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Objective: To determine whether repeat exposure to force perturbations during treadmill training can induce long-term retention of improved step length and overall improvements in locomotor function in persons with spinal cord injury. Design: Fourteen patients with spinal cord injury were recruited and randomly assigned to swing resistance or swing assistance training groups. A controlled swing resistance or assistance force, for resistance or assistance training groups, respectively, was applied to both legs through a cable-driven robotic system during treadmill training. Each participant trained 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Step length, walking speed, 6-minute walking distance, and other clinical assessments were evaluated before and after 6 weeks of training and 8 weeks after the end of training. Results: A significant increase in step length was observed after 6 weeks of resistance training (P = 0.04). Step length tended to increase after assistance treadmill training, but the change was not significant (P= 0.18). The changes in step length and functional gains had no significant difference between 2 groups. Conclusions: Repeat exposure to swing resistance during treadmill training may induce a prolonged retention of increased step length, although it remains unclear whether swing resistance versus assistance is more effective in inducing increased step length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in arm motor adaptation suggest that introducing small errors during the adaptation period may lead to a longer retention of the aftereffect than introducing large errors. However, it is unclear whether this notion can be generalized to locomotor adaptation in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized that a smaller error size may lead to longer retention of the aftereffect in patients with SCI. We recruited 12 subjects with incomplete SCI for this study. They were instructed to walk on a treadmill while light-, medium-, and heavy-resistance loads were applied to the right ankle to perturb leg swing. Each of the three resistance-load conditions were specific to the subject and determined by each subject's maximum voluntary contraction of the hip flexors. We observed that subjects tended to make larger errors when the resistance-load condition was greater. Following resistance load release, subjects showed an aftereffect consisting of an increase in stride length. Further, the aftereffect was retained longer in the medium-resistance load condition than in the heavy- and light-resistance load conditions. This finding suggests that a patient-specific resistance load may be needed to facilitate retention of locomotor adaptation in patients with incomplete SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in arm motor adaptation suggest that introducing small errors during the adaptation period may lead to a longer retention of the aftereffect than introducing large errors. However, it is unclear whether this notion can be generalized to locomotor adaptation in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized that a smaller error size may lead to longer retention of the aftereffect in patients with SCI. We recruited 12 subjects with incomplete SCI for this study. They were instructed to walk on a treadmill while light-, medium-, and heavy-resistance loads were applied to the right ankle to perturb leg swing. Each of the three resistance-load conditions were specific to the subject and determined by each subject's maximum voluntary contraction of the hip flexors. We observed that subjects tended to make larger errors when the resistance-load condition was greater. Following resistance load release, subjects showed an aftereffect consisting of an increase in stride length. Further, the aftereffect was retained longer in the medium-resistance load condition than in the heavy- and light-resistance load conditions. This finding suggests that a patient-specific resistance load may be needed to facilitate retention of locomotor adaptation in patients with incomplete SCI.

A novel cable-driven robotic gait training system has been tested to improve the locomotor function in individuals post stroke. Seven subjects with chronic stroke were recruited to participate in this 6 weeks robot-assisted treadmill training paradigm. A controlled assistance force was applied to the paretic leg at the ankle through a cable-driven robotic system. The force was applied from late stance to mid-swing during treadmill training. Body weight support was provided as necessary to prevent knee buckling or toe drag. Subjects were trained 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Overground gait speed, 6 minute walking distance, and balance were evaluated at pre, post 6 weeks robotic training, and at 8 weeks follow up. Significant improvements in gait speed and 6 minute walking distance were obtained following robotic treadmill training through a cable-driven robotic system. Results from this study indicate that it is feasible to improve the locomotor function in individuals post stroke through a flexible cable-driven robot.