speicherung von Schlüsselmaterial und deren hardwarebeschleunigte Verarbeitung eine Grundanforderung. Derzeit werden dafür meist Smartcards oder Secure Elements für kleine Anwendungen, oder Hardware Security Modules für Enterpriseapplikationen verwendet. Für Einsatzzwecke mit Anforderungen zwischen diesen beiden Extremen ist die verfügbare Hardware daher zu unter- oder überdimensioniert und damit unwirtschaftlich. Diese Diplomarbeit stellt einen neuen, skalierbaren Ansatz zur sicheren Speicherung und Verarbeitung von Schlüsselmaterial vor. Dafür wird ein Gerät auf Basis von geclusterten Secure Elements entwickelt, das je nach Anforderungen an Performance, Langlebigkeit, Lastverteilung, Partitionierung des Schlüsselmaterial und Kosten dimensioniert werden kann. Damit ist für jede Art von Anwendungen ein optimales Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis gegeben. Nachdem die Architektur und Funktionsweise des Secure Element Clusters vorgestellt wurde, werden zwei verschiedene Prototypen mitsamt deren Software- und Hardwarekonfiguration beschrieben. Eine neu entwickelte PKCS #11 Library kapselt die Cluster-Funktionalität und bietet damit optimale Kompatibilität mit bestehenden Softwarelösungen. Im Gegensatz zu bereits existierenden Secure Element Grids müssen die Anwendungen keine Verwaltungsaufgaben des Clusters übernehmen. Die Eigenschaften der Cluster-Prototypen werden genau analysiert, um die Clusterarchitektur in weiteren Entwicklungsphasen zu verbessern. Basierend auf Geschwindigkeitsund Langlebigkeitsmessungen, die während dieser Analysephase durchgeführt werden, wird eine mathematische Formel zur optimalen Dimensionierung eines Secure Element Clusters entwickelt., Hardware protected storage of key material and secure processing of cryptographicoperations are required in data centers as well as IoT applications in the field. Currently,the available hardware satisfies this demand only poorly. Small-scale applications use asmart card or secure element to satisfy their needs. Large-scale enterprise deploymentsmake use of specially designed Hardware Security Modules. These two options provideonly a minimal choice and offer no solution for demands between those configurations.The possibilities are either too weak or too large-scaled. Therefore, the existing solutionsare unsuitable for medium-sized use cases.This paper describes a new, scalable approach for storing key material securely andperforming cryptographic operations during changing demands. The solution introduces adevice based on clustered secure elements to provide configuration options for performance,longevity, load distribution, partitioning, and costs. After describing the overall clusterarchitecture, the thesis presents two prototype builds with their complete hardware andsoftware stack. All cluster functionality of the prototypes is encapsulated in a newlydeveloped PKCS #11 library, providing far better compatibility with software solutionsthan existing secure element grids. The properties of the prototypes are studied in detailto improve the final cluster design. Based on performance and durability analyses of theprototype, the thesis introduces a scaling scheme for determining the optimal clusterconfiguration for given load requirements.
- Published
- 2020
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34. Healthy aging: what can we learn from Caenorhabditis elegans?
- Author
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Torgovnick, A., Schiavi, A., Maglioni, S., and Ventura, N.
- Abstract
Copyright of Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Die Vertracktheit modischer Kommunikation
- Author
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Prisching, Manfred and Prisching, Manfred
- Abstract
Unweigerlich stellen sich lebensweltliche Assoziationen ein, wenn der Begriff der Mode verwendet wird – man denkt an Kleidung, Autos, Haarfarbe, Accessoires, alle möglichen Lifestyle-Attribute. Wenn man Mode über diesen naheliegenden Kontext hinausdenkt und das vertrackte Konzept auf andere Lebensbereiche anwenden will, stellen sich drei Fragen. Erstens: Wie kann man modische Trends von anderen Entwicklungen abgrenzen? Was ist bleibender oder nachhaltiger Wandel und was ist eine temporäre Modeerscheinung, die eine zeitliche Begrenzung aufweist: ein "Strohfeuer"? [...] Zweitens die Frage der Übertragbarkeit: Wo gibt es modische Erscheinungen jenseits der Textilien? Gibt es so etwas in Wissenschaft, Kunst, Politik, Management, Medien und anderen Bereichen? [...] Drittens die sich aufdrängende Frage der Intensivierung: Gibt es gute Gründe dafür anzunehmen, dass sich modische Prozesse in einer spätmodernen Gesellschaft verstärken oder verbreiten?
- Published
- 2019
36. DNA-Reparatur und Alterung.
- Author
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Schumacher, B.
- Abstract
Copyright of Medizinische Genetik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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37. Hygienische, ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte zu Fußbodenbelägen im Krankenhaus (Fortsetzung).
- Author
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Wille, B. and Hoock, M.
- Subjects
HOSPITAL administration ,POLYVINYL chloride ,HYGIENE ,HOSPITAL environmental services ,LINOLEUM ,SURFACE coatings ,ERGONOMICS - Abstract
Copyright of Krankenhaus-Hygiene + Infektionsverhutung is the property of Elsevier GmbH, Urban & Fischer Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Das lange Leben lernen.
- Author
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Vaupel, James W. and Hofäcker, Dirk
- Abstract
Copyright of Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Haltbarkeit von Zahnamalgam im Vergleich zu Kompositkunststoffen.
- Author
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Antony, Katja, Genser, Dieter, Hiebinger, Cora, and Windisch, Friederike
- Abstract
Copyright of GMS Health Technology Assessment is the property of German Medical Science Publishing House gGmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
40. ICD: Austauschen oder nicht austauschen, das ist die Frage.
- Author
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Bänsch, Dietmar and Kuck, Karl-Heinz
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- 2005
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41. PROJEKTMANAGEMENT AM KONSTRUKTIONSBEISPIEL VANDALISMUSGESCHÜTZTER LEUCHTENSYSTEME.
- Author
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Pracht, Friedhelm
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC buildings , *PROJECT management , *ROAD lighting supports , *VANDALISM , *GOVERNMENT ownership , *PUBLIC administration - Abstract
Unfortunately public buildings and municipal transportation facilities are vandalised. We have the same problem with luminaires in the mentioned application areas. Luminaires are not only exposed to weather but also to increasing vandalism. For the purpose of the product responsibility and the subsequent recycling, namely to work with as few different non-polluting and easy to depollute materials as possible, this issue is discussed with regard to the realisation of a new vandal-resistant liminaire system with high safety classification IP 65 and optionally in protection class I and II (double insulated). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2005
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42. KUNSTSTOFF-FEUCHTRAUM-LEUCHTE MIT HOCH-LEISTUNGS-REFLEKTOREN UND ZÜNDSYSTEM FÜR DREIBANDEN-LEUCHTSTOFF-LAMPEN IM EINSATZ BEI TIEFEN TEMPERATUREN.
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Pracht, Friedhelm
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LIGHTING , *CONSTRUCTION industry , *ENGINEERING design , *LOW temperature engineering , *ENVIRONMENTAL engineering of buildings , *ELECTRIC lighting - Abstract
Efficient lighting is very important in the entire building industry. At extremely low temperatures there is a considerable loss of light if the tri-phosporus fluorescent lamp is not protected. Furthermore bad ignition of the lamp is the disadvantage which considerably reduces its durability. The article deals with the question of how to solve these problems with intelligent engineering construction which also regards the product responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2005
43. Mögliche Langlebigkeit von TSE/BSE-Erregern in Böden Sachstand und Konsequenzen für die Forschung.
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Klein, W., Herrchen, M., and Bachmann, G.
- Abstract
Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2001
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44. Life expectancy inequalities in the elderly by socioeconomic status: evidence from Italy
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Michele Raitano, Carlo Lallo, Lallo, Carlo, and Raitano, M.
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Male ,Work ,inequality ,Epidemiology ,Ungleichheit ,health status ,pension ,Lebenserwartung ,sozioökonomische Faktoren ,Social group ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine ,Bevölkerung ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Langlebigkeit ,media_common ,Health inequality ,Retirement ,Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Longevity ,Middle Aged ,030210 environmental & occupational health ,Health equity ,Brass relational model ,Longevity Health inequality NDC pension systems Cox model Kaplan Meier simulations Brass relational model ,Italy ,Cox model ,Income ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,ddc:300 ,Female ,Employment ,medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,EU-SILC ,health inequality ,NDC pension systems ,Kaplan Meier simulations ,Italien ,socioeconomic factors ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,elderly ,Population Studies, Sociology of Population ,Social Security ,Sterblichkeit ,03 medical and health sciences ,Pensions ,longevity ,Life Expectancy ,Humans ,soziale Sicherung ,Occupations ,Socioeconomic status ,Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ,Aged ,Demography ,Rente ,business.industry ,Public health ,Research ,Developed Countries ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Health Status Disparities ,mortality ,alter Mensch ,Social security ,Social Class ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Life expectancy ,life expectancy ,Survey data collection ,Gesundheitszustand ,business - Abstract
Background Life expectancy considerably increased in most developed countries during the twentieth century. However, the increase in longevity is neither uniform nor random across individuals belonging to various socioeconomic groups. From an economic policy perspective, the difference in mortality by socioeconomic conditions challenges the fairness of the social security systems. We focus on the case of Italy and aim at measuring differences in longevity at older ages by individuals belonging to different socioeconomic groups, also in order to assess the effective fairness of the Italian public pension system, which is based on a notional defined contribution (NDC) benefit computation formula, whose rules do not take into account individual heterogeneity in expected longevity. Methods We use a longitudinal dataset that matches survey data on individual features recorded in the Italian module of the EU-SILC, with information on the whole working life and until death collected in the administrative archives managed by the Italian National Social Security Institute. In more detail, we follow until 2009 a sample of 11,281 individuals aged at least 60 in 2005. We use survival analysis and measure the influence of a number of events experienced in the labor market and individual characteristics on mortality. Furthermore, through Kaplan-Meier simulations of hypothetical social groups, adjusted by a Brass relational model, we estimate and compare differences in life expectancy of individuals belonging to different socioeconomic groups. Results Our findings confirm that socioeconomic status strongly predicts life expectancy even in old age. All estimated models show that the prevalent type of working activity before retirement is significantly associated with the risk of death, even when controlling for dozens of variables as proxies of individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The risk of death for self-employed individuals is 26% lower than that of employees, and life expectancy at 60 differs by five years between individuals with opposite socioeconomic statuses. Conclusions Our study is the first that links results based on a micro survival analysis on subgroups of the elderly population with results related to the entire Italian population. The extreme differences in mortality risks by socioeconomic status found in our study confirm the existence of large health inequalities and strongly question the fairness of the Italian public pension system.
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- 2018
45. Hygienische, ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte zu Fußboden-Belägen im Krankenhaus (Teil 3).
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Wille, B. and Hoock, M.
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HOSPITAL sanitation ,FLOOR coverings ,COMPARATIVE studies ,ECOLOGY ,FLOORING costs ,RUBBER floors ,HOSPITALS -- Environmental aspects - Abstract
Copyright of Krankenhaus-Hygiene + Infektionsverhutung is the property of Elsevier GmbH, Urban & Fischer Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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46. Active aging: necessary reflections for nurse/health professionals
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Ilha, Silomar, Argenta, Carla, Silva, Mara Regina Santos da, Cezar-Vaz, Marta Regina, Pelzer, Marlene Teda, Backes, Dirce Stein, Ilha, Silomar, Argenta, Carla, Silva, Mara Regina Santos da, Cezar-Vaz, Marta Regina, Pelzer, Marlene Teda, and Backes, Dirce Stein
- Abstract
Objective: to reflect on possible factors that contribute to an active aging, as well as strategies that can be used for nurses and other professionals in promoting the active aging. Method: theoretical reflection based on Brazilian and foreign sources. Results: they are presented in three axes: Characterizing active aging; Factors that contribute to active aging; Strategies that can be used for nurses and other health professionals in promoting active aging. Conclusion: it is necessary to develop intervention strategies aiming at modifying the current configuration that fosters curative and rehabilitation actions instead of promoting health for healthy aging.
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- 2017
47. Longevity-induced vertical innovation and the tradeoff between life and growth
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Baldanzi, Annarita, Prettner, Klaus, and Tscheuschner, Paul
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O31 ,long-run growth ,J17 ,Economics ,J11 ,O41 ,welfare effects of changing longevity ,vertical innovation ,Wachstumstheorie ,increasing life expectancy ,size of health-care sectors ,ddc:330 ,Langlebigkeit ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
We analyze the economic growth effects of rising longevity in a framework of endogenous growth driven by quality-improving innovations. We show that a rise in longevity raises savings and thereby reduces the market interest rate. Since the monopoly profits generated by a successful innovation are discounted by the endogenous market interest rate, this raises the net present value of innovations, which, in turn, fosters R&D. The associated increase in the employment of scientists leads to faster technological progress and a higher long-run economic growth rate. From a welfare perspective, we show that the direct effect of an increase in life expectancy on lifetime utility is much larger than the indirect effect of the induced higher consumption due to faster economic growth. Consequently, the debate on rising health care expenditures should not predominantly be based on the growth effects of health care.
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- 2017
48. Active aging: necessary reflections for nurse/health professionals
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Ilha, Silomar, Argenta, Carla, Silva, Mara Regina Santos da, Cezar-Vaz, Marta Regina, Pelzer, Marlene Teda, and Backes, Dirce Stein
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Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ,health promotion ,Health Policy ,nursing care for the elderly ,Gerontologie, Alterssoziologie ,Prophylaxe ,Altenpflege ,Gesundheitsförderung ,quality of life ,longevity ,Gesundheitserziehung ,health education ,ddc:300 ,Alter ,Gesundheitspolitik ,prophylaxis ,Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ,Gerontology ,Langlebigkeit ,Lebensqualität ,old age - Abstract
Objective: to reflect on possible factors that contribute to an active aging, as well as strategies that can be used for nurses and other professionals in promoting the active aging. Method: theoretical reflection based on Brazilian and foreign sources. Results: they are presented in three axes: Characterizing active aging; Factors that contribute to active aging; Strategies that can be used for nurses and other health professionals in promoting active aging. Conclusion: it is necessary to develop intervention strategies aiming at modifying the current configuration that fosters curative and rehabilitation actions instead of promoting health for healthy aging.
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- 2016
49. Die Oekologie, Genetik und Evolution zweier Saxifraga Arten mit unterschiedlicher Fragmentierungsgeschichte
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Walisch, Tania and Matthies, Diethart (Prof. Dr.)
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Klonalität , Saxifraga granulata ,Evolution , Fragmentierung ,clonality , grasslands ,selection , inbreeding depression ,Saxifraga sponhemica ,Quantitative Genetik ,Plastizität ,longevity ,genetische Variabilität ,Fitness ,genetic drift ,Schutthalden ,Oekologie ,plasticity ,Auslese ,Inzuchtdepression ,fragmentation , genetic differentiation ,Mähwiesen , Felswände ,Inzucht ,Auszucht ,Langlebigkeit ,Gendrift ,rocks ,Generalities ,ddc:000 ,Allgemeines, Wissenschaft - Abstract
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ökologische, genetische und evolutionäre Aspekte zweier Arten derselben Gattung mit unterschiedlicher Fragmentierungsgeschichte zu untersuchen. Saxifraga sponhemica ist eine Art mit einer disjunkten Verbreitung in Zentraleuropa, die als Eiszeitrelikt auf isolierten Felswänden und Schutthalden wächst. Saxifraga granulata hingegen ist eine früher häufige Art artenreicher, halb-natürlicher, mesophiler Mähwiesen, die seit den Ende der 50er-Jahre durch die chemische Düngung und die Umwandlung von traditionellem Grasland in Silowiesen verändert und fragmentiert wurden. Negative Effekte der Fragmentierung für Populationen sind verringerte genetische Diversität durch Drift und Inzucht, eine verringerte Fitness der Pflanzen aufgrund von Inzuchtdepression und in der Folge ein erhöhtes Aussterberisko der Populationen. Es gibt jedoch nur wenige Studien, die den Effekt der Fragmentierung auf einst häufige Arten und natürlich seltene Arten derselben Gattung vergleichend untersucht haben. Eine Studie der genetischen Diversität und der genetischen Struktur von S. sponhemica Populationen mit Hilfe von molekularen RAPD-Markern zeigte, dass dank der Langlebigkeit der Art die Populationen eine hohe genetische Diversität bewahrt haben. Die genetische Differenzierung der Populationen nahm mit ihrer Entfernung voneinander zu, was auf historischen Genfluss während der letzten Eiszeit hindeutet, als es vermutlich viel mehr Vorkommen der Art gab. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass langlebige Pflanzen historische genetische Muster trotz ihrer heute kleinen und z.T. extrem isolierten Populationen über lange Zeiträume bewahren können. Um die quantitativ-genetische Variation von Merkmalen innerhalb und zwischen Populationen von S. sponhemica zu erfassen, wurden Samen verschiedener Individuen in den Populationen gesammelt und Keimlinge unter gleichen Bedingungen angezogen. Wir fanden verschiedene Hinweise auf divergente Selektion in den Populationen. Die meisten Merkmale zeigten klinale Variation in Beziehung zu Klimagradienten. Die genetische Differenzierung zwischen Populationen nahm mit den klimatischen Unterschieden und geographischen Distanzen zwischen Populationen zu, auch wenn für die molekular-genetische Differenzierung kontrolliert wurde. Außerdem war die quantitativ-genetische Variation einiger Merkmale zwischen den Populationen deutlich höher als die der molekular-genetischen Marker. Merkmale die sich stark zwischen Populationen unterschieden, zeigten weniger Variation innerhalb von Populationen. Es gab keine Beziehung zwischen dem evolutionären Potential einer Population, und ihrer Populationsgrösse, ihrer Fitness, oder ihrer neutral-genetischen Diversität. Die Fitness von Pflanzen aus Populationen mit geringer molekular-genetischer Diversität war reduziert, was ein Hinweis auf Inzuchtdepression ist. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass molekular- und quantitativ-genetische Studien komplementäre Erkenntnisse liefern können, die beide für die Erhaltung von Arten wichtig sind. Die Populationen von S. sponhemica sind gegenwärtig eher durch Habitatzerstörung gefährdet als durch genetische Probleme. Eine Naturschutzmaßnahme könnte darin bestehen, neue Populationen in geeigneten Habitaten anzusiedeln mit Samen aus der gleichen Region, um Fehlanpassungen zu vermeiden. Wir untersuchten die molekular-und quantitativ genetische Variation innerhalb und zwischen 19 Populationen von Saxifraga granulata in einem geografisch eng begrenzten Gebiet in Luxemburg und Deutschland. Die genetischen Unterschiede zwischen den Populationen in quantitativen Merkmalen waren z.T. geringer als diejenigen in neutralen Markern, was auf stabilisierende Selektion hindeutet. Entgegen unseren Erwartungen war die Differenzierung zwischen den fragmentierten Populationen gering. Außerdem war die genetische Diversität innerhalb von Population hoch und war nicht mit der Populationsgröße oder der mittleren Pflanzengröße korreliert. Gründe dafür könnten eine Ausbreitung der Samen über längere Distanzen durch den Wind oder durch Mähmaschinen, sowie die Langlebigkeit, Klonalität und Polyploidie von S. granulata sein, die einen Verlust der genetischen Diversität durch Drift und die genetische Differenzierung zwischen Populationen verhindert haben. Es ist trotzdem wichtig, die bestehenden Populationen zu schützen, und den Genfluss zwischen Populationen zu erhalten um einen Verlust an genetischer Diversität zu vermeiden. Die Fragmentierung der Habitate hat zu erhöhter Inzucht und Inzuchtdepression in den Populationen vieler Arten geführt. Wir untersuchten den Einfluss von Inzucht und Auszucht innerhalb und zwischen Populationen auf die Reproduktion und die Vitalität zweier Generationen von Nachkommen von S. granulata. Kreuzungen zwischen Populationen könnten einerseits den Grad der Heterozygotie und die Fitness der Nachkommen steigern, andererseits aber auch die Fitness von Pflanzen durch das Aufbrechen koadaptierter Genkomplexe verringern. Inzuchtdepression beeinflusste alle Merkmale in der F1 Generation; dabei variierte der Einfluss zwischen Familien und die Inzucht wirkte sich stärker auf Merkmale aus, die sich spät im Lebenszyklus der Pflanze ausprägen. Die multiplikative Fitness der nochmals ingezüchteten F2 Generation war extrem gering. Kreuzungen ingezüchteter Linien zeigten keine Auszuchtdepression, sondern Heterosis. Pflanzen der F1 Generation wurden einer Düngung und zwei Stressbehandlungen(Konkurrenz und Entblätterung) unterzogen. Ingezüchtete Pflanzen wiesen eine geringere adaptive Plastizität als Reaktion auf Düngung auf und zeigten Auszuchtdepression als Reaktion auf die Stressbehandlungen. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass fortgesetzte Inzucht die Fitness der Pflanzen drastisch reduziert, aber dass die Effekte umweltabhängig sind. Insgesamt erweitern unsere Untersuchungen das Wissen über den Einfluss der Dauer der Fragmentierung, der historischen Konnektivität der Populationen und von Eigenschaften wie Langlebigkeit oder Klonalität auf die evolutionären Prozesse von Selektion und genetischer Drift, welche die genetische Variation innerhalb und zwischen Populationen bestimmen. Die Studien zeigen dass molekulare und quantitativ genetische Untersuchungen ergänzende Informationen für den Schutz von seltenen und gefährdeten Pflanzen liefern. Darüber hinaus zeigen sie die Bedeutung von Studien zur Empfindlichkeit von Populationen gegenüber Inzucht und zum Potential und den Risiken einer künstlichen Erhöhung des Genflusses zwischen den Populationen kürzlich fragmentierter Arten für einen effektiven Artenschutz., The aim of this thesis was to study the ecology, genetics and evolution of two congeneric species with different fragmentation histories. Saxifraga sponhemica is a glacial relict species of long-term fragmented lowland rock and scree habitats, and has been naturally rare for thousands of years with a disjunct distribution in Central Europe. Saxifraga granulata is a formerly common species of species-rich semi-natural grasslands that has become recently fragmented due to the intensification of agricultural practices. Fragmentation generally leads to loss of genetic diversity due to drift and inbreeding, reduced mean fitness and increased extinction rates of populations. Formerly common species are expected to be particularly susceptible to the recent anthropogenic fragmentation of their habitats. An analysis of the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of S. sponhemica populations based on RAPD-markers showed that in most populations considerable genetic variability has been preserved. An isolation by distance pattern of genetic differentiation suggested historical gene flow during the last glaciation when suitable habitats were much more abundant. Long-lived plant species can thus maintain historic genetic patterns despite the small size and strong isolation of populations. We grew plants form several families per population in a common garden to study the quantitative genetic variation within and among populations. We found several lines of evidence for divergent selection. Most population trait means were significantly related to climate gradients, indicating adaptation. Quantitative genetic differentiation increased with climatic distance and with geographical distance, even when neutral molecular divergence was controlled for, and quantitative genetic differentiation (QST) exceeded molecular genetic differentiation (FST) for some traits. Traits under strong selection showed little genetic variation within populations. The evolutionary potential of a population was not related to its size, the performance of the population or its neutral genetic diversity. However, performance in the common garden was lower for plants from populations with reduced molecular genetic variation, suggesting inbreeding depression due to genetic erosion. Studies of molecular and quantitative genetic variation may thus provide complementary insights important for the conservation of rare species. S. sponhemica does not appear to be genetically threatened in the short term, but populations are threatened by habitat destruction. A conservation measure could be to create new populations in suitable habitats with seeds from the same region to avoid local maladaptation. We also studied the RAPD molecular and the quantitative genetic structure of 19 populations of the declining grassland plant S. granulata in a geographically restricted area in Luxembourg and Germany. Differentiation for quantitative traits (QST) was slightly lower than differentiation for molecular markers (FST) suggesting homogenising selection for optimal trait values. Contrary to our expectations, the level of differentiation among fragmented S. granulata populations was low, and molecular genetic diversity was high and was not correlated with the size or the mean plant performance of populations. Gene flow by long distance dispersal or the longevity, clonality and polyploidy of S.granulata may have prevented genetic erosion due to drift. To avoid genetic erosion in the future, extant populations should be preserved and gene flow among populations should be maintained. Habitat fragmentation has led to increased inbreeding and inbreeding depression in many species. We investigated the effects of increased inbreeding and of intra- and interpopulation crosses on the reproduction and performance of S. granulata. Between population crosses may result in increased performance (heterosis), but may also lead to the disruption of coadapted gene complexes and to decreased performance (outbreeding depression). Inbreeding depression affected all traits in the F1 generation, but was stronger for traits expressed late during development and varied among families. Multiplicative fitness of the F2 generation after serial inbreeding was extremely low, but there was heterosis after crossing inbred lines. Outbreeding depression was however not observed in the F2. We also subjected the first generation of offspring to a fertilization and stress treatments (competition and defoliation). The adaptive plasticity of offspring from selfing and from interpopulation crosses in response to nutrient addition was reduced. Outbreeding depression was also observed in response to stress. The results suggest that continuous inbreeding may drastically reduce the fitness of plants, but effects may be environment-dependent. Overall, the results of this thesis advance knowledge on the role of time since habitat fragmentation, of historic connectivity among populations, and of life history traits such as longevity and clonality on the processes of selection and drift that shape the genetic variation within and among populations. It stresses the importance of using both molecular and quantitative genetic tools to gain complementary insight for the conservation of rare and endangered plant species. It shows how knowledge about the vulnerability to increased inbreeding and the potential risks of artificially increasing gene flow between populations of recently fragmented species contributes to their effective conservation.
- Published
- 2015
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50. Endogene Erkl��rungsans��tze der Lebenserwartung und Wirtschaftswachstum
- Author
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Kletschka, Marie
- Subjects
endogenous growth ,Longevity ,endogenes Wachstum ,Langlebigkeit - Abstract
Durch die Alterung der Gesellschaft ist die Frage, wie sich die steigende Lebenserwartung auf die Wirtschaft auswirkt, von gro��er Bedeutung. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich daher mit der unterschiedlichen Modellierung von endogener Sterblichkeit und deren Auswirkungen auf das Spar- und Investitionsverhalten der Haushalte und somit auf das Wirtschaftswachstum. Nach einem allgemeinen Teil zur Theorie der steigenden Lebenserwartung wird das erste Modell vorgestellt, in dem die ��berlebenswahrscheinlichkeit durch ��ffentliche Gesundheitsma��nahmen, die durch Steuern auf Arbeit finanziert werden, beeinflusst wird. Nach einer allgemeinen Betrachtung des Modells werden auch Bildungsinvestitionen ber��cksichtigt. Dabei wird sich zeigen, dass durch die explizite Modellierung von endogener Lebenserwartung multiple Gleichgewichte auftreten k��nnen und Armutsfallen erkl��rbar werden. Im zweiten Modell h��ngt die ��berlebenswahrscheinlichkeit von privaten Gesundheitsinvestitionen ab. Dadurch kann festgestellt werden, dass der Zeitpunkt, ab wann und wie viel in Bildung oder Gesundheit investiert wird, stark von der Risikobereitschaft der Individuen abh��ngig ist. Beim dritten Modell wird definitiv zwischen ��berlebenswahrscheinlichkeit und der L��nge des Lebens unterschieden. Hier wird unter der Ber��cksichtigung der Nutzenfunktion und der Risikoaversion analysiert, wann Individuen zu einer Rektangularisierung der ��berlebenskurve neigen und wann zu einer Verschiebung nach rechts., The ageing of society requires an intensive deal with the repercussion of increasing life expectancy on economy. This master thesis presents different models of endogenous longevity and how these modifications affect economic growth through saving and investment decisions of households. After a general part about ageing itself the first model will be presented. In this model the survival expectancy endogenously determined through public investments in health, which are financed through a proportional tax on labor. First the model will be treated in general before human capital will be introduced. This model will show, that endogenous longevity leads to multiple equilibria and poverty-traps. The survival probability in the second model depends on private health investments. This proceeding shows that the moment at which investments in schooling and health initially occur highly depends on the degree of risk aversion. In the third model life expectancy distinguished from the length of life. Depending on the form of the utility function and the risk aversion of the individuals, agents will choose rectangularization of the survival function i.e. an increase in the survival probability or a shift to the right i.e. an extension of their length of life.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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