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The moisture sources of precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains, one of the regions with the highest precipitation in Central Asia during 1979–2017 are comprehensively and quantitatively summarized by using a Lagrangian moisture source detection technique. Continental sources provide about 93.2% of the moisture for precipitation in the Tianshan Mountain, while moisture directly from the ocean is very limited, averaging only 6.8%. Central Asia plays a dominant role in providing moisture for all sub‐regions of the Tianshan Mountains. For the Western Tianshan, moisture from April to October comes mainly from Central Asia (41.4%), while moisture from November to March is derived primarily from Western Asia (45.7%). Nearly 13.0% of moisture to precipitation for Eastern Tianshan in summer originates from East and South Asia, and the Siberia region. There is a significant decreasing trend in the moisture contribution of local evaporation and Central Asia in the Eastern Tianshan during winter. The contribution of moisture from Europe to summer precipitation in the Central and Eastern Tianshan and the contribution of the North Atlantic Ocean to summer precipitation in the Northern, Central, and Eastern Tianshan also exhibit a decreasing trend. The largest increase in moisture in Western Tianshan stems from West Asia during extreme winter precipitation months. Europe is also an important contributor to extreme precipitation in the Northern Tianshan. The moisture from East and South Asia and Siberia during extreme precipitation months in both winter and summer is significantly enhanced in the Eastern Tianshan., Key Points: Local evaporation and Central Asia play a leading role in providing moisture for all sub‐regions of the Tianshan Mountains. The largest moisture component during the months of extreme winter precipitation for Western Tianshan derives from western Asia. Moisture from East and South Asia and Siberia during extreme precipitation months is significantly enhanced in the Eastern Tianshan., China Scholarship Council, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, https://zenodo.org/record/6451656#.YrrfbqhBwuU

The atmospheric water cycle is a key component of the global energy and moisture exchange. In order to gain better understanding of the atmospheric processes and temporal variability and trends affecting precipitation in Crimea, we use a Lagrangian moisture source detection technique based on reanalysis data from the European Center for Medium���Range Weather Forecasts. The study presents a quantitative picture of the major moisture sources that feed precipitation on the Crimean peninsula from February 1979 to January 2017. In total 51.3% of moisture stems from marine sources. Specifically, the main individual contributors are the Mediterranean Sea (15.3%), the Black Sea (14.4%), and the North Atlantic Ocean (13.9%). Continental moisture recycling contributes additional 46.9%. The amounts of moisture contribution from marine and continental sources and their respective moisture transport pathways are subject to strong seasonality. Winter precipitation in Crimea is predominantly sourced by the Mediterranean Sea. Long���term temporal trends in contribution from any of the major moisture sources are absent during the study period. Statistically significant negative correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and contribution from moisture sources exists in winter for the Mediterranean (R = ���0.22) and Black Seas (R = ���0.23), and for the southern continental moisture source (R = ���0.37). The North Atlantic Ocean moisture source exhibits a statistically significant positive correlation with NAO index during spring (R = 0.32)., Plain Language Summary: The atmospheric water cycle is a component of the global water cycle. It describes the behavior of water in the atmosphere from the evaporation in the source region to the final precipitation. This study presents a comprehensive picture of the precipitation water sources for the Crimean peninsula from 1979 to 2017. Additionally, trajectories allow to estimate travel times and pathways of air parcels. Approximately half of the Crimean precipitation originates in the marine sources: the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean. The other half derives from moisture recycling on the continent. Contributions from different sources vary seasonally. Despite considerable variability, there are no apparent long���term trends in contributions from any precipitation source over the 38 years period. Sources are sensitive to the North Atlantic Oscillation index, particularly during winter., Key Points: Sources of precipitation for the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea were identified using a Lagrangian approach. The main moisture sources are Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, and Atlantic Ocean, as well as the continental landmass via moisture recycling. Variability in winter is partly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. No significant temporal trends were detected over the study period., German Research Foundation (DFG), Humboldt���Universit��t zu Berlin

A 204 year-long record of δ18 O in tree-ring cellulose of southern beech (Nothofagus pumilio) from a site near Perito Moreno Glacier (50◦ S) in Southern Patagonia was established to assess its potential for a climate reconstruction. The annually resolved oxygen isotope chronology is built out of seven individual tree-ring δ18 O series with a significant mean inter-series correlation (r = 0.61) and is the first of its kind located in Southern America south of 50◦ S. Over a common period from1960 to 2013 of available stationary and high-resolution gridded CRU TS v. 4.01 data, the δ18 O chronology exhibits a strong sensitivity toward hydroclimatic as well as temperature parameters as revealed by correlation analyses. Among these, positive correlations with maximum temperature in the first part of the summer season (CRU rONDJ = 0.51, p < 0.01) and negative correlations with precipitation in the latter half of the vegetation period (CRU rONDJ = −0.54, p < 0.01) show the highest sensitivities. A strong supra-regional influence of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is clearly recorded in this chronology as indicated by significant positive correlations during the vegetation period (rONDJ = 0.62, p < 0.01). This indicates that the presented δ18 O-chronology shows great promise to reconstruct the influence and variability of the SAM within the last two centuries in southern South America. The modulation of positive and negative anomalies within this series can be interlinked to changes in moisture source origin as revealed by backward trajectory modeling. Additionally, these anomalies can be directly associated to positive or negative phases of the Antarctic Oscillation Index (AAOI) and therefore the strength of the Westerlies. Aligned by the analysis on the influence of different main weather types on the δ18 Ochronology it is shown that such time-series hold the potential to additionally capture their respective influence and change during the last centuries. Fil: Grießinger, Jussi. Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg; Alemania Fil: Langhamer, Lukas. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Schneider, Christoph. Universität zu Berlin; Alemania Fil: Saß, Björn Lukas. Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg; Alemania Fil: Steger, David. Universität zu Berlin; Alemania Fil: Skvarca, Pedro. Glaciarium Centro de Interpretación de Glaciares; Argentina Fil: Braun, Matthias H.. Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg; Alemania Fil: Meier, Wolfgang J. H.. Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg; Alemania Fil: Srur, Ana Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentina Fil: Hochreuther, Philipp. Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg; Alemania