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Dichroplus maculipennis and Borellia bruneri are two of the 18 grasshopper species of actual or potential economic relevance as pests in Argentina. The objective of this study was to estimate the sex ratios for adults and older nymphs of D. maculipennis and B. bruneri in the field, and analyze possible temporal variations. The study was conducted during seven seasons (2005-06 to 2011-12) in representative plant communities of the southern Pampas region. A total of 4536 individuals of D. maculipennis, and 6038 individuals of B. bruneri were collected. The sex ratio registered in older nymphs for D. maculipennis and B. bruneri did not deviate from a 1:1 ratio (p > 0.05), suggesting that these species have such a primary sex ratio. However, a significant bias in sex composition in adults of both species was observed (p < 0.05). The sex ratio in adults of D. maculipennis was different in five of the 18 sampling dates carried out. In three sampling dates it was biased toward males, while in the other two it was biased toward females. Taking into account the sex ratio by sampling season, significant differences were recorded in two seasons. In 2007-08 the sex ratio was biased toward males (1 F:2.26 M), while in 2008-09 it was biased toward females (1.35 F:1 M). The sex ratio in adults of B. bruneri was always biased toward males (p < 0.05). We conclude that results obtained in this study indicate that various factors like differential survival, dispersion, predation, among others, could have modified the primary sex ratio in these species.

The reciprocal illumination nature of integrative taxonomy through hypothesis testing, corroboration and revision is a powerful tool for species delimitation as more than one source has to support the hypothesis of a new species. In this study, we applied an integrative taxonomy approach combining molecular and morphological data sets with distributional patterns to examine the level of differentiation between and within the grasshopper Orotettix species. Orotettix was described based on five valid species distributed in the Andes of Peru. In our study, initially a molecular-based hypothesis was postulated and tested against morphological data and geographical patterns of distribution. Results from molecular and morphological analyses showed agreement among the species delimitation in Orotettix, and were also consistent with the geographical distribution. The analyses allowed us to delimit five new species for the genus (O. lunatus sp. nov., O.astreptos sp. nov., O. colcaensis sp. nov., O.paucartambensis sp. nov. and O.dichrous sp. nov.) from the Eastern and Western Cordilleras of Peru. We also provide critical knowledge on the phylogenetic relationships and distribution of the genus and conduct a revision of Orotettix., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores

Genus Orphulella Giglio-Tos, 1894 TYPE SPECIES. — Orphulella gracilis Giglio-Tos, 1894. DISTRIBUTION. — The genus Orphulella is distributed from Canada to Argentina, with four species known to occur in the Peruvian Andes, O. losamattensis Caudell, 1909, O. punctata (De Geer, 1773), O. concinnula (Walker, 1870) and O. fluvialis Otte, 1979 (see geographic distribution in OSF)., Published as part of Cigliano, María Marta, Pocco, Martina E. & Lange, Carlos E., 2011, Grasshoppers of the Andes: new Melanoplinae and Gomphocerinae taxa (Insecta, Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Huascarán National Park and Callejón de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru, pp. 523-544 in Zoosystema 33 (4) on page 537, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n4a5, http://zenodo.org/record/5166897, {"references":["OTTE D. 1979. - Revison of the grasshopper tribe Orphulellini (Gomphocerinae: Acrididae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 131: 52 - 88."]}

Maeacris saytu n. sp. (Figs 2 L-P; 6D-F; 10) TYPE MATERIAL. — Peru. Ancash, 17 km N Conococha, 3947 m, 09°59’48.0”S, 77°20’11.8”W, 29.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, holotype &male;, allotype &female; (MLPA). PARATYPES. — Peru. Ancash, 17 km north of Conococha, 3947 m, 09°59’48.0”S, 77°20’11.8”W, 29.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 2 &male;&male;, 1 &female; (MNHN), 3 &male;&male;, 2 &female;&female; (MLPA). — Ancash, Pque. Nac. Huascarán, Laguna Querococha, 4168 m, 09°43’06.3”S, 77°18’55.2”W, 15. V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &male; (MLPA). — Ancash, Pque. Nac. Huascarán, Sector Carpa, 5 km before Nevado Pastoruri, 4660 m, 09°53’00”S, 77°12’04.2”W, 14. V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &male; (MLPA). TYPE LOCALITY. — Peru, Ancash, 17 km N Conococha, 3947 m, 09°59’48.0”S 77°20’11.8”W. ETYMOLOGY. — “Sayt’u” means long, slender, rectangular shape in native Quechua language, and it refers to the shape of the valves of the aedeagus. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. — Same as described for Maeacris chilikuti n. sp. (Fig. 10). DIAGNOSIS. — Similar to Maeacris chilikuti n. sp. from which it is distinguished by characters of the phallic complex (Figs 2 L-P; 6D-F). DESCRIPTION Males Similar to those of Maeacris chilikuti n. sp. from which they can only be distinguished by the following characters of the phallic complex: aedeagal valves straight in lateral view (Fig. 2L), with blunt apex (Fig. 2N); arch of cingulum entire (Fig. 2M); sheath of aedeagus with longitudinal median excision without basal lobes. Measurements (in mm): body length to apex of hind femur 10.75 (10-11); hind femur length: 5.8 (5.5-6). Females Similar to males but with fastigium more prominent; eyes subtrigonal; ovipositor valves long, slender, without pre-apical tooth. Measurements (in mm): body length to apex of hind femur: 13.5 (13-14); hind femur length: 7.25 (7-7.5)., Published as part of Cigliano, María Marta, Pocco, Martina E. & Lange, Carlos E., 2011, Grasshoppers of the Andes: new Melanoplinae and Gomphocerinae taxa (Insecta, Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Huascarán National Park and Callejón de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru, pp. 523-544 in Zoosystema 33 (4) on page 533, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n4a5, http://zenodo.org/record/5166897

Maeacris chilikuti n. sp. (Figs 2 A-K; 5A, B; 6A-C; 10) TYPE MATERIAL. — Peru. Ancash, 8 km from Catac to Chavin, 3786 m, 09°45’23.6’S, 77°23.4’48.5’’W, 26.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, holotype &male;, allotype &female; (MLPA). PARATYPES. — Peru. Ancash, Callejón de Huaylas, 65 km S Huaraz, Puente Ucushaca, 3933 m, 09°59’0.2’’S, 77°20’33.9’’W, 23.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &female; (MLPA). — Ancash, 2 km from Catac to Chavin, 3571 m, 09°46’49.5’’S, 77°25’08.8’’W, 26.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 3 &male;&male;, 1 &female; (MLPA). — Ancash, 5 km from Conococha on road to Barranca, 3928 m, 10°09’10.6”S, 77°19’05.4”W, 1.III.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 3 &male;&male;, 2 &female;&female; (MNHN), 10 &male;&male;, 2 &female;&female; (MLPA). — Ancash, Pque. Nac. Huascarán, Laguna Querococha on road to Chavin, 4168 m, 09°43’06.3”S, 77°18’55.2”W, 15. V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &male; (MLPA). — Ancash, 8 km from Catac on road to Chavin, 3786 m, 09°45’23.6’’S, 77°23.4’48.5’’W, 26.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 2 &male;&male;, 1 &female; (MLPA). — Ancash, 17 km S Paso Abra Yanashallash on road to La Union, 09°56’41.6”S, 77°05’28.2”W, 15. V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &male;, 1 &female; (MLPA). — Ancash, Pque. Nac. Huascarán, Sector Carpa, 5 km before Nevado Pastoruri, 4660 m, 09°53’00”S, 77°12’04.2”W, 14. V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &male;, 10 &female;&female; (MLPA), 1 &male;, 3 &female;&female; (MNHN). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Peru. Ancash, 8 km from Catac on road to Chavin, 3786 m, 09°45’23.6’’S, 77°23.4’48.5’’W, 26.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 5 &male;&male;, 10 &female;&female;, 5 nymphs (MLPA). — Ancash, 2 km from Catac to Chavin, 3571 m, 09°46’49.5’’S, 77°25’08.8’’W, 26.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &male;, 6 &female;&female; (MLPA). — Ancash, Pque. Nac. Huascarán, Sector Carpa, 5 km before Nevado Pastoruri, 4660 m, 09°53’00”S, 77°12’04.2”W, 14.V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &male;, 1 &female;, 1 nymph (MLPA). — Ancash, 17 km S Paso Abra Yanashallash on road to La Union, 09°56’41.6”S, 77°05’28.2”W, 15.V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &male;, 4 &female;&female; (MLPA). — Ancash, 5 km from Conococha on road to Barranca, 3928 m, 10°09’10.6”S, 77°19’05.4”W, 1.III.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 14 &male;&male;, 4 &female;&female; (MLPA).— Ancash, Pque.Nac.Huascarán, Laguna Querococha on road to Chavin, 4168 m, 09°43’06.3”S, 77°18’55.2”W, 15.V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 2 &male;&male;, 8 &female;&female; (MLPA). — Ancash, Callejón de Huaylas, 65 km S Huaraz, Puente Ucushaca, 3933 m, 09°59’0.2’’S, 77°20’33.9’’W, 23.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 2 &female;&female; (MLPA). — Ancash, 4 km E detour to Chiquian, 4062 m, 10°06’32.1”S, 77°11’08.9”W, 1.III.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &female;, 8 nymphs (MLPA). — Ancash, 1 km after Paso Tunel Kawish on road to Chavin from Catac, 4315 m, 09°41’24.2’’S, 77°14’39.8’’W, 26.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 2 &female;&female; (MLPA). — Ancash, Parque Nacional Huascarán, Laguna Querococha, 4045 m, 09°43’44.0’’S, 77°19’53.9’W’, 26.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &female; (MLPA). — Ancash, Pque. Nac. Huascarán, to Chavin from Catac, Paso Puente Tunel Kawish, 4455 m, 09°41’23.0’’S, 77°15’23.5’’W, 26.II.2008, Cigliano & Lange, 1 nymph (MLPA). TYPE LOCALITY. — Peru, Ancash, 8 km from Catac to Chavin, 3786 m, 09°45’23.6’’S 77°23.4’48.5”W. ETYMOLOGY. — “Ch’ilikuti” means small in native Quechua language and it refers to the smaller size of this species compared to Maeacris aptera. DISTRIBUTION. — Peru, Ancash (Fig. 10). HABITAT. — In puna grassland areas with bunchgrasses of Festuca and Poa forming tussocks. Spaces around the tussocks filled by numerous cushion and rosette herbs, including non-tussock-forming grasses and sedges, prostrate or low-growing forbs. DIAGNOSIS. — Maeacris chilikuti n. sp. is distinguished from the type species based on characters of the phallic complex (Fig. 2 G-K) and the following characters of the external morphology: smaller size (M. aptera: males: 13-14.3 mm; females: 15,5- 17mm); fastigium more prominent; pronotum not constricted at the middle; male epiproct wider than long; external apical spine absent; ovipositor without pre-apical tooth. DESCRIPTION Males In addition to the features of the genus, body ground colour variable; both sexes show green-brown varia - tion, with some specimens being mainly greenish on top of the body and others brownish.Body with two longitudinal light coloured bands (cream in green morphs; grey-brownish in brown morphs) extending from the fastigium along the body dorsally.Pronotal lobes with dark green or dark brown post-ocular band, limited by a longitudinal cream stripe. Hind femur with dorsal area brownish (brown morphs) or greenish (green morphs), outer face brown, ventral area cream or yellowish, inner face brownish at upper half and cream at bottom half; hind tibiae light green to cream. Venter of abdomen cream. In some females, the ventral area of hind femur and hind tibia is reddish. Hind tibia without external apical spine. Male epiproct triangular and wider than long, with a pair of distal tubercles (Fig. 2C). Phallic complex (Figs 2 G-K; 6A-C): cingulum widely developed dorsally; arch of cingulum bilobed; valves of aedeagus up curved,obliquely truncated in dorsal view,concave in ventral view; sheath of aedeagus with median deep excision and with a pair of basal lobes. Measurements (in mm): body length to apex of hind femur: 11.93 (10.5-13); hind femur length: 6.59 (5.5-7). Females Similar to males (Fig. 2E, F), but larger; head with fastigium more prominent; eyes subtrigonal and ovipositor valves long, slender, without pre-apical tooth. Measurements (in mm): body length to apex of hind femur: 13.91 (12-16.5) female; hind femur length: 8.40 (7.5-9.5).

Pediella ancashensis Cigliano, Amédégnato, Pocco & Lange, 2010 (Fig. 10) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Peru. Depto. Ancash, 4 km detour to Chiquián, 4062 m, 10°06’32.1”S, 77°11’08.9”W, 15. V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, holotype &male;, allotype &female; (MLPA). PARATYPES. — Peru. Depto. Ancash, Callejón de Huaylas, Laguna Conococha, 4146 m, 10°07’42.2”S, 77°17’52.7”W, 11. V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 3 &male;&male;, 1 &female; (MLPA). — Ancash, 4 km detour to Chiquián, 4062 m, 10 ° 06’32.1”S, 77°11’08.9”W, 15. V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &male;, 1 &female; (MNHN), 2 &male;&male;, 2 &female;&female; (MLPA). — Ancash, Cordillera Huayhuash, 1 km E detour Chiquián, 4305 m, 10°05’33.02”S, 77°10’57.4”W, 15. V.2004, Cigliano & Lange, 1 &female; (MLPA). REMARKS Specimens of the recently described Pediella ancashensis (Cigliano et al. 2010) were collected during the surveys., Published as part of Cigliano, María Marta, Pocco, Martina E. & Lange, Carlos E., 2011, Grasshoppers of the Andes: new Melanoplinae and Gomphocerinae taxa (Insecta, Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Huascarán National Park and Callejón de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru, pp. 523-544 in Zoosystema 33 (4) on page 531, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n4a5, http://zenodo.org/record/5166897, {"references":["CIGLIANO M. M., AMEDEGNATO C., POCCO M. E. & LANGE C. E. 2010. - Revisionary study of Pediella Roberts (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from the Andes Highlands. Zootaxa 2431: 51 - 61."]}

Genus Pediella Roberts, 1937 TYPE SPECIES. — Pediella colorata Roberts, 1937. DISTRIBUTION. — Venezuela, Mérida (Roberts 1937). Peru, Ancash, Junín, Cajamarca (Cigliano et al. 2010) in high altitude paramos and puna habitat (see geographic distribution from Perú, in OSF)., Published as part of Cigliano, María Marta, Pocco, Martina E. & Lange, Carlos E., 2011, Grasshoppers of the Andes: new Melanoplinae and Gomphocerinae taxa (Insecta, Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Huascarán National Park and Callejón de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru, pp. 523-544 in Zoosystema 33 (4) on page 531, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n4a5, http://zenodo.org/record/5166897, {"references":["ROBERTS H. R. 1937. - Studies on the family Acrididae (Orthoptera) of Venezuela. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 89: 343 - 368.","CIGLIANO M. M., AMEDEGNATO C., POCCO M. E. & LANGE C. E. 2010. - Revisionary study of Pediella Roberts (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from the Andes Highlands. Zootaxa 2431: 51 - 61."]}