18 results on '"Langel, Kent"'
Search Results
2. Pre-administration of PepFect6-microRNA-146a nanocomplexes inhibits inflammatory responses in keratinocytes and in a mouse model of irritant contact dermatitis
- Author
-
Urgard, Egon, Lorents, Annely, Klaas, Mariliis, Padari, Kärt, Viil, Janeli, Runnel, Toomas, Langel, Kent, Kingo, Külli, Tkaczyk, Eric, Langel, Ülo, Maimets, Toivo, Jaks, Viljar, Pooga, Margus, and Rebane, Ana
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The role of endocytosis on the uptake kinetics of luciferin-conjugated cell-penetrating peptides
- Author
-
Mäger, Imre, Langel, Kent, Lehto, Taavi, Eiríksdóttir, Emelía, and Langel, Ülo
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Assessing the uptake kinetics and internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides using a quenched fluorescence assay
- Author
-
Mäger, Imre, Eiríksdóttir, Emelía, Langel, Kent, EL Andaloussi, Samir, and Langel, Ülo
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Toxicity, Immunogenicity, Uptake, and Kinetics Methods for CPPs
- Author
-
Uusna, Julia, primary, Langel, Kent, additional, and Langel, Ülo, additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Novel Fatty Acid Modifications of Transportan 10
- Author
-
Langel, Kent, Lindberg, Staffan, Copolovici, Dana, Arukuusk, Piret, Sillard, Rannar, and Langel, Űlo
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Novel systemically active galanin receptor 2 ligands in depression-like behavior
- Author
-
Saar, Indrek, Lahe, Jaanus, Langel, Kent, Runesson, Johan, Webling, Kristin, Järv, Jaak, Rytkönen, Jussi, Närvänen, Ale, Bartfai, Tamas, Kurrikoff, Kaido, and Langel, Ülo
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The Formation of Nanoparticles between Small Interfering RNA and Amphipathic Cell-Penetrating Peptides
- Author
-
Paernaste, Ly, Arukuusk, Piret, Langel, Kent, Tenson, Tanel, Langel, Ülo, Paernaste, Ly, Arukuusk, Piret, Langel, Kent, Tenson, Tanel, and Langel, Ülo
- Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are delivery vectors widely used to aid the transport of biologically active cargoes to intracellular targets. These cargoes include small interfering RNAs (siRNA) that are not naturally internalized by cells. Elucidating the complexities behind the formation of CPP and cargo complexes is crucial for understanding the processes related to their delivery. In this study, we used modified analogs of the CPP transportan10 and investigated the binding properties of these CPPs to siRNA, the formation parameters of the CPP/siRNA complexes, and their stabiliy to enzymatic degradation. We conclude that the pH dependent change of the net charge of the CPP may very well be the key factor leading to the high delivery efficiency and the optimal binding strength between CPPs to siRNAs, while the hydrophobicity, secondary structure of the CPP, and the positions of the positive charges are responsible for the stability of the CPP/siRNA particles. Also, CPPs with distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions may assemble into nanoparticles that could be described as coreshell formulations.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Rakku sisenevate peptiidide mehhanismide uurimine: peptiididest transpordini
- Author
-
Langel, Kent
- Subjects
dissertations ,peptiidid ,dissertatsioonid ,kineetika ,penetration ,ETD ,penetratsioon ,biological transport ,väitekirjad ,kinetics ,peptides ,endocytosis ,bioloogiline transport ,endotsütoos - Abstract
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone., Aastatepikkune molekulaar- ja biokeemia areng koos inimese genoomi sekveneerimisprojektiga on oluliselt suurendanud meie arusaama paljude haiguste mehhanismidest ning on aidanud tuvastada mitmeid haigustega seotud geene. Nende haiguste raviks võib kasutada geeniteraapiat, mis seisneb geeni ekspressiooni inhibeerimises, vigase geeni väljavahetamises või geeni transportimises soovitud rakkudesse. Kuna paljud ravimimolekulid ei ole ise võimelised rakkudesse sisenema, tuleb kasutada transportmolekule, mis jagunevad viirusel põhinevateks ja mitte-viiruslikeks. Viirustel põhinevad transporterid on efektiivsed, kuid omavad tihti kõrvaltoimeid. Enim uuritud mitte-viiruslikud ravimite transportvektorid põhinevad hüdrofoobsetel süsteemidel, nagu liposoomid, polümeerid ja mitsellid. Viimasel ajal on üha enam hakatud kasutama rakkudesse sisenevaid peptiide (RSP), mis on võimelised transportima rakkudesse efektiivselt ja ilma kõrvaltoimeteta erinevaid bioloogiliselt aktiivseid molekule, alates madalmolekulaarsetest ravimitest kuni kõrge molekulmassiga negatiivselt laetud nukleiinhapeteni. Alates nende avastamisest 20 aastat tagasi on loodud üle saja erineva RSP, mis erinevad üksteisest füsikokeemiliste omaduste ja rakkudesse sisenemise mehhanismide poolest. Selleks, et sõeluda välja kõige efektiivsemad transportvektorid on vajalik välja selgitada nende täpne sisenemismehhanism, sisenemiskineetika ja teised molekulide transpordi efektiivsust määravad omadused. RSP-de rakku transportimises osalevad mitmed erinevad mehhanismid, mille kasutuse ulatus oleneb paljudest erinevatest asjaoludest, sealhulgas RSP tüüp ja kontsentratioon, transporditava molekuli tüüp, uuritava raku membraani struktuur, rakusisene sihtmärk ning muud katsetingimused. Samuti on kindlaks tehtud, et mitu mehhanismi võivad olla aktiivsed samaaegselt. Antud töös uuriti mitme laialdaselt kasutatava RSP rakkudesse sisenemise mehhanisme kasutades fluorestsentsil ja bioluminestsentsil põhinevaid meetodeid, mis võimaldavad määrata RSP-de tsütoplasmasse jõudmise kineetikat. Lisaks uuriti, kuidas mõjutavad hüdrofoobsed interaktsioonid ja nanoosakeste omadused RSP-de võimet transportida erinevaid nukleiinhappeid rakkudesse. Koos kasutati nii RSP-de rakkudesse sisenemise kineetika määramist võimaldavaid meetodeid kui ka lähenemist, mille abil saab hinnata, millist endotsütoosi rada antud RSP rakku sisenemiseks vajab. Kahe meetodi koostöö tulemusel saab detailsemat informatsiooni RSP-de sisenemise mehhanismide kohta kui lihtsamate lõpppunkti mõõtmistega, kuna sama lõpptulemust omavad RSP-d võivad omada täiesti erinevaid kineetilisi profiile. Leidsime, et endotsütoosi radade inhibeerimine mõjutab nii üldist rakku sisenemise taset kui ka kineetilist profiili. Iga uuritud RSP puhul oli mõju ulatus erinev. Samuti selgus, et valitud peptiidide rakku sisenemise profiil võib olla väga erinev, sõltudes RSP kontsentratsioonist ja endotsütoosi inhibiitoritest. Mõlemad tulemused näitavad, et nende peptiidide rakku sisenemisel on samaaegselt kasutuses mitu endotsütoosi rada. RSP-de abil on võimalik suure molekulmassiga negatiivselt laetud nukleiinhappeid pakkida kindla suurusega nanoosakestesse. Kuna need kompleksid moodustuvad läbi mitte-kovalentsete sidemete, määrati ka nende füsikokeemilised omadused. Uuriti, kuidas mõjutavad erinevad hüdrofoobsed modifikatsioonid RSP transportan 10 võimet transportida rakkudesse splaissingut muutvaid oligonukleotiide. Määrati moodustunud osakeste suurus ning RSP hüdrofoobsuse vahemik, kus oligonukleotiidide transport on kõige efektiivsem. Et teha kindlaks, kuidas moodustuvad RSP-siRNA nanokompleksid, määrati nende osakeste suurus ja moodustumisel eralduva soojuse hulk ning korreleeriti saadud tulemused siRNA transpordi efektiivsusega erinevatel RSP kontsentratsioonidel. Viies läbi mõõtmisi nii endosoomide happelise pH kui ka raku füsiloogilise pH juures, selgus, et komplekside suurus ei olene pH muutusest. Samas varieerub RSP hulk kompleksis umbes kaks korda, millest järeldasime, et RSP ja siRNA vahel on dünaamiline, pH-st sõltuv, tasakaal. Antud doktoritöös esitatud tulemused toovad välja RSP-de rakku sisenemise mehhanismide uurimisel kasutatavate kineetiliste meetodite eelised ning mitte-kovalentselt moodustunud RSP-nukleiinhappe nanoosakeste füsikokeemiliste parameetrite olulisuse RSP-de aktiivsuse jaoks. Kokkuvõtvalt käsitletakse doktoritöös olulisi aspekte, mis on vajalikud uudsete transpordivektorite arendamiseks ja kasutuseks biotehnoloogilistes ning kliinilistes rakendustes., Advances in biochemistry and molecular biology over the years, together with the human genome sequencing project, have increased our understanding of the genetics of numerous diseases and has led to the identification of many disease-causing genes. In order to treat these diseases by inhibiting, modulating or introducing new genes to the affected cells, appropriate drugs need to be transported into their point of action. Due to their physicochemical properties, many drugs are unable to enter cells and require delivery vectors which are efficient, safe, and resistant to degradation. Generally, there are two types of vehicles, viral and non-viral. The most studied non-viral delivery vectors are liposome-, polymer- and micelle- based systems, and more recently, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have gained interest as well. CPPs are short amino acid sequences, consisting of up to 30 amino acids, capable of delivering bioactive cargos inside cells in an efficient and non-toxic fashion. As of today, more than one hundred CPPs are available with varying physicochemical properties and internalization mechanisms. In order to sift out the most effective delivery vectors, their exact uptake mechanisms, kinetics and cargo delivery properties need to be determined. Several cellular internalization pathways have been proposed for these molecules and the majority of studies conclude that CPPs utilize several uptake routes simultaneously with some favored more than others. The reports vary as internalization depends on the type and concentration of the CPP, the nature of the cargo, the specific cell membrane composition of the studied cell line, the intracellular target and other experimental conditions. In the present thesis, uptake mechanisms of several common CPPs are characterized by studying their cytosolic uptake kinetics using fluorescent and bioluminescent cargos. In addition, transfection mechanisms of non-covalent CPP-oligonucleotide nanocomplexes are investigated by assessing the effects of hydrophobic CPP modifications and complex formation on their efficacy. Kinetic uptake studies coupled with endocytic pathway studies enable to determine the involvement and extent of each uptake route in CPP internalization in a more transparent fashion compared to single-endpoint methods. We therefore assessed the cytoplasmic uptake kinetics and mechanisms of several common CPPs using a quenched fluorescence assay and a semi-biological bioluminescence assay. The chosen peptides displayed very different and concentration dependent uptake kinetic profiles that were strongly affected by endocytosis inhibitors. Both of the studies support the simultaneous involvement of several endocytotic pathways in their cellular uptake. Physicochemical studies of CPP-cargo complexes can reveal the uptake mechanisms of these dynamic non-covalent conjugates that can be used in the further development of more potent delivery vectors. We assessed the role of CPP hydrophobicity in the delivery of splice-correcting antisense oligonucleotides (SCOs). In addition, we characterized the interactions between CPPs and siRNA to shed light on their transfection mechanism. To study the hydrophobic effects on transportan 10 mediated splice-correcting antisense oligonucleotide delivery, we conjugated different fatty acids to the peptide and measured how these modifications affect the hydrodynamic size and transfection efficacy of CPP-oligonucleotide complexes. We determined the optimal hydrophobic CPP modification and nanocomplex size for maximal splice correction efficiency. In order to elucidate the role of complex formation in CPP-mediated siRNA transfections, we utilized isothermal calorimetry in conjunction with dynamic light scattering studies. The results revealed that although the complexes are with the same size at acidic and physiological pH, the amount of CPPs in the nanocomplexes varies, indicating that the dynamic equilibrium between the peptides and the cargo is pH-dependent. The results presented in this thesis exemplify the advantage of kinetic assays as well as the importance of studying the physicochemical properties of non-covalent CPP-oligonucleotide nanocomplexes in understanding CPP and CPP-cargo uptake mechanisms. This thesis brings out crucial aspects that have to be accounted for when designing novel delivery vectors for biotechnological and clinical applications.
- Published
- 2014
10. Toxicity, Immunogenicity, Uptake, and Kinetics Methods for CPPs
- Author
-
Uusna, Julia, Langel, Kent, Langel, Ülo, Uusna, Julia, Langel, Kent, and Langel, Ülo
- Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been utilized as delivery vectors for various payloads, both in vitro and in vivo. Similar issues as for any other drug delivery systems: cytotoxicity and the tendency to induce innate immune response may limit their applications in clinics. Therefore, assessment of cytotoxicity and immunogenicity is an important step toward characterization of applicability of these delivery vehicles. Studying internalization mechanisms and kinetics of CPPs provides important information for the development of novel and more efficient cellular delivery vectors. This chapter describes methods and protocols for investigation of cytotoxicity and immunogenic activities of CPPs in vitro and in vivo as well as methods for studying cellular uptake and internalization kinetics of CPPs. In the first section we describe methods for in vitro cell viability studies and ELISA assay, which allows to measure cytokine release in cell culture media and in blood serum in response to different CPP applications. This chapter also provides a protocol for assessing caspase-1 activity essential for inflammation. In the second section of this chapter, we describe a comprehensive method and protocol for determining the endocytosis mechanisms utilized in CPP uptake by using luciferin-CPP conjugates and endocytosis inhibitors.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Peptide-Ligand Binding Modeling of siRNA with Cell-Penetrating Peptides
- Author
-
Garcia-Sosa, Alfonso T., Tulp, Indrek, Langel, Kent, Langel, Ülo, Garcia-Sosa, Alfonso T., Tulp, Indrek, Langel, Kent, and Langel, Ülo
- Abstract
The binding affinity of a series of cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) was modeled through docking and making use of the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds, lipophilic contacts, and the number of sp3 molecular orbital hybridization carbons. The new ranking of the peptides is consistent with the experimentally determined efficiency in the downregulation of luciferase activity, which includes the peptides' ability to bind and deliver the siRNA into the cell. The predicted structures of the complexes of peptides to siRNA were stable throughout 10 ns long, explicit water molecular dynamics simulations. The stability and binding affinity of peptide-siRNA complexes was related to the sidechains and modifications of the CPPs, with the stearyl and quinoline groups improving affinity and stability. The reranking of the peptides docked to siRNA, together with explicit water molecular dynamics simulations, appears to be well suited to describe and predict the interaction of CPPs with siRNA., AuthorCount:4
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Cell-Penetrating Peptides : Design, Synthesis, and Applications
- Author
-
Copolovici, Dana Maria, Langel, Kent, Eriste, Elo, Langel, Ülo, Copolovici, Dana Maria, Langel, Kent, Eriste, Elo, and Langel, Ülo
- Abstract
The intrinsic property of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to deliver therapeutic molecules (nucleic acids, drugs, imaging agents) to cells and tissues in a nontoxic manner has indicated that they may be potential components of future drugs and disease diagnostic agents. These versatile peptides are simple to synthesize, functionalize, and characterize yet are able to deliver covalently or noncovalently conjugated bioactive cargos (from small chemical drugs to large plasmid DNA) inside cells, primarily via endocytosis, in order to obtain high levels of gene expression, gene silencing, or tumor targeting. Typically, CPPs are often passive and nonselective yet must be functionalized or chemically modified to create effective delivery vectors that succeed in targeting specific cells or tissues. Furthermore, the design of clinically effective systemic delivery systems requires the same amount of attention to detail in both design of the delivered cargo and the cell-penetrating peptide used to deliver it., AuthorCount:4
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. PepFect14 Peptide Vector for Efficient Gene Delivery in Cell Cultures
- Author
-
Veiman, Kadi-Liis, Mäger, Imre, Ezzat, Kariem, Margus, Helerin, Lehto, Tõnis, Langel, Kent, Kurrikoff, Kaido, Arukuusk, Piret, Suhorutšenko, Julia, Padari, Kärt, Pooga, Margus, Lehto, Taavi, Langel, Ülo, Veiman, Kadi-Liis, Mäger, Imre, Ezzat, Kariem, Margus, Helerin, Lehto, Tõnis, Langel, Kent, Kurrikoff, Kaido, Arukuusk, Piret, Suhorutšenko, Julia, Padari, Kärt, Pooga, Margus, Lehto, Taavi, and Langel, Ülo
- Abstract
The successful applicability of gene therapy approaches will heavily rely on the development of efficient and safe nonviral gene delivery vectors, for example, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs can condense oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA (pDNA) into nanoparticles, thus allowing the transfection of genetic material into cells. However, despite few promising attempts, CPP-mediated pDNA delivery has been relatively inefficient due to the unfavorable nanoparticle characteristics or the nanoparticle entrapment to endocytic compartments. In many cases, both of these drawbacks could be alleviated by modifying CPPs with a stearic acid residue, as demonstrated in the delivery of both the pDNA and the short oligonucleotides. In this study, PepFect14 (PF14) peptide, previously used for the transport of shorter oligonucleotides, is demonstrated to be suited also for the delivery of pDNA. It is shown that PF14 forms stable nanoparticles with pDNA with a negative surface charge and size of around 130-170 nm. These nanoparticles facilitate efficient gene delivery and expression in a variety of regular adherent cell lines and also in difficult-to-transfect primary cells. Uptake studies indicate that PF14/pDNA nanoparticles are utilizing class A scavenger receptors (SCARA) and caveolae-mediated endocytosis as the main route for cellular internalization. Conclusively, PF14 is an efficient nonviral vector for gene delivery.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The role of endocytosis on the uptake kinetics of luciferin-conjugated cell-penetrating peptides
- Author
-
Maeger, Imre, Langel, Kent, Lehto, Taavi, Eiriksdottir, Emelia, Langel, Ülo, Maeger, Imre, Langel, Kent, Lehto, Taavi, Eiriksdottir, Emelia, and Langel, Ülo
- Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short cationic/amphipathic peptides that can be used to deliver a variety of cargos into cells. However, it is still debated which routes CPPs employ to gain access to intracellular compartments. To assess this, most previously conducted studies have relied on information which is gained by using fluorescently labeled CPPs. More relevant information whether the internalized conjugates are biologically available has been gathered using end-point assays with biological readouts. Uptake kinetic studies have shed even more light on the matter because the arbitrary choice of end-point might have profound effect how the results could be interpreted. To elucidate uptake mechanisms of CPPs, here we have used a bioluminescence based assay to measure cytosolic delivery kinetics of luciferin-CPP conjugates in the presence of endocytosis inhibitors. The results suggest that these conjugates are delivered into cytosol mainly via macropinocytosis; clathrin-mediated endocytosis and caveolae/lipid raft dependent endocytosis are involved in a smaller extent. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the involved endocytic routes and internalization kinetic profiles can depend on conjugate concentration in case of certain peptides, but not in case of others. The employed internalization route, however, likely dictates the intracellular fate and subsequent trafficking of internalized ligands, therefore emphasizing the importance of our novel findings for delivery vector development., 5
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Design, Synthesis, and Applications
- Author
-
Copolovici, Dana Maria, primary, Langel, Kent, additional, Eriste, Elo, additional, and Langel, Ülo, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Peptide-Ligand Binding Modeling of siRNA with Cell-Penetrating Peptides
- Author
-
García-Sosa, Alfonso T., primary, Tulp, Indrek, additional, Langel, Kent, additional, and Langel, Ülo, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Toxicity, Immunogenicity, Uptake, and Kinetics Methods for CPPs.
- Author
-
Uusna J, Langel K, and Langel Ü
- Subjects
- Animals, Caspases metabolism, Cell Line, Cell Survival drug effects, Cell-Penetrating Peptides metabolism, Cytokines analysis, Cytokines immunology, Endocytosis, Enzyme Assays methods, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods, Humans, Kinetics, Luminescent Measurements methods, Cell-Penetrating Peptides immunology, Cell-Penetrating Peptides toxicity
- Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been utilized as delivery vectors for various payloads, both in vitro and in vivo. Similar issues as for any other drug delivery systems: cytotoxicity and the tendency to induce innate immune response may limit their applications in clinics. Therefore, assessment of cytotoxicity and immunogenicity is an important step toward characterization of applicability of these delivery vehicles. Studying internalization mechanisms and kinetics of CPPs provides important information for the development of novel and more efficient cellular delivery vectors. This chapter describes methods and protocols for investigation of cytotoxicity and immunogenic activities of CPPs in vitro and in vivo as well as methods for studying cellular uptake and internalization kinetics of CPPs. In the first section we describe methods for in vitro cell viability studies and ELISA assay, which allows to measure cytokine release in cell culture media and in blood serum in response to different CPP applications. This chapter also provides a protocol for assessing caspase-1 activity essential for inflammation. In the second section of this chapter, we describe a comprehensive method and protocol for determining the endocytosis mechanisms utilized in CPP uptake by using luciferin-CPP conjugates and endocytosis inhibitors.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. PepFect14 peptide vector for efficient gene delivery in cell cultures.
- Author
-
Veiman KL, Mäger I, Ezzat K, Margus H, Lehto T, Langel K, Kurrikoff K, Arukuusk P, Suhorutšenko J, Padari K, Pooga M, Lehto T, and Langel Ü
- Subjects
- Animals, CHO Cells, Cell Culture Techniques, Cell-Penetrating Peptides metabolism, Cricetinae, DNA genetics, Endocytosis genetics, Genetic Vectors metabolism, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Lipopeptides metabolism, Nanoparticles administration & dosage, Oligonucleotides administration & dosage, Oligonucleotides genetics, Oligonucleotides metabolism, Particle Size, Plasmids genetics, Plasmids metabolism, Transfection methods, Cell-Penetrating Peptides administration & dosage, Cell-Penetrating Peptides genetics, Gene Transfer Techniques, Genetic Vectors administration & dosage, Genetic Vectors genetics, Lipopeptides administration & dosage, Lipopeptides genetics
- Abstract
The successful applicability of gene therapy approaches will heavily rely on the development of efficient and safe nonviral gene delivery vectors, for example, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs can condense oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA (pDNA) into nanoparticles, thus allowing the transfection of genetic material into cells. However, despite few promising attempts, CPP-mediated pDNA delivery has been relatively inefficient due to the unfavorable nanoparticle characteristics or the nanoparticle entrapment to endocytic compartments. In many cases, both of these drawbacks could be alleviated by modifying CPPs with a stearic acid residue, as demonstrated in the delivery of both the pDNA and the short oligonucleotides. In this study, PepFect14 (PF14) peptide, previously used for the transport of shorter oligonucleotides, is demonstrated to be suited also for the delivery of pDNA. It is shown that PF14 forms stable nanoparticles with pDNA with a negative surface charge and size of around 130-170 nm. These nanoparticles facilitate efficient gene delivery and expression in a variety of regular adherent cell lines and also in difficult-to-transfect primary cells. Uptake studies indicate that PF14/pDNA nanoparticles are utilizing class A scavenger receptors (SCARA) and caveolae-mediated endocytosis as the main route for cellular internalization. Conclusively, PF14 is an efficient nonviral vector for gene delivery.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.