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6. The pre-concept design of the DEMO tritium, matter injection and vacuum systems

Author

Day, Chr., Battes, K., Butler, B., Davies, S., Farina, L., Frattolillo, A., George, R., Giegerich, T., Hanke, S., Härtl, T., Igitkhanov, Y., Jackson, T., Jayasekera, N., Kathage, Y., Lang, P.T., Lawless, R., Luo, X., Neugebauer, C., Ploeckl, B., Santucci, A., Schwenzer, J., Teichmann, T., Tijssen, T., Tosti, S., Varoutis, S., and Cortes, A. Vazquez

Published
2022
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8. Overview of ASDEX upgrade results in view of ITER and DEMO

Author

H. Zohm, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, N. Arden, V. Artigues, M. Astrain, O. Asunta, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon Navarro, M. Bauer, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bielajew, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, L. Bock, T. Body, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, B. Cannas, P. Cano Megías, D. Carlton, M. Carr, P. Carvalho, C. Castaldo, A. Castillo Castillo, A. Cathey, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, C. Challis, A. Chankin, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Conway, S. Costea, D. Coster, T. Cote, A.J. Creely, G. Croci, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, I. Cziegler, O. D’Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, P. David, C. Day, M. de Baar, P. de Marné, R. Delogu, P. Denner, A. Di Siena, M. Dibon, J.J. Dominguez-Palacios Durán, D. Dunai, M. Dreval, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, A. Encheva, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, D. Fajardo Jimenez, U. Fantz, M. Farnik, H. Faugel, F. Felici, O. Ficker, A. Figueredo, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, S. Futatani, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart Escolà, A. Gallo, Y. Gao, S. Garavaglia, M. Garcia Muñoz, B. Geiger, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, E. Giovannozzi, I. Girka, O. Girka, T. Gleiter, S. Glöggler, M. Gobbin, J.C. Gonzalez, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, T. Görler, D. Gradic, G. Granucci, A. Gräter, G. Grenfell, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, O. Grover, A. Gude, L. Guimarais, S. Günter, D. Hachmeister, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, P. Heinrich, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, M. Herschel, S. Heuraux, A. Herrmann, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, S. Hörmann, J.H. Holm, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, L. Horvath, T. Höschen, A. Houben, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, M. Iliasova, J. Illerhaus, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova-Stanik, S. Jachmich, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, A. Jansen van Vuuren, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, A. Kallenbach, J. Kalis, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, C.-P. Käsemann, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, A. Kendl, W. Kernbichler, E. Khilkevitch, M. Kircher, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, F. Klossek, G. Kocsis, M. Koleva, M. Komm, M. Kong, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Krause, I. Krebs, A. Kreuzeder, K. Krieger, O. Kudlacek, D. Kulla, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, A. Lahtinen, P. Lainer, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, M. Lehnen, L. Leppin, E. Lerche, N. Leuthold, L. Li, J. Likonen, O. Linder, H. Lindl, B. Lipschultz, Y. Liu, Z. Lu, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, O. Maj, E. Maljaars, V. Maquet, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, M. Markl, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, F. Matos, M. Mayer, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, G. Meng, R. Merkel, A. Merle, H. Meyer, M. Michelini, D. Milanesio, V. Mitterauer, P. Molina Cabrera, M. Muraca, F. Nabais, V. Naulin, R. Nazikian, R.D. Nem, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, T. Nishizawa, M. Nocente, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, R. Ochoukov, J. Olsen, P. Oyola, O. Pan, G. Papp, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, C. Paz-Soldan, M. Peglau, E. Peluso, P. Petersson, C. Piron, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Plöckl, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, A. Popa, L. Porte, J. Puchmayr, T. Pütterich, L. Radovanovic, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, A. Redl, D. Réfy, M. Reich, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, B. Rettino, T. Ribeiro, D. Ricci, R. Riedl, J. Riesch, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, V. Rohde, G. Ronchi, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D.A. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, O. Samoylov, L. Sanchis Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, G. Schall, A. Schlüter, J. Scholte, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, F. Sciortino, O. Seibold-Benjak, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, S. Sharapov, U. Sheikh, A. Shevelev, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, J. Simpson, S. Sipilä, A. Snicker, E. Solano, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, M. Spacek, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, D. Stieglitz, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, G. Suarez Lopez, W. Suttrop, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, W. Tang, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Teschke, E. Thorén, W. Tierens, D. Told, W. Treutterer, G. Trevisan, M. Tripský, P. Ulbl, G. Urbanczyk, M. Usoltseva, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, S. van Mulders, M. van Zeeland, F. Vannini, B. Vanovac, P. Varela, S. Varoutis, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, I. Voitsekhovitch, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, D. Wendler, A.E. White, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yang, C. Yoo, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zhang, W. Zholobenko, A. Zibrov, M. Zilker, C.F.B. Zimmermann, A. Zito, S. Zoletnik, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team, and the ASDEX Upgrade Team

Subjects
tokamak, MHD stability, transport modelling, radiative exhaust, disruption physics, ELM free scenarios, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Experiments on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) in 2021 and 2022 have addressed a number of critical issues for ITER and EU DEMO. A major objective of the AUG programme is to shed light on the underlying physics of confinement, stability, and plasma exhaust in order to allow reliable extrapolation of results obtained on present day machines to these reactor-grade devices. Concerning pedestal physics, the mitigation of edge localised modes (ELMs) using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) was found to be consistent with a reduction of the linear peeling-ballooning stability threshold due to the helical deformation of the plasma. Conversely, ELM suppression by RMPs is ascribed to an increased pedestal transport that keeps the plasma away from this boundary. Candidates for this increased transport are locally enhanced turbulence and a locked magnetic island in the pedestal. The enhanced D-alpha (EDA) and quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) regimes have been established as promising ELM-free scenarios. Here, the pressure gradient at the foot of the H-mode pedestal is reduced by a quasi-coherent mode, consistent with violation of the high-n ballooning mode stability limit there. This is suggestive that the EDA and QCE regimes have a common underlying physics origin. In the area of transport physics, full radius models for both L- and H-modes have been developed. These models predict energy confinement in AUG better than the commonly used global scaling laws, representing a large step towards the goal of predictive capability. A new momentum transport analysis framework has been developed that provides access to the intrinsic torque in the plasma core. In the field of exhaust, the X-Point Radiator (XPR), a cold and dense plasma region on closed flux surfaces close to the X-point, was described by an analytical model that provides an understanding of its formation as well as its stability, i.e., the conditions under which it transitions into a deleterious MARFE with the potential to result in a disruptive termination. With the XPR close to the divertor target, a new detached divertor concept, the compact radiative divertor, was developed. Here, the exhaust power is radiated before reaching the target, allowing close proximity of the X-point to the target. No limitations by the shallow field line angle due to the large flux expansion were observed, and sufficient compression of neutral density was demonstrated. With respect to the pumping of non-recycling impurities, the divertor enrichment was found to mainly depend on the ionisation energy of the impurity under consideration. In the area of MHD physics, analysis of the hot plasma core motion in sawtooth crashes showed good agreement with nonlinear 2-fluid simulations. This indicates that the fast reconnection observed in these events is adequately described including the pressure gradient and the electron inertia in the parallel Ohm’s law. Concerning disruption physics, a shattered pellet injection system was installed in collaboration with the ITER International Organisation. Thanks to the ability to vary the shard size distribution independently of the injection velocity, as well as its impurity admixture, it was possible to tailor the current quench rate, which is an important requirement for future large devices such as ITER. Progress was also made modelling the force reduction of VDEs induced by massive gas injection on AUG. The H-mode density limit was characterised in terms of safe operational space with a newly developed active feedback control method that allowed the stability boundary to be probed several times within a single discharge without inducing a disruptive termination. Regarding integrated operation scenarios, the role of density peaking in the confinement of the ITER baseline scenario (high plasma current) was clarified. The usual energy confinement scaling ITER98( p,y ) does not capture this effect, but the more recent H20 scaling does, highlighting again the importance of developing adequate physics based models. Advanced tokamak scenarios, aiming at large non-inductive current fraction due to non-standard profiles of the safety factor in combination with high normalised plasma pressure were studied with a focus on their access conditions. A method to guide the approach of the targeted safety factor profiles was developed, and the conditions for achieving good confinement were clarified. Based on this, two types of advanced scenarios (‘hybrid’ and ‘elevated’ q -profile) were established on AUG and characterised concerning their plasma performance.

Published
2024
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9. Overview of advances in ASDEX Upgrade plasma control to support critical physics research for ITER and beyond

Author

O. Kudlacek, P. David, I. Gomez, A. Gräter, B. Sieglin, W. Treutterer, M. Weiland, T. Zehetbauer, M. Van Berkel, M. Bernert, T. Bosman, F. Felici, L. Giannone, J. Illerhaus, D. Kropackova, P.T. Lang, M. Maraschek, B. Ploeckl, M. Reich, A. Vedl Kubincova, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, and EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team

Subjects
tokamak feedback control, control system architecture, density control, detachment control, disruption avoidance, heating control, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

The successful operation of fusion reactors requires plasma scenarios with good core confinement and acceptable first wall heat loads that are stable and robust to external perturbations. This poses both physical and technological challenges. One of the technologies that addresses these challenges is a complex feedback control system that supports advances in physical understanding and helps to ensure stable operating conditions. The operation of marginally stable plasmas often leads to off-normal events (such as disruptions) and feedback control can prevent these to some extent. This contribution gives an overview of the main results of the development and operation of the feedback control algorithms on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG). Fueling actuators, using a combination of gas valves and pellet injection, can simultaneously control neutral density of the divertor and the density of the plasma core above the Greenwald limit. Impurity injection is employed to control the position of the X-point radiator, allowing the creation of an ELM-suppressed H-mode with high radiation fraction. Heating actuators are used to control the plasma energy content, which supports advanced tokamak experiments and enables stable I-mode operation, and the electron temperature control, which supports turbulence studies. In control technology, AUG has pioneered the use of virtual actuators, which allow effective use of the limited number of heating actuators, adaptive control policies, and exception handling. Such technologies will also be used in ITER. Advanced nonlinear state observers (RAPTOR, RAPDENS) and codes to evaluate the power deposition properties (RABBIT, TORBEAM) are available for routine use in the AUG feedback controllers. Extensive use of the AUG discharge control system further enhances the research capabilities of this machine.

Published
2024
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10. Analysis of the periodic variation of pellet ablation radiation intensity in ASDEX Upgrade

Author

P.T. Lang, G.D. Conway, O.J.W.F. Kardaun, M. Maraschek, B. Pégourié, B. Ploeckl, R. Samulyak, and the ASDEX Upgrade Team

Subjects
ASDEX Upgrade, tokamak, pellet ablation, pellet fuelling, striations, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

In a future fusion reactor, the main fuelling method will likely rely on the injection of solid hydrogen pellets. Current predictions assume that this goal can be achieved, since being based on a technology which is already largely developed. However, this belief is founded on modelling tools that are usually aligned to the observation made in existing devices and then extrapolated to reactor conditions. This approach needs a sound consideration of its intrinsic restrictions and any observed feature not reproduced by the utilised codes should be applied to check their validation and possibly contribute to their refinement. One specific feature still lacking an explanation of a reasonable and self-consistent mechanism in the current models is the appearance of a phenomenon called striations, which are high frequency variations in the radiation emitted during the pellet ablation process. In order to provide a sound and reliable database for further considerations, a dedicated analysis of this effect has been performed on the mid-size tokamak ASDEX Upgrade. Therefore, such cases have been selected with the relevant signal recorded with sufficient temporal resolution during experiments covering a wide variation of plasma and pellet parameters which are regarded to be potentially influential on the striation pattern. In addition, it was ensured that for any specific case the observed behaviour was reproducible for several individual ablation events under identical conditions. In all cases considered, the observed radiation-intensity variations appear with a typical pattern showing a broad peak of frequencies in the range 50 – 150 kHz. This characteristic unveils a notable resilience against any parameter variation. This new collection of data can now act as firm basis to corroborate future modelling code-validation efforts. In addition, the analysis method can provide a relatively simple way of reviewing future modelling predictions.

Published
2024
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13. A methodology for discriminating phase and amplitude effects on synchronization in tokamak pacing experiments

Author

T. Craciunescu, A. Murari, E. Peluso, P.T. Lang, G. Harrer, L. Spolladore, M. Gelfusa, JET Contributors, and the ASDEX Upgrade Team

Subjects
ELMs, sawteeth, pacing, pellets, ICRH modulation, vertical kicks, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The control of macroscopic instabilities, such as Edge Localised Modes (ELMs) and sawteeth, is becoming an essential ingredient in the optimisation of scenarios in preparation for the next generation of tokamaks and the demonstrative reactor. Various pacing experiments have been indeed successfully carried out in many devices but various details of their interactions with the plasma remain poorly understood, in particular the assessment of the relative contribution of driver phase and amplitude to frequency synchronization. In this paper, a data analysis methodology for investigating the details of pacing experiments is proposed. The approach is based on the wavelet decomposition of the signals and the following implementation of information theoretic indicators, to determine the basic form of the interactions. The main analysis tool deployed is the conditional mutual information, equivalent to the informational transfer entropy, which can detect actual causal influences and not only statistical correlations between signals. The most flexible type of ELM pacing, the vertical kicks, permits to clearly confirm the potential of the analysis tools developed. In the dedicated experiments to optimise the ELMs pacing with pellets and sawteeth synchronization with ICRH modulation, the main effect is due to the influence of the amplitude of the external perturbations. Some evidence of phase synchronization has been found, in both JET and AUG, which indicates the direction of possible future optimization of the interventions. Indeed, adjusting the phase of the pacing schemes would free density and ICRH power to give more leeway to other feedback loops, an important aspect, particularly for the integrated control of the next generation of devices. The long-term objective of this line of research is therefore twofold. On the one hand, it is expected to contribute to better physical interpretation of the pacing experiments and possibly also of their target instabilities. From an operational perspective, hopefully these insights will help in the development of reactor relevant scenarios, as exemplified by examples of ELM a pacing with pellets carried out in preparation for the DT campaign on JET.

Published
2022
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14. Pellet-fueled I-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade

Author

D. Silvagni, P.T. Lang, T. Happel, A. Bock, R. Fischer, L. Gil, O.J.W.F. Kardaun, R.M. McDermott, U. Plank, B. Plöckl, D. Stieglitz, G. Tardini, and the ASDEX Upgrade Team

Subjects
I-mode, pellet, energy confinement time, tokamak, fueling, DEMO, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

This letter reports on the efforts carried out at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak to integrate I-mode plasmas with pellet fueling and to increase the I-mode Greenwald fraction $f_{\mathrm{GW}}$ , two important requirements for any DEMO operational scenario. For the first time, stationary I-mode plasmas have been achieved with pellet fueling and the core Greenwald fraction has been increased up to 0.8. Larger $f_{\mathrm{GW}}$ were not achieved due to technical constraints rather than to a physics-based limit. Pellet-fueled I-mode plasmas exhibit enhanced core and edge density, while core and edge temperature are reduced. Nonetheless, edge normalized gradients remain I-mode-like, namely shallow for the density and steep for the temperature. The I-mode energy confinement time is found to obey two distinct density dependencies: for $f_{\mathrm{GW}}\lt0.4$ it rises with increasing $f_{\mathrm{GW}}$ , while for $f_{\mathrm{GW}} \gt 0.4$ the energy confinement time plateaus with increasing $f_{\mathrm{GW}}$ , or even decreases with $f_{\mathrm{GW}}$ for the pellet-fueled plasmas. Similarities with Ohmic and L-mode energy confinement time dependency on density are discussed.

Published
2023
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15. A comparison of the influence of plasmoid-drift mechanisms on plasma fuelling by cryogenic pellets in ITER and Wendelstein 7-X

Author

N. Panadero, F. Koechl, A.R. Polevoi, J. Baldzuhn, C.D. Beidler, P.T. Lang, A. Loarte, A. Matsuyama, K.J. McCarthy, B. Pégourié, and Y. Turkin

Subjects
pellet, plasmoid, drift, stellarator, tokamak, pellet fuelling, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Pellet injection is the most promising technique to achieve efficient plasma core fuelling, key for attaining stationary scenarios in large magnetic confinement fusion devices. In this paper, the injection of pellets with different volumes and speeds into standard plasma scenarios in ITER (tokamak) and Wendelstein 7-X (stellarator) is studied by modeling the pellet ablation and particle deposition, focusing on the evaluation of the expected differences in pellet plasmoid drifts in tokamaks and stellarators. Since the efficiency of the damping-drift mechanisms is predicted to depend on the magnetic configuration, device-specific characteristics are expected for the temporal evolution of the plasmoid drift acceleration. For instance, plasmoid-internal Pfirsch–Schlüter currents dominate the drift damping process for stellarators, while plasmoid-external currents are more relevant for tokamaks. Also, relatively larger drifts are in principle expected for W7-X due to higher field gradients in relation to machine dimensions. However, shorter plasmoid-internal charge reconnection lengths result in the drift damping due to internal Pfirsch–Schlüter currents being more effective than in a tokamak. Therefore, the average relative drift displacement during the whole plasmoid homogenization may a priori be comparable in both magnetic configurations. Moreover, High Field Side (HFS) injection is expected to be highly advantageous to maximize pellet particle deposition in ITER, whereas it may only be beneficial in medium to high β environments in W7-X. Finally, there may be means for the optimization of pellet injection configurations in both ITER and W7-X for the considered plasma scenarios despite the sizeable differences in the relative importance of the mechanisms of plasmoid drift acceleration and deceleration in play.

Published
2023
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31. Testbed for the Pellet Launching System for JT-60SA

Author

B. Ploeckl, P.T. Lang, Chr. Day, Th. Giegerich, G. Phillips, C. Piccinni, and J. Tretter

Subjects
Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, General Materials Science, ddc:530, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

As part of the European contribution to the large size superconducting tokamak project JT-60SA, a new Pellet Launching System (PLS) is designed and built. The aims of the PLS are to provide efficient fuelling to the plasma and to control and mitigate Edge Localised Modes (ELMs). Two pellet sources, one for fuelling pellets, one for pacing pellets, are delivering pellets to a centrifuge launcher. The centrifuge enables precise launch of pellets according to already proven control schemes. Furthermore, this system opens a way towards a test bed for the EU-DEMO fuelling system. The new PLS has to be completed and commissioned first at the IPP Garching pellet lab and then to be shipped to QST Naka site after having demonstrated its performance. This dedicated test bed has been set up, providing suitable vacuum conditions to operate the PLS in similar conditions (except magnetic field and radiation). Maximum hydrogen throughput is about 400 mbar·L/s per pellet source. Safety issues must be considered for hydrogen inventory of pellet sources (∼100 bar·L each). In a first step, the pellet sources will be put on a test vessel providing inherent safety by a huge volume (10 m³) which makes sure that the hydrogen concentration is below 1% under all circumstances. A hydrogen safety survey prior to assembly confirmed the concept to be followed by an assessment after the installation in order to get the required license for operation. The PLS as a whole, for the time being equipped with two pellet sources, is to be certified according to explosion prevention rules (ATEX) as a product to be shipped to Naka site. To obtain this, an appropriate declaration of explosion zones inside the vacuum system and the use of suitable and certified equipment is mandatory. Such, the integration of this system can be planned and assessed on a clear technical and regulatory basis.

Published
2023

37. Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Sunn Pedersen, Thomas, primary, Abramovic, I., additional, Agostinetti, P., additional, Agredano Torres, M., additional, Äkäslompolo, S., additional, Alcuson Belloso, J., additional, Aleynikov, P., additional, Aleynikova, K., additional, Alhashimi, M., additional, Ali, A., additional, Allen, N., additional, Alonso, A., additional, Anda, G., additional, Andreeva, T., additional, Angioni, C., additional, Arkhipov, A., additional, Arnold, A., additional, Asad, W., additional, Ascasibar, E., additional, Aumeunier, M.-H., additional, Avramidis, K., additional, Aymerich, E., additional, Baek, S.-G., additional, Bähner, J., additional, Baillod, A., additional, Balden, M., additional, Baldzuhn, J., additional, Ballinger, S., additional, Banduch, M., additional, Bannmann, S., additional, Banon Navarro, A., additional, Bañón Navarro, A., additional, Barbui, T., additional, Beidler, C., additional, Belafdil, C., additional, Bencze, A., additional, Benndorf, A., additional, Beurskens, M., additional, Biedermann, C., additional, Biletskyi, O., additional, Blackwell, B., additional, Blatzheim, M., additional, Bluhm, T., additional, Böckenhoff, D., additional, Bongiovi, G., additional, Borchardt, M., additional, Borodin, D., additional, Boscary, J., additional, Bosch, H., additional, Bosmann, T., additional, Böswirth, B., additional, Böttger, L., additional, Bottino, A., additional, Bozhenkov, S., additional, Brakel, R., additional, Brandt, C., additional, Bräuer, T., additional, Braune, H., additional, Brezinsek, S., additional, Brunner, K., additional, Buller, S., additional, Burhenn, R., additional, Bussiahn, R., additional, Buttenschön, B., additional, Buzás, A., additional, Bykov, V., additional, Calvo, I., additional, Camacho Mata, K., additional, Caminal, I., additional, Cannas, B., additional, Cappa, A., additional, Carls, A., additional, Carovani, F., additional, Carr, M., additional, Carralero, D., additional, Carvalho, B., additional, Casas, J., additional, Castano-Bardawil, D., additional, Castejon, F., additional, Chaudhary, N., additional, Chelis, I., additional, Chomiczewska, A., additional, Coenen, J.W., additional, Cole, M., additional, Cordella, F., additional, Corre, Y., additional, Crombe, K., additional, Cseh, G., additional, Csillag, B., additional, Damm, H., additional, Day, C., additional, de Baar, M., additional, De la Cal, E., additional, Degenkolbe, S., additional, Demby, A., additional, Denk, S., additional, Dhard, C., additional, Di Siena, A., additional, Dinklage, A., additional, Dittmar, T., additional, Dreval, M., additional, Drevlak, M., additional, Drewelow, P., additional, Drews, P., additional, Dunai, D., additional, Edlund, E., additional, Effenberg, F., additional, Ehrke, G., additional, Endler, M., additional, Ennis, D.A., additional, Escoto, F.J., additional, Estrada, T., additional, Fable, E., additional, Fahrenkamp, N., additional, Fanni, A., additional, Faustin, J., additional, Fellinger, J., additional, Feng, Y., additional, Figacz, W., additional, Flom, E., additional, Ford, O., additional, Fornal, T., additional, Frerichs, H., additional, Freundt, S., additional, Fuchert, G., additional, Fukuyama, M., additional, Füllenbach, F., additional, Gantenbein, G., additional, Gao, Y., additional, Garcia, K., additional, García Regaña, J.M., additional, García-Cortés, I., additional, Gaspar, J., additional, Gates, D.A., additional, Geiger, J., additional, Geiger, B., additional, Giudicotti, L., additional, González, A., additional, Goriaev, A., additional, Gradic, D., additional, Grahl, M., additional, Graves, J.P., additional, Green, J., additional, Grelier, E., additional, Greuner, H., additional, Groß, S., additional, Grote, H., additional, Groth, M., additional, Gruca, M., additional, Grulke, O., additional, Grün, M., additional, Guerrero Arnaiz, J., additional, Günter, S., additional, Haak, V., additional, Haas, M., additional, Hacker, P., additional, Hakola, A., additional, Hallenbert, A., additional, Hammond, K., additional, Han, X., additional, Hansen, S.K., additional, Harris, J.H., additional, Hartfuß, H., additional, Hartmann, D., additional, Hathiramani, D., additional, Hatzky, R., additional, Hawke, J., additional, Hegedus, S., additional, Hein, B., additional, Heinemann, B., additional, Helander, P., additional, Henneberg, S., additional, Hergenhahn, U., additional, Hidalgo, C., additional, Hindenlang, F., additional, Hirsch, M., additional, Höfel, U., additional, Hollfeld, K.P., additional, Holtz, A., additional, Hopf, D., additional, Höschen, D., additional, Houry, M., additional, Howard, J., additional, Huang, X., additional, Hubeny, M., additional, Hudson, S., additional, Ida, K., additional, Igitkhanov, Y., additional, Igochine, V., additional, Illy, S., additional, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., additional, Isobe, M., additional, Jabłczyńska, M., additional, Jablonski, S., additional, Jagielski, B., additional, Jakubowski, M., additional, Jansen van Vuuren, A., additional, Jelonnek, J., additional, Jenko, F., additional, Jensen, T., additional, Jenzsch, H., additional, Junghanns, P., additional, Kaczmarczyk, J., additional, Kallmeyer, J., additional, Kamionka, U., additional, Kandler, M., additional, Kasilov, S., additional, Kazakov, Y., additional, Kennedy, D., additional, Kharwandikar, A., additional, Khokhlov, M., additional, Kiefer, C., additional, Killer, C., additional, Kirschner, A., additional, Kleiber, R., additional, Klinger, T., additional, Klose, S., additional, Knauer, J., additional, Knieps, A., additional, Köchl, F., additional, Kocsis, G., additional, Kolesnichenko, Ya.I., additional, Könies, A., additional, König, R., additional, Kontula, J., additional, Kornejew, P., additional, Koschinsky, J., additional, Kozulia, M.M., additional, Krämer-Flecken, A., additional, Krampitz, R., additional, Krause, M., additional, Krawczyk, N., additional, Kremeyer, T., additional, Krier, L., additional, Kriete, D.M., additional, Krychowiak, M., additional, Ksiazek, I., additional, Kubkowska, M., additional, Kuczynski, M., additional, Kühner, G., additional, Kumar, A., additional, Kurki-Suonio, T., additional, Kwak, S., additional, Landreman, M., additional, Lang, P.T., additional, Langenberg, A., additional, Laqua, H.P., additional, Laqua, H., additional, Laube, R., additional, Lazerson, S., additional, Lewerentz, M., additional, Li, C., additional, Liang, Y., additional, Linsmeier, Ch., additional, Lion, J., additional, Litnovsky, A., additional, Liu, S., additional, Lobsien, J., additional, Loizu, J., additional, Lore, J., additional, Lorenz, A., additional, Losada, U., additional, Louche, F., additional, Lunsford, R., additional, Lutsenko, V., additional, Machielsen, M., additional, Mackel, F., additional, Maisano-Brown, J., additional, Maj, O., additional, Makowski, D., additional, Manduchi, G., additional, Maragkoudakis, E., additional, Marchuk, O., additional, Marsen, S., additional, Martines, E., additional, Martinez-Fernandez, J., additional, Marushchenko, M., additional, Masuzaki, S., additional, Maurer, D., additional, Mayer, M., additional, McCarthy, K.J., additional, Mccormack, O., additional, McNeely, P., additional, Meister, H., additional, Mendelevitch, B., additional, Mendes, S., additional, Merlo, A., additional, Messian, A., additional, Mielczarek, A., additional, Mishchenko, O., additional, Missal, B., additional, Mitteau, R., additional, Moiseenko, V.E., additional, Mollen, A., additional, Moncada, V., additional, Mönnich, T., additional, Morisaki, T., additional, Moseev, D., additional, Motojima, G., additional, Mulas, S., additional, Mulsow, M., additional, Nagel, M., additional, Naujoks, D., additional, Naulin, V., additional, Neelis, T., additional, Neilson, H., additional, Neu, R., additional, Neubauer, O., additional, Neuner, U., additional, Nicolai, D., additional, Nielsen, S.K., additional, Niemann, H., additional, Nishiza, T., additional, Nishizawa, T., additional, Nührenberg, C., additional, Ochoukov, R., additional, Oelmann, J., additional, Offermanns, G., additional, Ogawa, K., additional, Okamura, S., additional, Ölmanns, J., additional, Ongena, J., additional, Oosterbeek, J., additional, Otte, M., additional, Pablant, N., additional, Panadero Alvarez, N., additional, Pandey, A., additional, Pasch, E., additional, Pavlichenko, R., additional, Pavone, A., additional, Pawelec, E., additional, Pechstein, G., additional, Pelka, G., additional, Perseo, V., additional, Peterson, B., additional, Pilopp, D., additional, Pingel, S., additional, Pisano, F., additional, Plöckl, B., additional, Plunk, G., additional, Pölöskei, P., additional, Pompe, B., additional, Popov, A., additional, Porkolab, M., additional, Proll, J., additional, Pueschel, M.J., additional, Puiatti, M.-E., additional, Puig Sitjes, A., additional, Purps, F., additional, Rahbarnia, K., additional, Rasiński, M., additional, Rasmussen, J., additional, Reiman, A., additional, Reimold, F., additional, Reisner, M., additional, Reiter, D., additional, Richou, M., additional, Riedl, R., additional, Riemann, J., additional, Riße, K., additional, Roberg-Clark, G., additional, Rohde, V., additional, Romazanov, J., additional, Rondeshagen, D., additional, Rong, P., additional, Rudischhauser, L., additional, Rummel, T., additional, Rummel, K., additional, Runov, A., additional, Rust, N., additional, Ryc, L., additional, Salembier, P., additional, Salewski, M., additional, Sanchez, E., additional, Satake, S., additional, Satheeswaran, G., additional, Schacht, J., additional, Scharff, E., additional, Schauer, F., additional, Schilling, J., additional, Schlisio, G., additional, Schmid, K., additional, Schmitt, J., additional, Schmitz, O., additional, Schneider, W., additional, Schneider, M., additional, Schneider, P., additional, Schrittwieser, R., additional, Schröder, T., additional, Schröder, M., additional, Schroeder, R., additional, Schweer, B., additional, Schwörer, D., additional, Scott, E., additional, Shanahan, B., additional, Sias, G., additional, Sichta, P., additional, Singer, M., additional, Sinha, P., additional, Sipliä, S., additional, Slaby, C., additional, Sleczka, M., additional, Smith, H., additional, Smoniewski, J., additional, Sonnendrücker, E., additional, Spolaore, M., additional, Spring, A., additional, Stadler, R., additional, Stańczak, D., additional, Stange, T., additional, Stepanov, I., additional, Stephey, L., additional, Stober, J., additional, Stroth, U., additional, Strumberger, E., additional, Suzuki, C., additional, Suzuki, Y., additional, Svensson, J., additional, Szabolics, T., additional, Szepesi, T., additional, Szücs, M., additional, Tabarés, F.L., additional, Tamura, N., additional, Tancetti, A., additional, Tantos, C., additional, Terry, J., additional, Thienpondt, H., additional, Thomsen, H., additional, Thumm, M., additional, Travere, J.M., additional, Traverso, P., additional, Tretter, J., additional, Trier, E., additional, Trimino Mora, H., additional, Tsujimura, T., additional, Turkin, Y., additional, Tykhyi, A., additional, Unterberg, B., additional, van Eeten, P., additional, van Milligen, B.Ph., additional, van Schoor, M., additional, Vano, L., additional, Varoutis, S., additional, Vecsei, M., additional, Vela, L., additional, Velasco, J.L., additional, Vervier, M., additional, Vianello, N., additional, Viebke, H., additional, Vilbrandt, R., additional, Vogel, G., additional, Vogt, N., additional, Volkhausen, C., additional, von Stechow, A., additional, Wagner, F., additional, Wang, E., additional, Wang, H., additional, Warmer, F., additional, Wauters, T., additional, Wegener, L., additional, Wegner, T., additional, Weir, G., additional, Wenzel, U., additional, White, A., additional, Wilde, F., additional, Wilms, F., additional, Windisch, T., additional, Winkler, M., additional, Winter, A., additional, Winters, V., additional, Wolf, R., additional, Wright, A.M., additional, Wurden, G.A., additional, Xanthopoulos, P., additional, Xu, S., additional, Yamada, H., additional, Yamaguchi, H., additional, Yokoyama, M., additional, Yoshinuma, M., additional, Yu, Q., additional, Zamanov, M., additional, Zanini, M., additional, Zarnstorff, M., additional, Zhang, D., additional, Zhou, S., additional, Zhu, J., additional, Zhu, C., additional, Zilker, M., additional, Zocco, A., additional, Zohm, H., additional, Zoletnik, S., additional, and Zsuga, L., additional

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2022
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38. Progress from ASDEX Upgrade experiments in preparing the physics basis of ITER operation and DEMO scenario development

Author

Stroth, U., primary, Aguiam, D., additional, Alessi, E., additional, Angioni, C., additional, Arden, N., additional, Parra, R. Arredondo, additional, Artigues, V., additional, Asunta, O., additional, Balden, M., additional, Bandaru, V., additional, Banon-Navarro, A., additional, Behler, K., additional, Bergmann, A., additional, Bergmann, M., additional, Bernardo, J., additional, Bernert, M., additional, Biancalani, A., additional, Bielajew, R., additional, Bilato, R., additional, Birkenmeier, G., additional, Blanken, T., additional, Bobkov, V., additional, Bock, A., additional, Body, T., additional, Bolzonella, T., additional, Bonanomi, N., additional, Bortolon, A., additional, Böswirth, B., additional, Bottereau, C., additional, Bottino, A., additional, van den Brand, H., additional, Brenzke, M., additional, Brezinsek, S., additional, Brida, D., additional, Brochard, F., additional, Bruhn, C., additional, Buchanan, J., additional, Buhler, A., additional, Burckhart, A., additional, Camenen, Y., additional, Cannas, B., additional, Megias, P. Cano, additional, Carlton, D., additional, Carr, M., additional, Carvalho, P., additional, Castaldo, C., additional, Cavedon, M., additional, Cazzaniga, C., additional, Challis, C., additional, Chankin, A., additional, Cianfarani, C., additional, Clairet, F., additional, Coda, S., additional, Coelho, R., additional, Coenen, J.W., additional, Colas, L., additional, Conway, G., additional, Costea, S., additional, Coster, D., additional, Cote, T., additional, Creely, A.J., additional, Croci, G., additional, Zabala, D.J. Cruz, additional, Cseh, G., additional, Czarnecka, A., additional, Cziegler, I., additional, D’Arcangelo, O., additional, Molin, A. Dal, additional, David, P., additional, Day, C., additional, de Baar, M., additional, de Marné, P., additional, Delogu, R., additional, Denk, S., additional, Denner, P., additional, Di Siena, A., additional, Palacios Durán, J.J. Dominguez, additional, Dunai, D., additional, Drenik, A., additional, Dreval, M., additional, Drube, R., additional, Dunne, M., additional, Duval, B.P., additional, Dux, R., additional, Eich, T., additional, Elgeti, S., additional, Encheva, A., additional, Engelhardt, K., additional, Erdös, B., additional, Erofeev, I., additional, Esposito, B., additional, Fable, E., additional, Faitsch, M., additional, Fantz, U., additional, Farnik, M., additional, Faugel, H., additional, Felici, F., additional, Ficker, O., additional, Fietz, S., additional, Figueredo, A., additional, Fischer, R., additional, Ford, O., additional, Frassinetti, L., additional, Fröschle, M., additional, Fuchert, G., additional, Fuchs, J.C., additional, Fünfgelder, H., additional, Futatani, S., additional, Galazka, K., additional, Galdon-Quiroga, J., additional, Escolà, D. Gallart, additional, Gallo, A., additional, Gao, Y., additional, Garavaglia, S., additional, Muñoz, M. Garcia, additional, Geiger, B., additional, Giannone, L., additional, Gibson, S., additional, Gil, L., additional, Giovannozzi, E., additional, Glöggler, S., additional, Gobbin, M., additional, Martin, J. Gonzalez, additional, Goodman, T., additional, Gorini, G., additional, Görler, T., additional, Gradic, D., additional, Granucci, G., additional, Gräter, A., additional, Greuner, H., additional, Griener, M., additional, Groth, M., additional, Gude, A., additional, Guimarais, L., additional, Günter, S., additional, Haas, G., additional, Hakola, A.H., additional, Ham, C., additional, Happel, T., additional, den Harder, N., additional, Harrer, G., additional, Harrison, J., additional, Hauer, V., additional, Hayward-Schneider, T., additional, Heinemann, B., additional, Hellsten, T., additional, Henderson, S., additional, Hennequin, P., additional, Herrmann, A., additional, Heyn, E., additional, Hitzler, F., additional, Hobirk, J., additional, Höfler, K., additional, Holm, J.H., additional, Hölzl, M., additional, Hopf, C., additional, Horvath, L., additional, Höschen, T., additional, Houben, A., additional, Hubbard, A., additional, Huber, A., additional, Hunger, K., additional, Igochine, V., additional, Iliasova, M., additional, Ilkei, T., additional, Björk, K. Insulander, additional, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., additional, Ivanova-Stanik, I., additional, Jacob, W., additional, Jaksic, N., additional, Janky, F., additional, Jansen van Vuuren, A., additional, Jardin, A., additional, Jaulmes, F., additional, Jenko, F., additional, Jensen, T., additional, Joffrin, E., additional, Kallenbach, A., additional, Kálvin, S., additional, Kantor, M., additional, Kappatou, A., additional, Kardaun, O., additional, Karhunen, J., additional, Käsemann, C.-P., additional, Kasilov, S., additional, Kendl, A., additional, Kernbichler, W., additional, Khilkevitch, E., additional, Kirk, A., additional, Hansen, S. Kjer, additional, Klevarova, V., additional, Kocsis, G., additional, Koleva, M., additional, Komm, M., additional, Kong, M., additional, Krämer-Flecken, A., additional, Krieger, K., additional, Krivska, A., additional, Kudlacek, O., additional, Kurki-Suonio, T., additional, Kurzan, B., additional, Labit, B., additional, Lackner, K., additional, Laggner, F., additional, Lahtinen, A., additional, Lang, P.T., additional, Lauber, P., additional, Leuthold, N., additional, Li, L., additional, Likonen, J., additional, Linder, O., additional, Lipschultz, B., additional, Liu, Y., additional, Lohs, A., additional, Lu, Z., additional, Luda di Cortemiglia, T., additional, Luhmann, N.C., additional, Lunt, T., additional, Lyssoivan, A., additional, Maceina, T., additional, Madsen, J., additional, Magnanimo, A., additional, Maier, H., additional, Mailloux, J., additional, Maingi, R., additional, Maj, O., additional, Maljaars, E., additional, Manas, P., additional, Mancini, A., additional, Manhard, A., additional, Mantica, P., additional, Mantsinen, M., additional, Manz, P., additional, Maraschek, M., additional, Marchetto, C., additional, Marrelli, L., additional, Martin, P., additional, Martitsch, A., additional, Matos, F., additional, Mayer, M., additional, Mayoral, M.-L., additional, Mazon, D., additional, McCarthy, P.J., additional, McDermott, R., additional, Merkel, R., additional, Merle, A., additional, Meshcheriakov, D., additional, Meyer, H., additional, Milanesio, D., additional, Cabrera, P. Molina, additional, Monaco, F., additional, Muraca, M., additional, Nabais, F., additional, Naulin, V., additional, Nazikian, R., additional, Nem, R.D., additional, Nemes-Czopf, A., additional, Neu, G., additional, Neu, R., additional, Nielsen, A.H., additional, Nielsen, S.K., additional, Nishizawa, T., additional, Nocente, M., additional, Noterdaeme, J.-M., additional, Novikau, I., additional, Nowak, S., additional, Oberkofler, M., additional, Ochoukov, R., additional, Olsen, J., additional, Orain, F., additional, Palermo, F., additional, Pan, O., additional, Papp, G., additional, Perez, I. Paradela, additional, Pau, A., additional, Pautasso, G., additional, Paz-Soldan, C., additional, Petersson, P., additional, Piovesan, P., additional, Piron, C., additional, Plank, U., additional, Plaum, B., additional, Plöck, B., additional, Plyusnin, V., additional, Pokol, G., additional, Poli, E., additional, Porte, L., additional, Pütterich, T., additional, Ramisch, M., additional, Rasmussen, J., additional, Ratta, G., additional, Ratynskaia, S., additional, Raupp, G., additional, Réfy, D., additional, Reich, M., additional, Reimold, F., additional, Reiser, D., additional, Reisner, M., additional, Reiter, D., additional, Ribeiro, T., additional, Riedl, R., additional, Riesch, J., additional, Rittich, D., additional, Rodriguez, J.F. Rivero, additional, Rocchi, G., additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., additional, Rodriguez-Ramos, M., additional, Rohde, V., additional, Ronchi, G., additional, Ross, A., additional, Rott, M., additional, Rubel, M., additional, Ryan, D.A., additional, Ryter, F., additional, Saarelma, S., additional, Salewski, M., additional, Salmi, A., additional, Samoylov, O., additional, Sanchez, L. Sanchis, additional, Santos, J., additional, Sauter, O., additional, Schall, G., additional, Schlüter, K., additional, Schmid, K., additional, Schmitz, O., additional, Schneider, P.A., additional, Schrittwieser, R., additional, Schubert, M., additional, Schuster, C., additional, Schwarz-Selinger, T., additional, Schweinzer, J., additional, Seliunin, E., additional, Shabbir, A., additional, Shalpegin, A., additional, Sharapov, S., additional, Sheikh, U., additional, Shevelev, A., additional, Sias, G., additional, Siccinio, M., additional, Sieglin, B., additional, Sigalov, A., additional, Silva, A., additional, Silva, C., additional, Silvagni, D., additional, Simpson, J., additional, Sipilä, S., additional, Smigelskis, E., additional, Snicker, A., additional, Solano, E., additional, Sommariva, C., additional, Sozzi, C., additional, Spizzo, G., additional, Spolaore, M., additional, Stegmeir, A., additional, Stejner, M., additional, Stober, J., additional, Strumberge, E., additional, Lopez, G. Suarez, additional, Sun, H.-J., additional, Suttrop, W., additional, Sytova, E., additional, Szepesi, T., additional, Tál, B., additional, Tala, T., additional, Tardini, G., additional, Tardocchi, M., additional, Terranova, D., additional, Teschke, M., additional, Thorén, E., additional, Tierens, W., additional, Told, D., additional, Treutterer, W., additional, Trevisan, G., additional, Trier, E., additional, Tripský, M., additional, Usoltceva, M., additional, Valisa, M., additional, Valovic, M., additional, van Zeeland, M., additional, Vannini, F., additional, Vanovac, B., additional, Varela, P., additional, Varoutis, S., additional, Vianello, N., additional, Vicente, J., additional, Verdoolaege, G., additional, Vierle, T., additional, Viezzer, E., additional, Voitsekhovitch, I., additional, von Toussaint, U., additional, Wagner, D., additional, Wang, X., additional, Weiland, M., additional, White, A.E., additional, Willensdorfer, M., additional, Wiringer, B., additional, Wischmeier, M., additional, Wolf, R., additional, Wolfrum, E., additional, Yang, Q., additional, Yu, Q., additional, Zagórski, R., additional, Zammuto, I., additional, Zehetbauer, T., additional, Zhang, W., additional, Zholobenko, W., additional, Zilker, M., additional, Zito, A., additional, Zohm, H., additional, Zoletnik, S., additional, and EUROfusion MST1 Team, the, additional

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2022
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39. Progress from ASDEX Upgrade experiments in preparing the physics basis of ITER operation and DEMO scenario development

Author

U. Stroth, D. Aguiam, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, N. Arden, R. Arredondo Parra, V. Artigues, O. Asunta, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon-Navarro, K. Behler, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bielajew, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, T. Body, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, C. Bruhn, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, B. Cannas, P. Cano Megias, D. Carlton, M. Carr, P. Carvalho, C. Castaldo, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, C. Challis, A. Chankin, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Conway, S. Costea, D. Coster, T. Cote, A.J. Creely, G. Croci, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, A. Czarnecka, I. Cziegler, O. D’Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, P. David, C. Day, M. de Baar, P. de Marné, R. Delogu, S. Denk, P. Denner, A. Di Siena, J.J. Dominguez Palacios Durán, D. Dunai, A. Drenik, M. Dreval, R. Drube, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, A. Encheva, K. Engelhardt, B. Erdös, I. Erofeev, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, U. Fantz, M. Farnik, H. Faugel, F. Felici, O. Ficker, S. Fietz, A. Figueredo, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, S. Futatani, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart Escolà, A. Gallo, Y. Gao, S. Garavaglia, M. Garcia Muñoz, B. Geiger, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, E. Giovannozzi, S. Glöggler, M. Gobbin, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, T. Görler, D. Gradic, G. Granucci, A. Gräter, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, A. Gude, L. Guimarais, S. Günter, G. Haas, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, A. Herrmann, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, J.H. Holm, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, L. Horvath, T. Höschen, A. Houben, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, M. Iliasova, T. Ilkei, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova-Stanik, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, F. Janky, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, A. Kallenbach, S. Kálvin, M. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen, C.-P. Käsemann, S. Kasilov, A. Kendl, W. Kernbichler, E. Khilkevitch, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, G. Kocsis, M. Koleva, M. Komm, M. Kong, A. Krämer-Flecken, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, O. Kudlacek, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, A. Lahtinen, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, N. Leuthold, L. Li, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, Y. Liu, A. Lohs, Z. Lu, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, O. Maj, E. Maljaars, P. Manas, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, A. Martitsch, F. Matos, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, R. Merkel, A. Merle, D. Meshcheriakov, H. Meyer, D. Milanesio, P. Molina Cabrera, F. Monaco, M. Muraca, F. Nabais, V. Naulin, R. Nazikian, R.D. Nem, A. Nemes-Czopf, G. Neu, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, T. Nishizawa, M. Nocente, J.-M. Noterdaeme, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, M. Oberkofler, R. Ochoukov, J. Olsen, F. Orain, F. Palermo, O. Pan, G. Papp, I. Paradela Perez, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, C. Paz-Soldan, P. Petersson, P. Piovesan, C. Piron, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Plöck, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, L. Porte, T. Pütterich, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, D. Réfy, M. Reich, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, T. Ribeiro, R. Riedl, J. Riesch, D. Rittich, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, V. Rohde, G. Ronchi, A. Ross, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D.A. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, O. Samoylov, L. Sanchis Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, G. Schall, K. Schlüter, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, C. Schuster, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, E. Seliunin, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, S. Sharapov, U. Sheikh, A. Shevelev, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, J. Simpson, S. Sipilä, E. Smigelskis, A. Snicker, E. Solano, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, J. Stober, E. Strumberge, G. Suarez Lopez, H.-J. Sun, W. Suttrop, E. Sytova, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Teschke, E. Thorén, W. Tierens, D. Told, W. Treutterer, G. Trevisan, E. Trier, M. Tripský, M. Usoltceva, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, M. van Zeeland, F. Vannini, B. Vanovac, P. Varela, S. Varoutis, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, G. Verdoolaege, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, I. Voitsekhovitch, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, A.E. White, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yang, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zhang, W. Zholobenko, M. Zilker, A. Zito, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik, the EUROfusion MST1 Team, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EUROfusion MST1 Team, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Stroth, U, Aguiam, D, Alessi, E, Angioni, C, Arden, N, Parra, R, Artigues, V, Asunta, O, Balden, M, Bandaru, V, Banon-Navarro, A, Behler, K, Bergmann, A, Bergmann, M, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Biancalani, A, Bielajew, R, Bilato, R, Birkenmeier, G, Blanken, T, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Body, T, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bortolon, A, Boswirth, B, Bottereau, C, Bottino, A, Van Den Brand, H, Brenzke, M, Brezinsek, S, Brida, D, Brochard, F, Bruhn, C, Buchanan, J, Buhler, A, Burckhart, A, Camenen, Y, Cannas, B, Megias, P, Carlton, D, Carr, M, Carvalho, P, Castaldo, C, Cavedon, M, Cazzaniga, C, Challis, C, Chankin, A, Cianfarani, C, Clairet, F, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Costea, S, Coster, D, Cote, T, Creely, A, Croci, G, Zabala, D, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Cziegler, I, D'Arcangelo, O, Molin, A, David, P, Day, C, De Baar, M, De Marne, P, Delogu, R, Denk, S, Denner, P, Di Siena, A, Palacios Duran, J, Dunai, D, Drenik, A, Dreval, M, Drube, R, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Dux, R, Eich, T, Elgeti, S, Encheva, A, Engelhardt, K, Erdos, B, Erofeev, I, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Faitsch, M, Fantz, U, Farnik, M, Faugel, H, Felici, F, Ficker, O, Fietz, S, Figueredo, A, Fischer, R, Ford, O, Frassinetti, L, Froschle, M, Fuchert, G, Fuchs, J, Funfgelder, H, Futatani, S, Galazka, K, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Escola, D, Gallo, A, Gao, Y, Garavaglia, S, Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Giannone, L, Gibson, S, Gil, L, Giovannozzi, E, Gloggler, S, Gobbin, M, Martin, J, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gorler, T, Gradic, D, Granucci, G, Grater, A, Greuner, H, Griener, M, Groth, M, Gude, A, Guimarais, L, Gunter, S, Haas, G, Hakola, A, Ham, C, Happel, T, Den Harder, N, Harrer, G, Harrison, J, Hauer, V, Hayward-Schneider, T, Heinemann, B, Hellsten, T, Henderson, S, Hennequin, P, Herrmann, A, Heyn, E, Hitzler, F, Hobirk, J, Hofler, K, Holm, J, Holzl, M, Hopf, C, Horvath, L, Hoschen, T, Houben, A, Hubbard, A, Huber, A, Hunger, K, Igochine, V, Iliasova, M, Ilkei, T, Bjork, K, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacob, W, Jaksic, N, Janky, F, Jansen Van Vuuren, A, Jardin, A, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Joffrin, E, Kallenbach, A, Kalvin, S, Kantor, M, Kappatou, A, Kardaun, O, Karhunen, J, Kasemann, C, Kasilov, S, Kendl, A, Kernbichler, W, Khilkevitch, E, Kirk, A, Hansen, S, Klevarova, V, Kocsis, G, Koleva, M, Komm, M, Kong, M, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kudlacek, O, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurzan, B, Labit, B, Lackner, K, Laggner, F, Lahtinen, A, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Leuthold, N, Li, L, Likonen, J, Linder, O, Lipschultz, B, Liu, Y, Lohs, A, Lu, Z, Luda Di Cortemiglia, T, Luhmann, N, Lunt, T, Lyssoivan, A, Maceina, T, Madsen, J, Magnanimo, A, Maier, H, Mailloux, J, Maingi, R, Maj, O, Maljaars, E, Manas, P, Mancini, A, Manhard, A, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Marchetto, C, Marrelli, L, Martin, P, Martitsch, A, Matos, F, Mayer, M, Mayoral, M, Mazon, D, Mccarthy, P, Mcdermott, R, Merkel, R, Merle, A, Meshcheriakov, D, Meyer, H, Milanesio, D, Cabrera, P, Monaco, F, Muraca, M, Nabais, F, Naulin, V, Nazikian, R, Nem, R, Nemes-Czopf, A, Neu, G, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nishizawa, T, Nocente, M, Noterdaeme, J, Novikau, I, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Ochoukov, R, Olsen, J, Orain, F, Palermo, F, Pan, O, Papp, G, Perez, I, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Paz-Soldan, C, Petersson, P, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Plank, U, Plaum, B, Plock, B, Plyusnin, V, Pokol, G, Poli, E, Porte, L, Putterich, T, Ramisch, M, Rasmussen, J, Ratta, G, Ratynskaia, S, Raupp, G, Refy, D, Reich, M, Reimold, F, Reiser, D, Reisner, M, Reiter, D, Ribeiro, T, Riedl, R, Riesch, J, Rittich, D, Rodriguez, J, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez-Fernandez, P, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Ronchi, G, Ross, A, Rott, M, Rubel, M, Ryan, D, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Samoylov, O, Sanchez, L, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Schall, G, Schluter, K, Schmid, K, Schmitz, O, Schneider, P, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schuster, C, Schwarz-Selinger, T, Schweinzer, J, Seliunin, E, Shabbir, A, Shalpegin, A, Sharapov, S, Sheikh, U, Shevelev, A, Sias, G, Siccinio, M, Sieglin, B, Sigalov, A, Silva, A, Silva, C, Silvagni, D, Simpson, J, Sipila, S, Smigelskis, E, Snicker, A, Solano, E, Sommariva, C, Sozzi, C, Spizzo, G, Spolaore, M, Stegmeir, A, Stejner, M, Stober, J, Strumberge, E, Lopez, G, Sun, H, Suttrop, W, Sytova, E, Szepesi, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Teschke, M, Thoren, E, Tierens, W, Told, D, Treutterer, W, Trevisan, G, Trier, E, Tripsky, M, Usoltceva, M, Valisa, M, Valovic, M, Van Zeeland, M, Vannini, F, Vanovac, B, Varela, P, Varoutis, S, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Verdoolaege, G, Vierle, T, Viezzer, E, Voitsekhovitch, I, Von Toussaint, U, Wagner, D, Wang, X, Weiland, M, White, A, Willensdorfer, M, Wiringer, B, Wischmeier, M, Wolf, R, Wolfrum, E, Yang, Q, Yu, Q, Zagorski, R, Zammuto, I, Zehetbauer, T, Zhang, W, Zholobenko, W, Zilker, M, Zito, A, Zohm, H, and Zoletnik, S

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Asdex Upgrade, confinement, ELLM-free discharges, sol, Computer science, Nuclear engineering, ALCATOR C-MOD, UPPER DIVERTOR, ASDEX Upgrade, Physics::Plasma Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Simulació per ordinador, alcator c-mod, ddc:530, upper divertor, ELLM-free discharge, SOL, Basis (linear algebra), Physics, turbulence, transition, h-mode plasmas, Condensed Matter Physics, ddc, Informàtica::Aplicacions de la informàtica::Aplicacions informàtiques a la física i l‘enginyeria [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, CONFINEMENT MODES, H-MODE PLASMAS, Physics::Space Physics, Nuclear fusion, TURBULENCE, ddc:620, confinement modes, TRANSITION
Abstract

An overview of recent results obtained at the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) is given. A work flow for predictive profile modelling of AUG discharges was established which is able to reproduce experimental H-mode plasma profiles based on engineering parameters only. In the plasma center, theoretical predictions on plasma current redistribution by a dynamo effect were confirmed experimentally. For core transport, the stabilizing effect of fast ion distributions on turbulent transport is shown to be important to explain the core isotope effect and improves the description of hollow low-Z impurity profiles. The L–H power threshold of hydrogen plasmas is not affected by small helium admixtures and it increases continuously from the deuterium to the hydrogen level when the hydrogen concentration is raised from 0 to 100%. One focus of recent campaigns was the search for a fusion relevant integrated plasma scenario without large edge localised modes (ELMs). Results from six different ELM-free confinement regimes are compared with respect to reactor relevance: ELM suppression by magnetic perturbation coils could be attributed to toroidally asymmetric turbulent fluctuations in the vicinity of the separatrix. Stable improved confinement mode plasma phases with a detached inner divertor were obtained using a feedback control of the plasma β. The enhanced Dα H-mode regime was extended to higher heating power by feedback controlled radiative cooling with argon. The quasi-coherent exhaust regime was developed into an integrated scenario at high heating power and energy confinement, with a detached divertor and without large ELMs. Small ELMs close to the separatrix lead to peeling-ballooning stability and quasi continuous power exhaust. Helium beam density fluctuation measurements confirm that transport close to the separatrix is important to achieve the different ELM-free regimes. Based on separatrix plasma parameters and interchange-drift-Alfvén turbulence, an analytic model was derived that reproduces the experimentally found important operational boundaries of the density limit and between L- and H-mode confinement. Feedback control for the X-point radiator (XPR) position was established as an important element for divertor detachment control. Stable and detached ELM-free phases with H-mode confinement quality were obtained when the XPR was moved 10 cm above the X-point. Investigations of the plasma in the future flexible snow-flake divertor of AUG by means of first SOLPS-ITER simulations with drifts activated predict beneficial detachment properties and the activation of an additional strike point by the drifts. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Peer Reviewed "Article signat per més de 50 autors/es: U. Stroth, D. Aguiam, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, N. Arden, R. Arredondo Parra, V. Artigues, O. Asunta, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon-Navarro, K. Behler, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bielajew, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, T. Body, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, C. Bruhn, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, B. Cannas, P. Cano Megias, D. Carlton, M. Carr, P. Carvalho, C. Castaldo, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, C. Challis, A. Chankin, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Conway, S. Costea, D. Coster, T. Cote, A.J. Creely, G. Croci, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, A. Czarnecka, I. Cziegler, O. D'Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, P. David, C. Day, M. de Baar, P. de Marné, R. Delogu, S. Denk, P. Denner, A. Di Siena, J.J. Dominguez Palacios Durán, D. Dunai, A. Drenik, M. Dreval, R. Drube, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, A. Encheva, K. Engelhardt, B. Erdös, I. Erofeev, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, U. Fantz, M. Farnik, H. Faugel, F. Felici, O. Ficker, S. Fietz, A. Figueredo, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, S. Futatani, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart Escolà, A. Gallo10, Y. Gao11, S. Garavaglia3, M. Garcia Muñoz16, B. Geiger21, L. Giannone1, S. Gibson32, L. Gil2, E. Giovannozzi18, S. Glöggler1, M. Gobbin8, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, T. Görler, D. Gradic, G. Granucci, A. Gräter, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, A. Gude, L. Guimarais, S. Günter, G. Haas, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, A. Herrmann, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, J.H. Holm, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, L. Horvath, T. Höschen, A. Houben, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, M. Iliasova, T. Ilkei, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova-Stanik, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, F. Janky, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, A. Kallenbach, S. Kálvin, M. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen4, C.-P. Käsemann, S. Kasilov, A. Kendl, W. Kernbichler, E. Khilkevitch, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, G. Kocsis, M. Koleva, M. Komm, M. Kong, A. Krämer-Flecken, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, O. Kudlacek, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, A. Lahtinen, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, N. Leuthold, L. Li, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, Y. Liu, A. Lohs, Z. Lu, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, O. Maj, E. Maljaars, P. Manas, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, A. Martitsch, F. Matos, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, R. Merkel, A. Merle, D. Meshcheriakov, H. Meyer, D. Milanesio, P. Molina Cabrera, F. Monaco, M. Muraca, F. Nabais, V. Naulin, R. Nazikian, R.D. Nem, A. Nemes-Czopf, G. Neu, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, T. Nishizawa, M. Nocente, J.-M. Noterdaeme, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, M. Oberkofler, R. Ochoukov, J. Olsen, F. Orain, F. Palermo, O. Pan, G. Papp, I. Paradela Perez, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, C. Paz-Soldan, P. Petersson, P. Piovesan, C. Piron, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Plöck, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, L. Porte, T. Pütterich, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, D. Réfy, M. Reich1, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, T. Ribeiro, R. Riedl, J. Riesch, D. Rittich, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, V. Rohde, G. Ronchi, A. Ross, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D.A. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, O. Samoylov, L. Sanchis Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, G. Schall, K. Schlüter, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, C. Schuster, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, E. Seliunin, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, S. Sharapov, U. Sheikh, A. Shevelev, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, J. Simpson, S. Sipilä, E. Smigelskis, A. Snicker, E. Solano, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, J. Stober, E. Strumberge1, G. Suarez Lopez, H.-J. Sun, W. Suttrop, E. Sytova, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Teschke, E. Thorén, W. Tierens, D. Told, W. Treutterer, G. Trevisan, E. Trier, M. Tripský, M. Usoltceva, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, M. van Zeeland, F. Vannini, B. Vanovac, P. Varela, S. Varoutis, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, G. Verdoolaege, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, I. Voitsekhovitch, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, A.E. White, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yang, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zhang, W. Zholobenko, M. Zilker, A. Zito, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik and the EUROfusion MST1 Team "

Published
2022
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40. The pre-concept design of the DEMO tritium, matter injection and vacuum systems

Author

Chr. Day, K. Battes, B. Butler, S. Davies, L. Farina, A. Frattolillo, R. George, T. Giegerich, S. Hanke, T. Härtl, Y. Igitkhanov, T. Jackson, N. Jayasekera, Y. Kathage, P.T. Lang, R. Lawless, X. Luo, C. Neugebauer, B. Ploeckl, A. Santucci, J. Schwenzer, T. Teichmann, T. Tijssen, S. Tosti, S. Varoutis, A. Vazquez Cortes, Day, C., Battes, K., Butler, B., Davies, S., Farina, L., Frattolillo, A., George, R., Giegerich, T., Hanke, S., Hartl, T., Igitkhanov, Y., Jackson, T., Jayasekera, N., Kathage, Y., Lang, P. T., Lawless, R., Luo, X., Neugebauer, C., Ploeckl, B., Santucci, A., Schwenzer, J., Teichmann, T., Tijssen, T., Tosti, S., Varoutis, S., and Cortes, A. V.

Subjects
Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Vacuum, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Fuel Cycle, Pellet injection, General Materials Science, ddc:530, Tritium, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

In the Pre-Concept Design Phase of EU-DEMO, the work package TFV (Tritium – Matter Injection – Vacuum) has developed a tritium self-sufficient three-loop fuel cycle architecture. Driven by the need to reduce the tritium inventory in the systems to an absolute minimum, this requires the continual recirculation of gases in loops without storage, avoiding hold-ups of tritium in each process stage by giving preference to continuous over batch technologies, and immediate use of tritium extracted from tritium breeding blankets. In order to achieve this goal, a number of novel concepts and technologies had to be found and their principal feasibility to be shown. This paper starts from a functional analysis of the fuel cycle and introduces the results of a technology survey and ranking exercise which provided the prime technology candidates for all system blocks. The main boundary conditions for the TFV systems are described based on which the fuel cycle architecture was developed and the required operational windows of all subsystems were defined. To validate this, various R&D lines were established, selected results of which are reported, together with the key technology developments. Finally, an outlook towards the Concept Design Phase is given.

Published
2022

41. Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Thomas Sunn Pedersen, I. Abramovic, P. Agostinetti, M. Agredano Torres, S. Äkäslompolo, J. Alcuson Belloso, P. Aleynikov, K. Aleynikova, M. Alhashimi, A. Ali, N. Allen, A. Alonso, G. Anda, T. Andreeva, C. Angioni, A. Arkhipov, A. Arnold, W. Asad, E. Ascasibar, M.-H. Aumeunier, K. Avramidis, E. Aymerich, S.-G. Baek, J. Bähner, A. Baillod, M. Balden, J. Baldzuhn, S. Ballinger, M. Banduch, S. Bannmann, A. Banon Navarro, A. Bañón Navarro, T. Barbui, C. Beidler, C. Belafdil, A. Bencze, A. Benndorf, M. Beurskens, C. Biedermann, O. Biletskyi, B. Blackwell, M. Blatzheim, T. Bluhm, D. Böckenhoff, G. Bongiovi, M. Borchardt, D. Borodin, J. Boscary, H. Bosch, T. Bosmann, B. Böswirth, L. Böttger, A. Bottino, S. Bozhenkov, R. Brakel, C. Brandt, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, S. Brezinsek, K. Brunner, S. Buller, R. Burhenn, R. Bussiahn, B. Buttenschön, A. Buzás, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, K. Camacho Mata, I. Caminal, B. Cannas, A. Cappa, A. Carls, F. Carovani, M. Carr, D. Carralero, B. Carvalho, J. Casas, D. Castano-Bardawil, F. Castejon, N. Chaudhary, I. Chelis, A. Chomiczewska, J.W. Coenen, M. Cole, F. Cordella, Y. Corre, K. Crombe, G. Cseh, B. Csillag, H. Damm, C. Day, M. de Baar, E. De la Cal, S. Degenkolbe, A. Demby, S. Denk, C. Dhard, A. Di Siena, A. Dinklage, T. Dittmar, M. Dreval, M. Drevlak, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, D. Dunai, E. Edlund, F. Effenberg, G. Ehrke, M. Endler, D.A. Ennis, F.J. Escoto, T. Estrada, E. Fable, N. Fahrenkamp, A. Fanni, J. Faustin, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, W. Figacz, E. Flom, O. Ford, T. Fornal, H. Frerichs, S. Freundt, G. Fuchert, M. Fukuyama, F. Füllenbach, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, K. Garcia, J.M. García Regaña, I. García-Cortés, J. Gaspar, D.A. Gates, J. Geiger, B. Geiger, L. Giudicotti, A. González, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, J.P. Graves, J. Green, E. Grelier, H. Greuner, S. Groß, H. Grote, M. Groth, M. Gruca, O. Grulke, M. Grün, J. Guerrero Arnaiz, S. Günter, V. Haak, M. Haas, P. Hacker, A. Hakola, A. Hallenbert, K. Hammond, X. Han, S.K. Hansen, J.H. Harris, H. Hartfuß, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, R. Hatzky, J. Hawke, S. Hegedus, B. Hein, B. Heinemann, P. Helander, S. Henneberg, U. Hergenhahn, C. Hidalgo, F. Hindenlang, M. Hirsch, U. Höfel, K.P. Hollfeld, A. Holtz, D. Hopf, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Howard, X. Huang, M. Hubeny, S. Hudson, K. Ida, Y. Igitkhanov, V. Igochine, S. Illy, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, M. Isobe, M. Jabłczyńska, S. Jablonski, B. Jagielski, M. Jakubowski, A. Jansen van Vuuren, J. Jelonnek, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, H. Jenzsch, P. Junghanns, J. Kaczmarczyk, J. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, M. Kandler, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, D. Kennedy, A. Kharwandikar, M. Khokhlov, C. Kiefer, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, T. Klinger, S. Klose, J. Knauer, A. Knieps, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, Ya.I. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, R. König, J. Kontula, P. Kornejew, J. Koschinsky, M.M. Kozulia, A. Krämer-Flecken, R. Krampitz, M. Krause, N. Krawczyk, T. Kremeyer, L. Krier, D.M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, M. Kuczynski, G. Kühner, A. Kumar, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, M. Landreman, P.T. Lang, A. Langenberg, H.P. Laqua, H. Laqua, R. Laube, S. Lazerson, M. Lewerentz, C. Li, Y. Liang, Ch. Linsmeier, J. Lion, A. Litnovsky, S. Liu, J. Lobsien, J. Loizu, J. Lore, A. Lorenz, U. Losada, F. Louche, R. Lunsford, V. Lutsenko, M. Machielsen, F. Mackel, J. Maisano-Brown, O. Maj, D. Makowski, G. Manduchi, E. Maragkoudakis, O. Marchuk, S. Marsen, E. Martines, J. Martinez-Fernandez, M. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D. Maurer, M. Mayer, K.J. McCarthy, O. Mccormack, P. McNeely, H. Meister, B. Mendelevitch, S. Mendes, A. Merlo, A. Messian, A. Mielczarek, O. Mishchenko, B. Missal, R. Mitteau, V.E. Moiseenko, A. Mollen, V. Moncada, T. Mönnich, T. Morisaki, D. Moseev, G. Motojima, S. Mulas, M. Mulsow, M. Nagel, D. Naujoks, V. Naulin, T. Neelis, H. Neilson, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, D. Nicolai, S.K. Nielsen, H. Niemann, T. Nishiza, T. Nishizawa, C. Nührenberg, R. Ochoukov, J. Oelmann, G. Offermanns, K. Ogawa, S. Okamura, J. Ölmanns, J. Ongena, J. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, N. Pablant, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Pandey, E. Pasch, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, G. Pechstein, G. Pelka, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, D. Pilopp, S. Pingel, F. Pisano, B. Plöckl, G. Plunk, P. Pölöskei, B. Pompe, A. Popov, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M.J. Pueschel, M.-E. Puiatti, A. Puig Sitjes, F. Purps, K. Rahbarnia, M. Rasiński, J. Rasmussen, A. Reiman, F. Reimold, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, M. Richou, R. Riedl, J. Riemann, K. Riße, G. Roberg-Clark, V. Rohde, J. Romazanov, D. Rondeshagen, P. Rong, L. Rudischhauser, T. Rummel, K. Rummel, A. Runov, N. Rust, L. Ryc, P. Salembier, M. Salewski, E. Sanchez, S. Satake, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, E. Scharff, F. Schauer, J. Schilling, G. Schlisio, K. Schmid, J. Schmitt, O. Schmitz, W. Schneider, M. Schneider, P. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, T. Schröder, M. Schröder, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, D. Schwörer, E. Scott, B. Shanahan, G. Sias, P. Sichta, M. Singer, P. Sinha, S. Sipliä, C. Slaby, M. Sleczka, H. Smith, J. Smoniewski, E. Sonnendrücker, M. Spolaore, A. Spring, R. Stadler, D. Stańczak, T. Stange, I. Stepanov, L. Stephey, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, C. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, J. Svensson, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, M. Szücs, F.L. Tabarés, N. Tamura, A. Tancetti, C. Tantos, J. Terry, H. Thienpondt, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, J.M. Travere, P. Traverso, J. Tretter, E. Trier, H. Trimino Mora, T. Tsujimura, Y. Turkin, A. Tykhyi, B. Unterberg, P. van Eeten, B.Ph. van Milligen, M. van Schoor, L. Vano, S. Varoutis, M. Vecsei, L. Vela, J.L. Velasco, M. Vervier, N. Vianello, H. Viebke, R. Vilbrandt, G. Vogel, N. Vogt, C. Volkhausen, A. von Stechow, F. Wagner, E. Wang, H. Wang, F. Warmer, T. Wauters, L. Wegener, T. Wegner, G. Weir, U. Wenzel, A. White, F. Wilde, F. Wilms, T. Windisch, M. Winkler, A. Winter, V. Winters, R. Wolf, A.M. Wright, G.A. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, S. Xu, H. Yamada, H. Yamaguchi, M. Yokoyama, M. Yoshinuma, Q. Yu, M. Zamanov, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, D. Zhang, S. Zhou, J. Zhu, C. Zhu, M. Zilker, A. Zocco, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik, L. Zsuga, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GPI - Grup de Processament d'Imatge i Vídeo, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GREO - Grup de Recerca en Enginyeria Òptica, Pedersen, T, Abramovic, I, Agostinetti, P, Torres, M, Akaslompolo, S, Belloso, J, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Alhashimi, M, Ali, A, Allen, N, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Angioni, C, Arkhipov, A, Arnold, A, Asad, W, Ascasibar, E, Aumeunier, M, Avramidis, K, Aymerich, E, Baek, S, Bahner, J, Baillod, A, Balden, M, Baldzuhn, J, Ballinger, S, Banduch, M, Bannmann, S, Navarro, A, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Belafdil, C, Bencze, A, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biedermann, C, Biletskyi, O, Blackwell, B, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bongiovi, G, Borchardt, M, Borodin, D, Boscary, J, Bosch, H, Bosmann, T, Boswirth, B, Bottger, L, Bottino, A, Bozhenkov, S, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Brezinsek, S, Brunner, K, Buller, S, Burhenn, R, Bussiahn, R, Buttenschon, B, Buzas, A, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Mata, K, Caminal, I, Cannas, B, Cappa, A, Carls, A, Carovani, F, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carvalho, B, Casas, J, Castano-Bardawil, D, Castejon, F, Chaudhary, N, Chelis, I, Chomiczewska, A, Coenen, J, Cole, M, Cordella, F, Corre, Y, Crombe, K, Cseh, G, Csillag, B, Damm, H, Day, C, de Baar, M, De la Cal, E, Degenkolbe, S, Demby, A, Denk, S, Dhard, C, Di Siena, A, Dinklage, A, Dittmar, T, Dreval, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dunai, D, Edlund, E, Effenberg, F, Ehrke, G, Endler, M, Ennis, D, Escoto, F, Estrada, T, Fable, E, Fahrenkamp, N, Fanni, A, Faustin, J, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Flom, E, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Freundt, S, Fuchert, G, Fukuyama, M, Fullenbach, F, Gantenbein, G, Gao, Y, Garcia, K, Regana, J, Garcia-Cortes, I, Gaspar, J, Gates, D, Geiger, J, Geiger, B, Giudicotti, L, Gonzalez, A, Goriaev, A, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Graves, J, Green, J, Grelier, E, Greuner, H, Gross, S, Grote, H, Groth, M, Gruca, M, Grulke, O, Grun, M, Arnaiz, J, Gunter, S, Haak, V, Haas, M, Hacker, P, Hakola, A, Hallenbert, A, Hammond, K, Han, X, Hansen, S, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hatzky, R, Hawke, J, Hegedus, S, Hein, B, Heinemann, B, Helander, P, Henneberg, S, Hergenhahn, U, Hidalgo, C, Hindenlang, F, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Hollfeld, K, Holtz, A, Hopf, D, Hoschen, D, Houry, M, Howard, J, Huang, X, Hubeny, M, Hudson, S, Ida, K, Igitkhanov, Y, Igochine, V, Illy, S, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C, Isobe, M, Jablczynska, M, Jablonski, S, Jagielski, B, Jakubowski, M, van Vuuren, A, Jelonnek, J, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Jenzsch, H, Junghanns, P, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kandler, M, Kasilov, S, Kazakov, Y, Kennedy, D, Kharwandikar, A, Khokhlov, M, Kiefer, C, Killer, C, Kirschner, A, Kleiber, R, Klinger, T, Klose, S, Knauer, J, Knieps, A, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kontula, J, Kornejew, P, Koschinsky, J, Kozulia, M, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krause, M, Krawczyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krier, L, Kriete, D, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuczynski, M, Kuhner, G, Kumar, A, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Lang, P, Langenberg, A, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Lazerson, S, Lewerentz, M, Li, C, Liang, Y, Linsmeier, C, Lion, J, Litnovsky, A, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Loizu, J, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Losada, U, Louche, F, Lunsford, R, Lutsenko, V, Machielsen, M, Mackel, F, Maisano-Brown, J, Maj, O, Makowski, D, Manduchi, G, Maragkoudakis, E, Marchuk, O, Marsen, S, Martines, E, Martinez-Fernandez, J, Marushchenko, M, Masuzaki, S, Maurer, D, Mayer, M, Mccarthy, K, Mccormack, O, Mcneely, P, Meister, H, Mendelevitch, B, Mendes, S, Merlo, A, Messian, A, Mielczarek, A, Mishchenko, O, Missal, B, Mitteau, R, Moiseenko, V, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Morisaki, T, Moseev, D, Motojima, G, Mulas, S, Mulsow, M, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Naulin, V, Neelis, T, Neilson, H, Neu, R, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Nicolai, D, Nielsen, S, Niemann, H, Nishiza, T, Nishizawa, T, Nuhrenberg, C, Ochoukov, R, Oelmann, J, Offermanns, G, Ogawa, K, Okamura, S, Olmanns, J, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, J, Otte, M, Pablant, N, Alvarez, N, Pandey, A, Pasch, E, Pavlichenko, R, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pechstein, G, Pelka, G, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pingel, S, Pisano, F, Plockl, B, Plunk, G, Poloskei, P, Pompe, B, Popov, A, Porkolab, M, Proll, J, Pueschel, M, Puiatti, M, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rahbarnia, K, Rasinski, M, Rasmussen, J, Reiman, A, Reimold, F, Reisner, M, Reiter, D, Richou, M, Riedl, R, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Roberg-Clark, G, Rohde, V, Romazanov, J, Rondeshagen, D, Rong, P, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, T, Rummel, K, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Salembier, P, Salewski, M, Sanchez, E, Satake, S, Satheeswaran, G, Schacht, J, Scharff, E, Schauer, F, Schilling, J, Schlisio, G, Schmid, K, Schmitt, J, Schmitz, O, Schneider, W, Schneider, M, Schneider, P, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, T, Schroder, M, Schroeder, R, Schweer, B, Schworer, D, Scott, E, Shanahan, B, Sias, G, Sichta, P, Singer, M, Sinha, P, Siplia, S, Slaby, C, Sleczka, M, Smith, H, Smoniewski, J, Sonnendrucker, E, Spolaore, M, Spring, A, Stadler, R, Stanczak, D, Stange, T, Stepanov, I, Stephey, L, Stober, J, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Suzuki, C, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Szucs, M, Tabares, F, Tamura, N, Tancetti, A, Tantos, C, Terry, J, Thienpondt, H, Thomsen, H, Thumm, M, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Tretter, J, Trier, E, Mora, H, Tsujimura, T, Turkin, Y, Tykhyi, A, Unterberg, B, van Eeten, P, van Milligen, B, van Schoor, M, Vano, L, Varoutis, S, Vecsei, M, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vervier, M, Vianello, N, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Vogel, G, Vogt, N, Volkhausen, C, von Stechow, A, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, H, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wenzel, U, White, A, Wilde, F, Wilms, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winter, A, Winters, V, Wolf, R, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Xu, S, Yamada, H, Yamaguchi, H, Yokoyama, M, Yoshinuma, M, Yu, Q, Zamanov, M, Zanini, M, Zarnstorff, M, Zhang, D, Zhou, S, Zhu, J, Zhu, C, Zilker, M, Zocco, A, Zohm, H, Zoletnik, S, Zsuga, L, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Department of Applied Physics, National Institute for Fusion Science, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Group Heemels, Control Systems Technology, and Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas

Subjects
Magnetic confinement, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology, Materials science, Detachment, Nuclear engineering, Física::Física de partícules [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Imatges -- Processament, stellarator, Divertor, Image processing, Physics::Plasma Physics, divertor, Wendelstein 7-X, ddc:530, FIS/03 - FISICA DELLA MATERIA, Neoclassical optimization, Stellarators, Reactors de fusió, magnetic confinement, Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Processament del senyal::Processament de la imatge i del senyal vídeo [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Condensed Matter Physics, ddc, Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, detachment, neoclassical optimization, ddc:620, ddc:600, Paper, FEC 2020 Summaries and Overviews
Abstract

We present recent highlights from the most recent operation phases of Wendelstein 7-X, the most advanced stellarator in the world. Stable detachment with good particle exhaust, low impurity content, and energy confinement times exceeding 100 ms, have been maintained for tens of seconds. Pellet fueling allows for plasma phases with reduced ion-temperature-gradient turbulence, and during such phases, the overall confinement is so good (energy confinement times often exceeding 200 ms) that the attained density and temperature profiles would not have been possible in less optimized devices, since they would have had neoclassical transport losses exceeding the heating applied in W7-X. This provides proof that the reduction of neoclassical transport through magnetic field optimization is successful. W7-X plasmas generally show good impurity screening and high plasma purity, but there is evidence of longer impurity confinement times during turbulence-suppressed phases. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 497 autors/es: Thomas Sunn Pedersen1,2,∗ , I. Abramovic3, P. Agostinetti4, M. Agredano Torres1, S. Äkäslompolo1, J. Alcuson Belloso1, P. Aleynikov1, K. Aleynikova1, M. Alhashimi1, A. Ali1, N. Allen5, A. Alonso6, G. Anda7, T. Andreeva1, C. Angioni8, A. Arkhipov8, A. Arnold1, W. Asad8, E. Ascasibar6, M.-H. Aumeunier9, K. Avramidis10, E. Aymerich11, S.-G. Baek3, J. Bähner1, A. Baillod12, M. Balden1, M. Balden8, J. Baldzuhn1, S. Ballinger3, M. Banduch1, S. Bannmann1, A. Banon Navarro8, A. Bañon Navarro ´ 1, T. Barbui13, C. Beidler1, C. Belafdil9, A. Bencze7, A. Benndorf1, M. Beurskens1, C. Biedermann1, O. Biletskyi14, B. Blackwell15, M. Blatzheim1, T. Bluhm1, D. Böckenhoff1, G. Bongiovi16, M. Borchardt1, D. Borodin17, J. Boscary8, H. Bosch1,18, T. Bosmann19, B. Böswirth8, L. Böttger1, A. Bottino8, S. Bozhenkov1, R. Brakel1, C. Brandt1, T. Bräuer1, H. Braune1, S. Brezinsek17, K. Brunner1, S. Buller1, R. Burhenn1, R. Bussiahn1, B. Buttenschön1, A. Buzás7, V. Bykov1, I. Calvo6, K. Camacho Mata1, I. Caminal20, B. Cannas11, A. Cappa6, A. Carls1, F. Carovani1, M. Carr21, D. Carralero6, B. Carvalho22, J. Casas20, D. Castano-Bardawil17, F. Castejon6, N. Chaudhary1, I. Chelis23, A. Chomiczewska24, J.W. Coenen13,17, M. Cole1, F. Cordella25, Y. Corre9, K. Crombe26, G. Cseh7, B. Csillag7, H. Damm1, C. Day10, M. de Baar27, E. De la Cal6, S. Degenkolbe1, A. Demby13, S. Denk3, C. Dhard1, A. Di Siena8,28, A. Dinklage12, T. Dittmar17, M. Dreval14, M. Drevlak1, P. Drewelow1, P. Drews17, D. Dunai7, E. Edlund3, F. Effenberg29, G. Ehrke1, M. Endler1, D.A. Ennis5, F.J. Escoto6, T. Estrada6, E. Fable8, N. Fahrenkamp1, A. Fanni11, J. Faustin1, J. Fellinger1, Y. Feng1, W. Figacz4, E. Flom13, O. Ford1, T. Fornal24, H. Frerichs13, S. Freundt1, G. Fuchert1, M. Fukuyama30, F. Füllenbach1, G. Gantenbein10, Y. Gao1, K. Garcia13, J.M. García Regaña6, I. García-Cortés6, J. Gaspar31, D.A. Gates29, J. Geiger1, B. Geiger13, L. Giudicotti32, A. González6, A. Goriaev26,33, D. Gradic1, M. Grahl1, J.P. Graves12, J. Green13, E. Grelier9, H. Greuner8, S. Groß1, H. Grote1, M. Groth34, M. Gruca24, O. Grulke1,35, M. Grün1, J. Guerrero Arnaiz1, S. Günter8, V. Haak1, M. Haas1, P. Hacker1, A. Hakola36, A. Hallenbert1, K. Hammond29, X. Han17,37, S.K. Hansen3, J.H. Harris38, H. Hartfuß1, D. Hartmann1, D. Hathiramani1, R. Hatzky8, J. Hawke39, S. Hegedus7, B. Hein8, B. Heinemann8, P. Helander12, S. Henneberg1, U. Hergenhahn8,40, C. Hidalgo6, F. Hindenlang8, M. Hirsch1, U. Höfel1, K.P. Hollfeld17, A. Holtz1, D. Hopf8, D. Höschen17, M. Houry9, J. Howard19, X. Huang41, M. Hubeny17, S. Hudson29, K. Ida9, Y. Igitkhanov10, V. Igochine8, S. Illy10, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser42, M. Isobe39, M. Jabłczynska ´ 24, S. Jablonski24, B. Jagielski1, M. Jakubowski1, A. 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Zsuga7 // 1 Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching and Greifswald, Germany: 2 University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; 4 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti, 4-35127 Padova, Italy; 5 Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; 6 CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; 7 Center for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thegeut 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; 8 Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany; 9 CEA Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; 10 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; 11 University of Cagliari, Via Universita, 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; 12 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Plasma Center, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; 13 University of Wisconsin–Madison, Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America; 14 Institute of Plasma Physics, National Science Center ‘Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology’, Kharkiv, Ukraine; 15 The Australian National University, Acton ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia; 16 Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 6, Palermo, 90128, Italy; 17 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie-und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany; 18 Technical University of Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; 19 Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands; 20 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech, C. Jordi Girona, 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; 21 Culham Center for Fusion Energy, Abingdon OX14 3EB, United Kingdom; 22 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Av. 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Published
2022
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42. Argon doped pellets for fast and efficient radiative power removal in ASDEX Upgrade

Author

A. Kallenbach, P.T. Lang, M. Bernert, R. Dux, T. Eberl, T. Gleiter, R.M. McDermott, C. Piccinni, B. Ploeckl, V. Rohde, A. Zito, and ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Paper, tokamak, ASDEX Upgrade, argon doped pellets, radiative cooling, Condensed Matter Physics, ddc
Abstract

Argon doped deuterium pellets with about 1 per mille Ar atomic fraction have been injected into ASDEX Upgrade H-mode discharges and demonstrate fast and efficient power removal from the outer plasma region. Bolometer views directly on the pellet and in its very close vicinity observe a strong, non-toroidally symmetric radiation pattern on a fast, sub-ms time scale. This pattern is explained by the ionisation process of the delivered Ar neutrals, leading to non-coronal radiation by intermediate ionisation stages until the equilibrium He like stage is reached. Subsequently, a toroidally symmetric radiation increase is observed with a fast initial decay time of about 20 ms consistent with the radial particle transport time scale for a source located in the outer plasma. In the following, a radiation pattern related to Ar recycling develops comparable to the pattern observed with Ar midplane gas puffing which decays with the Ar divertor pumping time of about 200 ms. The energy radiated around each pellet is described by the radiative potential of Ar evaluated for non-coronal conditions with the ablation time as the relevant time scale. A factor 4 too low radiated energy is obtained by this simple model, which could be explained by stronger deviations from corona equilibrium and plasma parameter variations in the vicinity of the pellet. Injection of Ar-doped pellets into a no-ELM quasi-continuous exhaust H-mode discharge showed no triggering of ELMs by the pellet. Advantages of the pellet seeding scheme are the faster reaction time of the radiation compared to gas puffing, which may be important to counter-act transient re-attachment in ITER or in a reactor and an elevated radiative efficiency in the outer core plasma due to non-corona effects.

Published
2022

44. Comparing spontaneous and pellet-triggered ELMs via non-linear extended MHD simulations

Author

Cathey, A., Hoelzl, M., Futatan, S., Lang, P.T., Lackner, K., Huijsmans, G.T.A., Pamela, S.J.P., Günter, S., Cathey, A., Hoelzl, M., Futatan, S., Lang, P.T., Lackner, K., Huijsmans, G.T.A., Pamela, S.J.P., and Günter, S.

Abstract

Injecting frozen deuterium pellets into an ELMy H-mode plasma is a well established scheme for triggering edge localized modes (ELMs) before they naturally occur. This paper presents non-linear simulations of spontaneous type-I ELMs and pellet-triggered ELMs in ASDEX Upgrade performed with the extended MHD code JOREK. A thorough comparison of the non-linear dynamics of these events is provided. In particular, pellet-triggered ELMs are simulated by injecting deuterium pellets into different time points during the pedestal build-up described in A Cathey et al (2020 Nuclear Fusion 60 124007). Realistic ExB and diamagnetic background plasma flows as well as the time dependent bootstrap current evolution are included during the build-up to accurately capture the balance between stabilising and destabilising terms for the edge instabilities. Dependencies on the pellet size and injection times are studied. The spatio-temporal structures of the modes and the resulting divertor heat fluxes are compared in detail between spontaneous and triggered ELMs. We observe that the premature excitation of ELMs by means of pellet injection is caused by a helical perturbation described by a toroidal mode number of n=1. In accordance with experimental observations, the pellet-triggered ELMs show reduced thermal energy losses and a narrower divertor wetted area with respect to spontaneous ELMs. The peak divertor energy fluence is seen to decrease when ELMs are triggered by pellets injected earlier during the pedestal build-up.

Published
2021

48. Overview of the JET preparation for deuterium-tritium operation with the ITER like-wall Recent citations

Author

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Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crapper, C., Crisanti, F., CROCI, G., Croft, D., Crombé, K., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curson, P., Curuia, M., Czarnecka, A., Czarski, T., Cziegler, I., Dabirikhah, H., Dal Molin, A., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., Darrow, D., David, P., Davies, A., Davis, W., Dawson, K., Day, I., Day, C., De Bock, M., de Castro, A., De Dominici, G., De La Cal, E., De La Luna, E., De Masi, G., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., De Vries, P., Deane, J., Dejarnac, R., Del Sarto, D., Delabie, E., Demerdzhiev, V., Dempsey, A., Den Harder, N., Dendy, R.O., Denis, J., Denner, P., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Maio, F., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dickinson, D., Dinca, P., Dittmar, T., Dobrashian, J., Doerk, H., Doerner, R.P., Domptail, F., Donné, T., Dorling, S.E., Douai, D., Dowson, S., Drenik, A., Dreval, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Duckworth, Ph., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Ďuran, I., Durodié, F., Dutta, P., Duval, B.P., Dux, R., 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Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., García-Muñoz, M., Gardener, M., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gaudio, P., Gear, D., Gebhart, T., Gee, S., Geiger, B., Gelfusa, M., George, R., Gerasimov, S., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Ghate, M., Gherendi, M., Ghezzi, F., Giacalone, J.C., Giacomelli, L., Giacometti, G., Gibson, K., Giegerich, T., Gil, L., Gilbert, M.R., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Glöggler, S., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborod’ko, V., Goloborodko, V., Gomes, R., Gonçalves, B., Goniche, M., Goodyear, A., Gorini, G., Görler, T., Goulding, R., Goussarov, A., Graham, B., Graves, J.P., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griffiths, J., Griph, S., Grist, D., Groth, M., Grove, R., Gruca, M., Guard, D., Guérard, C., Guillemaut, C., Guirlet, R., Gulati, S., Gurl, C., Gutierrez-Milla, A., Utoh, H.H., Hackett, L., Hacquin, S., Hager, R., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S., Hallworth-Cook, S., Ham, C., Hamed, M., Hamilton, N., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Hancu, G., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hasenbeck, F., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D.R., Haupt, T., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N.C., Hawkins, J., Hawkins, P., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P., Heinola, K., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Hemming, O., Hender, T.C., Henderson, S.S., Henderson, M., Henriques, R., Hepple, D., Herfindal, J., Hermon, G., Hidalgo, C., Higginson, W., Highcock, E.G., Hillesheim, J., Hillis, D., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Ho, A., Hobirk, J., Hogben, C.H.A., Hogeweij, G.M.D., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Hölzl, M., Honore, J.-J., Hook, M., Hopley, D., Horáček, J., Hornung, G., Horton, A., Horton, L.D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S.P., Howell, R., Hubbard, A., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T.M., Hughes, M., Hughes, J., Huijsmans, G.T.A., Huynh, P., Hynes, A., Igaune, I., Iglesias, D., Imazawa, N., Imríšek, M., Incelli, M., Innocente, P., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Ivings, E., Jachmich, S., Jackson, A., Jackson, T., Jacquet, P., Jansons, J., Jaulmes, F., Jednoróg, S., Jenkins, I., Jepu, I., Johnson, T., Johnson, R., Johnston, J., Joita, L., Joly, J., Jonasson, E., Jones, T., Jones, C., Jones, L., Jones, G., Jones, N., Juvonen, M., Hoshino, K.K., Kallenbach, A., Kalsey, M., Kaltiaisenaho, T., Kamiya, K., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D.L., Keenan, F.P., Kempenaars, M., Kent, O., Kent, J., Keogh, K., Khilkevich, E., Kim, H.-T., King, R., King, D., Kinna, D.J., Kiptily, V., Kirk, A., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kizane, G., Klas, M., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Knight, M., Knight, P., Knipe, S., Knott, S., Kobuchi, T., Köchl, F., Kocsis, G., Kodeli, I., Koechl, F., Kogut, D., Koivuranta, S., Kolesnichenko, Y., Kollo, Z., Kominis, Y., Köppen, M., Korolczuk, S., Kos, B., Koslowski, H.R., Kotschenreuther, M., Koubiti, M., Kovaldins, R., Kovanda, O., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Krawczyk, N., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Książek, I., Kukushkin, A., Kundu, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Kwon, O.J., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lalousis, P., Lam, N., Lamb, C., Lambertz, H.T., Lang, P.T., Lanthaler, S., Lascas Neto, E., Łaszyńska, E., Lawless, R., Lawson, K.D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Leach, R., Learoyd, G., Leerink, S., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H.J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichauer, P., Leichtle, D., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Lepiavko, B., Leppänen, J., Lerche, E., Lescinskis, A., Lescinskis, B., Lesnoj, S., Leyland, M., Leysen, W., Li, Y., Li, L., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Linke, J., Linsmeier, Ch., Lipschultz, B., Litaudon, X., Liu, G., Lloyd, B., Lo Schiavo, V.P., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P.J., Lönnroth, J., López, J.M., Lorenzini, R., Losada, U., Loughlin, M., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R., Lukin, A., Luna, C., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C.P., Lungu, M., Lunniss, A., Lunt, T., Lupelli, I., Lutsenko, V., Lyssoivan, A., Macheta, P., Macusova, E., Magesh, B., Maggi, C., Maggiora, R., Mahesan, S., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Maingi, R., Makwana, R., Malaquias, A., Malinowski, K., Malizia, A., Manas, P., Manduchi, G., Manso, M.E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph., Marandet, Y., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Marconato, N., Mariani, A., Marin, M., Marinelli, M., Marinucci, M., Markovič, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marsh, J., Martin, A., Martin De Aguilera, A., Martín-Solís, J.R., Martone, R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G.F., Matveev, D., Matveeva, E., Mauriya, A., Maviglia, F., May-Smith, T., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M.L., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mcadams, R., McCarthy, P.J., McClements, K.G., McCormack, O., McCullen, P.A., Mcdonald, D., McHardy, M., McKean, R., McKehon, J., McNamee, L., Meadowcroft, C., Meakins, A., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A.G., Meisl, G., Meiter, S., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merle, A., Merriman, P., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Michling, R., Milanesio, D., Militello, F., Militello-Asp, E., Milocco, A., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miron, I., Mistry, S., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynář, J., Moiseenko, V., Monaghan, P., Monakhov, I., Moon, S., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Morales, J., Moran, J., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moro, F., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Moulton, D., Mrowetz, T., Muir, A., Muraglia, M., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Muscat, P., Muthusonai, N., Myers, C., Asakura, N.N., N’Konga, B., Nabais, F., Naish, R., Naish, J., Nakano, T., Napoli, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M.F.F., Nedzelskiy, I., Nemtsev, G., Nesenevich, V., Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neverov, V.S., Newman, M., Ng, S., Nicassio, M., Nielsen, A.H., Nina, D., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nobs, C.R., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Normanton, R., Noterdaeme, J.M., Nowak, S., Nunes, I., O’Gorman, T., O’Mullane, M., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M.T., Okabayashi, M., Oliver, H., Olney, R., Omoregie, L., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Osborne, T., Otin, R., Owen, A., Owen, T., Paccagnella, R., Packer, L.W., Pajuste, E., Pamela, S., Panja, S., Papp, P., Papp, G., Parail, V., Pardanaud, C., Parra Diaz, F., Parsloe, A., Parsons, N., Parsons, M., Pasqualotto, R., Passeri, M., Patel, A., Pathak, S., Patten, H., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pavlichenko, R., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Paz Soldan, C., Peackoc, A., Pehkonen, S.-P., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Penzo, J., Pepperell, K., Pereira, R., Perelli Cippo, E., Perez von Thun, C., Pericoli, V., Peruzzo, S., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petre, A., Petržilka, V., Philipps, V., Pigatto, L., Pillon, M., Pinches, S., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., Pires de Sa, W., Pires dos Reis, A., Piron, L., Piron, C., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Plyusnin, V., Poli, F.M., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O.G., Pool, P., Popovichev, S., Poradziński, M., Porfiri, M.T., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Possnert, G., Potzel, S., Poulipoulis, G., Powell, T., Prajapati, V., Prakash, R., Predebon, I., Prestopino, G., Price, D., Price, M., Price, R., Primetzhofer, D., Prior, P., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Puiatti, M.E., Purahoo, K., Pusztai, I., Pütterich, Th., Rachlew, E., Rack, M., Ragona, R., Rainford, M., Raj, P., Rakha, A., Ramogida, G., Ranjan, S., Rapson, C.J., Rasmussen, D., Rasmussen, J.J., Rathod, K., Rattá, G., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Rebai, M., Reed, A., Réfy, D., Regaña, J., Reich, M., Reid, N., Reimold, F., Reinhart, M., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Reyes Cortes, S.D.A., Reynolds, S., Ricci, D., Richiusa, M., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F.G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Rivero-Rodriguez, J., Roach, C., Robins, R., Robinson, S., Robson, D., Rodionov, R., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez, J., Rohde, V., Romanelli, Marco, Romanelli, F., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Sáez, X., Safi, E., Sahlberg, A., Saibene, G., Saleem, M., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Samm, U., Sandiford, D., Santa, P., Santala, M.I.K., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schluck, F., Schlummer, T., Schmid, K., Schmuck, S., Schöpf, K., Schweinzer, J., SCHWÖRER, D., Scott, S.D., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Sharapov, S.E., Shaw, A., Sheikh, H., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shiraki, D., Shumack, A., Sias, G., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S., Silva, J., Silva, A., Silva, C., Silvagni, D., Simmons, P., Simpson, J., Sinha, A., Sipilä, S.K., Sips, A.C.C., Sirén, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjöstrand, H., Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Skvara, V., Slade, B., Smith, R., Smith, P., Smith, S.F., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E.R., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Sonato, P., Sos, M., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Sparapani, P., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Sprada, D., Sridhar, S., Stables, G., Stallard, J., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M.F., 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Euratom-ENEA-CREATE, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Universita degli studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' [Napoli], Queen's University [Kingston], Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Conseil National de Recherches Canada (CNRC), ITER Organization, Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom/ENEA sulla Fusione (RFX), Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), EUROfus Program Management Unit PMU, European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU), ITER [St. Paul-lez-Durance], ITER, H. 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Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019
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49. Picosecond YBa2Cu3O7-delta detector for far-infrared radiation

Author

Nebosis, R.S., Steinke, R., Lang, P.T., Schatz, W., Heusinger, M.A., Renk, K.F., Gol'tsman, G.N., Karasik, B.S., Semenov, A.D., and Gershenzon, E.M.

Subjects
Infrared detectors -- Research, Yttrium barium copper oxides -- Research, Physics
Abstract

A new picosecond YBa2Cu3O7-delta detector for far-infrared radiation was presented. The device was composed of a current carrying structure cooled to liquid-nitrogen temperature. The device sensitivity was measured at 1 mV/W and was observed to be constant throughout the experimental frequency range. The YBCO detector exhibited characteristics which made it compatible with other fast far-infrared detectors.

Published
1992

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