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The architectural research on the ancient hilltop settlement of Zamina and other fortified gradines in its vicinity was supported by a research grant from the German Archaeological Institute (DAI). It is integrated into the ­German-Croatian research project of the Romano-Germanic Commission (RGK) »From the Karst Mountains to the Sea. Settlement forms, spatial de­velopment and use from the Iron Age to Late Antiquity at Lake Vrana«. In October 2021, a joint three-week building survey campaign was conducted by various project participants, ranging from hand measurements to 3D LiDAR scans. The construction research clearly shows how the interdependencies of the regional natural, anthropogenic, and economic conditions determined the settlement morphology., e-Forschungsberichte, Faszikel 1 (2023)

The python module phos4dtool implements the computation of a wide range of daylight metrics that are considered to indicate affordances in the historical context of the assessed sites by raytraverse, employing the lighting simulation software Radiance as a back-end. The application of phos4dtool shall be demonstrated for the case of a residential complex in Ostia. Integration with a Geographical information System (GIS) is suggested to allow overlaying the simulation results with other, spatially organised archaeological research data such as site plans and the location of finds indicating activ- ities. It is intended to cross the barriers between those performing daylight simulation and developing daylight metrics and those correlating them to other sources. This shall foster interdisciplinary col- laboration in the research of historic lighting., This research was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research as part the project "ΦΩΣ 4D – Werkzeug zur Affordanz-basierten Tageslichtanalyse in antiken Häusern mittels Simulation".

The utilization of daylight in Hagia Sophia is discussed as one of the key elements of its architectural design. But little attention has been paid to the impact of window glass on the lighting of its late antique interior. Production processes leading to air inclusions in the glass volume, uneven thickness and undulated surfaces of Roman window glass cause scattering of transmitted and reflected light. In a preceding study, the scattering properties of four exemplary finds of Roman glass were quantitatively ascertained. A transmission model fit to these measured optical properties is applied with a geometric model of Hagia Sophia in daylight simulations. Two reference cases of ideally clear and perfectly diffuse glass are defined. The effects of the three modeled glazing types on the light distribution in the building interior under different sky conditions are compared. The study shall initiate a discussion on the glazing���s impact on the visual perception of the interior of Hagia Sophia., Research funded by the Fritz Thyssen Foundation (Az. 20.18.0.00AA).

Artificial lighting and daylighting as methods to deliberately bring light into the dark respond to the design and use of architecture. If these are altered or lost, our knowledge about the history of that practice is inferred from archaeological evidence of preserved lighting devices, indications for window openings sometimes accompanied by finds of glass panes, and other sources such as texts and illustrations. From this fragmented knowledge the effects of lighting, which often results from the combined utilisation of daylight and other lighting devices, can be reconstructed employing computational simulation (Noback et al, 2020). Pre-modern lighting devices, or luminaires, such as torches, open fires, candles, and oil lamps (Garnett et al., 2019), almost exclusively rely on flames as light sources. Modelling light emission of such flames can be based on an analytical representation of the combustion processes, or phe- nomenological approaches e. g. data acquired from photometric measurements. The luminaire is illuminated by the initial, approximately uniform emission of light from the flame. Mirror-like sur- faces or diffractive solids, e. g. reflecting metal disks or glass lamps filled with clear fuels, can modulate the flame light and form complex distributions (Kider et al., 2009). If based on valid geometric models of the luminaires, simulation produces descriptions of lighting in terms of physical quantit- ies: imagery representing luminance distributions in the field of view, or tabular data, e. g. illuminance distributions on defined surfaces. Based on these, metrics and models of human visual response allow to analyse effects of lighting on architectural spaces and features (Doulos et al., 2019). These can be functional, e. g. the provision of illuminance for visual tasks, or perceptual, e. g. on the appearance of space and surfaces (Noback et al., 2020) or the luminaires themselves. A plentitude of approaches exist in computer graphics to model flames and their visual effects by flames. These techniques often focus on the dynamics of flames, e. g. by particle systems, but do hardly aim at physical validity. Physically valid luminaire modelling that is applicable in lighting simulation of architectural spaces with potentially many light sources has to maintain validity but hide the complexity of internal processes in the flame. This paper presents a method for the study of lighting and perception based on modelling luminaires and their effects on the illumination of architectural spaces with the lighting simulation suite Radiance. In the presented, preliminary phase, the model of the flame is static, i. e. not accounting for movement, flicker and intensity changes. The applicability of the method to selected cases of lighting devices and preliminary results shall discussed, leading to an outlook into the authors’ ongoing and future research activities in the field.

Arch��ologischer Anzeiger, 2. Halbband 2021, Ein im Jahre 2018 in der r��mischen Nekropole von Frangonissi ��stlich von Olympia gefundener Tonziegel enth��lt die ersten 13 Verse aus dem 14. Gesang der Odyssee mit der Begegnung von Odysseus und dem treuen Hirten Eumaios. Der Ziegel stammt aus der Zeit zwischen Mitte 2./Anfang 3. Jh. n. Chr. Im Beitrag werden Fundkontext und Ergebnisse der Nachgrabung 2019/2020 beschrieben. Im Hauptteil wird die Inschrift kritisch ediert, der Beitrag ihrer lexikalischen und orthographischen Varianten zur ��berlieferung des Homertextes bestimmt und die bisher bekannten epigraphischen Homerzeugnisse untersucht. Schlie��lich werden Vermutungen angestellt ��ber den Auftraggeber (war er ein Lehrer oder Sch��ler, ein Rhapsode oder Homeristes?) und ��ber seine Intentionen bei der Auswahl gerade dieser Verse.

Starting from the 1st century CE, the availability of window glass throughout the Roman empire fosters the utilization of daylight in architecture. Due to features intro duced by manufacturing, it affects the spatial distribution of daylight in buildings, and thereby the visual perception of architecture. Finds of window glass in the context of a mixed-use, residential house, located in a late-antique–medieval urban quarter in Ephe sus, ask for a sound understanding of these immaterial aspects of architecture on the perception and utilization of buildings. The reconstruction of the building’s illumination is challenging, since it has to replicate the effects of fenestration on admitted light, and therefore requires models of the light scattering by window glass. To prepare such a reconstruction attempt, two data-driven modelling techniques are evaluated. One is based on the direct characterization of light scattering by gonio-photometric measure ments. The other technique employs ray-tracing on geometric surface models of the glass micro-structures, acquired by confocal microscopy, to derive effects on light scat tering. The exemplary application of the techniques to an exemplary glass fragment from the site provides two models of the sample’s scattering properties, including effects of corrosion and other alteration mechanisms. Both modelling techniques achieve qualita tive accordance and demonstrate the applicability of the resulting models in daylight sim ulation. Quantitative differences between the two models indicate the importance to also account for effects by the glass volume and inclusions. The research lays the foundations for the planned modelling of glass based on replicated samples and processed finds, and shall ultimately lead to a plausible reconstruction of the building’s illumination in late antiquity., Proceedings of the International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies, 24, Monumental Computations: Digital Archaeology of Large Urban and Underground Infrastructures, ISBN:978-3-948465-98-8