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Background: The implementation of the land cadastre system in Indonesia presents complex social, economic, and political implications. Despite its formal establishment, the system continues to face substantial challenges across various regions. The persistently low levels of land registration in certain areas underscore significant deficiencies in the system's execution, potentially heightening legal ambiguities and intensifying agrarian conflicts. Purpose: This study analyzes the issues of Indonesia's cadastre system and evaluates its implementation across various regions from the perspectives of land valuation, technology utilization, and stakeholder involvement. Design/methodology/approach: This study employs a qualitative approach. A total of 428 respondents, all of whom represent state officials within the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN) at various levels, participated in the study. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis by comparing the issues and implementation of the land cadastre system across the Western, Central, and Eastern regions of Indonesia. Findings/Result: The national cadastral system in Indonesia is plagued by five primary issues: overlapping land certificates, outdated and inaccurate land data, incomplete land registration, imprecise boundary mapping, and inconsistent coordinate measurements, which are also prevalent at the local level. These challenges are exacerbated by significant regional disparities, with Eastern Indonesia showing the lowest levels of land registration and technology adoption, in stark contrast to the more developed Western and Central regions. Conclusion: Indonesia's cadastral system faces critical challenges, including legal uncertainties, overlapping land certificates, and outdated data, which are exacerbated by significant regional disparities, particularly in Eastern Indonesia. To address these issues, it is essential to implement targeted reforms that enhance local government capacity, integrate advanced technology, and ensure public participation, thereby improving cadastral accuracy and equity across regions. These efforts are crucial for ensuring legal certainty, reducing agrarian conflicts, and supporting sustainable land development nationwide. Originality/value (State of the art): This study comprehensively maps the issues related to the cadastral system and evaluates the level of cadastral implementation across different regions of Indonesia, categorizing them into Western, Central, and Eastern regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil quality is used to assess the soil’s ability to maintain ecological and environmental quality as well as agricultural productivity. A unique indicator associated with land use pressure is agricultural land value. Because land value is assessed at a property scale and regularly updated, we considered land value to be a good proxy for agricultural intensification. We therefore tested whether a relationship exists between land value per hectare, point-scale soil quality, other land pressure indicators (stock numbers, dominant land use), and catchment characteristics, as this has not been tested previously. We used soil quality from a national soil quality monitoring dataset, and land pressure indicators across 192 catchments (31% of land area) in New Zealand. We tested an array of models with the random forest model exhibiting the best goodness-of-fit metrics. The most important explanatory variable in predicting land valuation per hectare in the random forest model was catchment elevation (mean decrease in the mean square error; 0.92), followed by catchment potential evapotranspiration (0.78). Similarly, the fraction of dairy (0.28) and arable (0.27) land use had a relatively important effect, as did soil pH (0.32), the C:N ratio (0.31), and carbon concentration (0.30). We conclude that that land value per hectare has a well-defined relationship with land use and some soil quality measures, though expressing soil quality data at a catchment scale presented some challenges. Although the relationship was complicated, this study indicates that further work to determine if land value could act as an integrating proxy for land intensification is warranted.

Modernising the paper-based manual Land Administration System (LAS) benefits society at large. This study examines the integration and standardisation requirements of LASs in Islamabad, Pakistan, using the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). The exploratory case study approach assesses land tenure, value, use and development aspects. The existing LASs satisfy LADM requirements for a unified LAS. Systematic transformations are required to upgrade revenue sketch maps and drawings into accurate geospatial data in 2D and above and below-ground infrastructure into 3D. Developing a LADM edition I & II country profile is recommended for land tenure security, socioeconomic development and sustainable urban growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public funding for land consolidation projects is an instrument in the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union (CAP). The execution of systematic land consolidation programmes focused on optimising the spatial structure of agricultural areas presents the possibility of improving agricultural production conditions and maximising the efficiency of agriculture at the local, regional, national, and international levels. However, due to limited access to financial resources, it is necessary to delimit priority areas for land consolidation. A contemporary practice based on an assessment of the social support percentage of potential land consolidation projects in individual villages does not represent a real necessity for action. This problem leads to the ineffective utilisation of financial resources and reduces the efficiency of the implemented programmes. We propose a new algorithm for assessing the real needs for land consolidation based on a detailed multi-faceted analysis of the spatial structure of agricultural areas. The research method involved factors describing the spatial structure defectiveness of farms, as well as those determining land quality in relation to investment profitability. Another factor verifying the potential economic rationale of land consolidation is transaction prices, which mostly reflect the agricultural value of the land. The analysis showed that land consolidation in areas with defective spatial structures and relatively high market value should be a priority. The study enabled the extraction of five of the 58 analysed villages, characterised by above-average demand for land consolidation and above-average land prices. This approach will contribute to profit maximisation by increasing the productivity of areas with the highest agricultural suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct spatial structure of agricultural land is one of the key conditions of efficient farming and enables the use of advanced farming technologies. In Poland, land consolidation is regulated by the Land Consolidation and Exchange Act of 1982 and is intended to improve the spatial structure of farmland. Land valuation is a key part of this, as it determines the compensation that is offered to stakeholders whose lands are diminished in land consolidation. However, in Poland, various land valuation methods are used. The article examines relevant documents obtained from all county offices (starosties) involved in consolidations in 2017–2020, such as minutes of meetings of land consolidation participants and their resolutions on adopting land valuation principles. The analysis reveals that the current land valuation methods in the consolidation process do not ensure the achievement of the main aim of land consolidation, which is to provide better conditions for farming by way of improving the spatial structure of farmland. This is primarily because the land valuation methods employed value land below current market prices. Based on this finding, some legal amendments are proposed related to land valuation that are more suited to the needs of the land consolidation process. The desirable modifications include, among other things, rejecting the decisive role of public bodies to the benefit of professional valuation done by registered property appraisers. In this regard, two variants of amendments to Article 11 of the Land Consolidation and Exchange Act are proposed.

Valuation of land use rights is one of the steps to ensure the lawful rights and interests of people whose land is recovered. In Vietnam, the state's valuation of land use rights upon land recovery is conducted and decided upon by competent state agencies. The process of industrialization and modernization to develop the country requires the State's valuation of land use rights upon land recovery to ensure the market principles. However, the 2013 Vietnam Land Law has yet to reflect this principle in the regulations on land use right valuation when the State recovers land. Therefore, the system of regulations on principles, subjects participating in the valuation of land use rights, and the process of conducting this activity must be completed to ensure the balance of interests between the State and the persons whose land is recovered. Through clarifying the concept of market principles when the State recovers land, the article proposes solutions to improve regulations on the principles, subjects, methods, and process of land use right valuation when the State recovers land in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article investigates the problems of improving the legal mechanism of cadastral assessment of land resources, which are the national wealth of the republic. The necessity, relevance and importance of cadastral land assessment activities in today's market economy are presented. Based on the scientific work of several local scientists on land cadaster and land valuation, the goals and objectives of the study of legal issues of cadastral assessment of land resources are described. The use of analytical analysis, scientific observation and monographic research methods for research is recognized. A number of normative legal acts and assessment standards aimed at the legal regulation of land resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as legal regulation of appraisal activities, adopted and in force to date, have been analyzed. It was noted that foreign experience in the legal coordination of cadastral land assessment has been studied and their positive aspects should be adopted in our country. The analyzed and studied normative legal acts, as well as the need to develop and adopt a new legal document based on foreign experience, which will allow the country to successfully address the activities of cadastral assessment of lands in full compliance with today's economic and social conditions. It is recognized that the adoption and implementation of a new normative legal document can be an important legal factor in the formation of the land market in the country in the privatization and conversion of land into assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal properties of land parcels in land subdivision layouts are known to impact land demand. Several layout options exist for the same land, in most cases. Accordingly, the study focuses on indexing the internal parameters of land parcels in the subdivision layout against their market value. An analytical hierarchical process (AHP) was used to develop the Weighted Index (WI). A structured questionnaire was used for data collection from experts in the residential real estate sector in Sri Lanka. The consistency ratio of the feedback was 0.096. The results show that eleven internal parameters mainly affect a land parcel’s market value. The highest significant parameter was ‘number of sides open to nature’ (0.244), and the lowest significant parameter was ‘compactness value of the land parcel’ (0.016). To validate the results, a residential subdivision layout of 55 land parcels was selected from the western province of Sri Lanka, to be analysed for the correlation between the calculated weighted index and actual market value. Results show a significant positive correlation between the calculated weighted evaluation index and per perch (25.29 m2 ) market value. Re-subdivision by eliminating the drawbacks associated with internal parameters shows a 2% increase in the market value of the proposed layout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific study focuses on the assessment of the legislation on land valuation, which takes place in the framework of selected administrative procedures in the Slovak Republic. The issue of land valuation is regulated in several pieces of legislation and, in terms of content, is their unifying feature of the valuation of land for public purposes. The reason for examining the determination of the so-called "administrative price of land" is the fact that, in practice, the administrative procedures analyzed are extremely time-consuming and considerably inefficient compared to other administrative practices. Another reason for analyzing the legislation on land valuation is the fact that they also have a direct impact on the speed of the related administrative procedures and on the use of land for private purposes and, therefore, on the actual exercise of the property rights to which the parties to those proceedings are legally entitled. The main objective of this study is to examine the quantity, quality, and differences of legislation allowing land valuation for land consolidation purposes and to compare it with land valuation for restitution and expropriation purposes. In the processing of the topic, we primarily used the method of critical legal analysis and suitable and available scientific methods designed for law examinations, such as description or synthesis. In the context of the examination, we also applied a comparative method to compare the development of the legal situation of the Slovak Republic with the Czech Republic. We also used scientific and doctrinal interpretations associated with the application of case law on Slovak and Czech legislation, as well as professional and scientific literature contained in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The results of the study indicate that, despite the multi-annual effectiveness of the legislation, it would be appropriate to resolve the problems encountered in the Slovak Republic by adopting a new code regulating the issue of land consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Is there a link between land value ($/ha), soil quality, and land pressure? • Land value data were used as a proxy for agricultural intensification. • The random forest model had the best mean square error. • Land value/ha had a well-defined relationship with land use and some soil quality. Soil quality is used to assess the soil's ability to maintain ecological and environmental quality as well as agricultural productivity. A unique indicator associated with land use pressure is agricultural land value. Because land value is assessed at a property scale and regularly updated, we considered land value to be a good proxy for agricultural intensification. We therefore tested whether a relationship exists between land value per hectare, point-scale soil quality, other land pressure indicators (stock numbers, dominant land use), and catchment characteristics, as this has not been tested previously. We used soil quality from a national soil quality monitoring dataset, and land pressure indicators across 192 catchments (31% of land area) in New Zealand. We tested an array of models with the random forest model exhibiting the best goodness-of-fit metrics. The most important explanatory variable in predicting land valuation per hectare in the random forest model was catchment elevation (mean decrease in the mean square error; 0.92), followed by catchment potential evapotranspiration (0.78). Similarly, the fraction of dairy (0.28) and arable (0.27) land use had a relatively important effect, as did soil pH (0.32), the C:N ratio (0.31), and carbon concentration (0.30). We conclude that that land value per hectare has a well-defined relationship with land use and some soil quality measures, though expressing soil quality data at a catchment scale presented some challenges. Although the relationship was complicated, this study indicates that further work to determine if land value could act as an integrating proxy for land intensification is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of land valuation in land consolidation projects is to determine the relative value between lands of different quality, location and etc. This principle is crucial for ensuring fairness and justice among participants. Efficient land utilization and rural progress are hindered by the fragmentation of agricultural lands, necessitating land consolidation. However, fair valuation of parcels remains a challenge, impeding the success of consolidation efforts. This study delves into the intricate issues related to land consolidation and complex dynamics of decision-making in agricultural land valuation. This study aims to address the challenge of fair valuation in land consolidation projects by introducing a novel methodology that integrates cooperative game theory with metaheuristic algorithms. The goal is to increase the likelihood of stakeholders accepting land consolidation schemes by utilizing the interactive components of the decision-making process. This approach takes into account individual preferences of land owners and utilizes game theory to model competition, interaction, and cooperation among them. Central to this concept are genetic algorithm, which plays a key role in producing diverse solutions taking into account various landowners' priorities. A case study in Fartan village, Esfarayen city, Iran, is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the method. Two scenarios are examined: one combining unanimity fallback bargaining technique with Nash bargaining, and another incorporating fallback bargaining with impasse technique with Nash bargaining. Upon comparative analysis, the second scenario proves to be better in ensuring equity among stakeholders. It encourages landowners to negotiate decisively, using a process that integrates fallback bargaining with impasse and Nash bargaining, taking into account the varying levels of each owner's negotiation power in both steps. This ensures a negotiated outcome that respects the diverse priorities of each landowner. This scenario considers variations in individual negotiating power not only in Nash bargaining step but also in fallback bargaining and ensures a comprehensive and fair decision-making process during land valuation. This research introduces a novel strategy to enhance group decision-making in agricultural land valuation, fostering stakeholders' agreement and facilitating successful land consolidation projects. The proposed method provides a land valuation approach that can receive high degree of farmers' agreement and provides a good base to enter the next stages of the land consolidation. [Display omitted] • Offers a group decision-making process that aligns with stakeholder preferences, fostering agreement and cooperation. • Provides a fair and transparent land valuation approach crucial for successful land consolidation projects by combination of cooperative game theory and genetic algorithm. • Two scenarios show combining fallback bargaining, impasse technique, and Nash bargaining ensures equity among stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through cross-sectional analysis, studies on transport-induced gentrification often interpret the phenomenon as an outcome instead of recognizing it as a set of intertwined processes. Consequently, limited insights are provided about the mechanisms underlying gentrification, which manifests gradually over the long-term interactions between transportation and urban development, primally driven by accessibility improvements. The absence of descriptive efforts poses a challenge for policymakers to predict or identify gentrification occurrence, besides inducing biased outcomes in investigations. This paper aims to provide researchers and policymakers with a conceptual framework of transport-induced gentrification, systematising explanations of space production and consumption in Latin-American metropolises. Firstly, we have undergone a theoretical review on land-use and transport interactions to develop an a priori conceptual framework. Subsequently, we applied a systematic literature review on empirical studies of Latin-American gentrification to incorporate some particularities into the framework, representing the phenomenon as an urban conflict generated in and through accessibility improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Expropriation Law, the value of the land is determined based on the income obtained from the land. On the income approach, one of the two factors that determine the value of the land is net income and the other is the capitalization rate. Due to the errors in the expert reports, different results are obtained in the value of the land than it should be. Lower or higher determination of a land value can result in more court cases, delays in investments, the considerable disadvantage of owners, and loss of public confidence in the expropriation process. The main data of the article consists of the information obtained by 180 appraiser reports on land valuation. In this paper, mistakes and deficiencies of expert reports are identified, and technical and legal solutions are proposed. It is expected that this paper will be a reference for individuals and institutions, particularly for experts involved in report preparation.

In Costa Rica, a land tax valuation model provided by the Technical Standardization Body (ONT) of the Ministry of Finance is used. This model considers homogeneous areas that include properties with similar characteristics and review factors that have not been recently updated. The objective of this article is to determine the effect of the distance to the train station and mobile coverage on the value of land in Oreamuno, Costa Rica, as a proposal to be included in the mass valuation model of the ONT. A multiple regression econometric model was used to establish the functional relationship between the value of the property and its characteristics, through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, using 10 variables applied to 200 references initially. The results allow demonstrating that other variables such as “Distance to the train station” and “Mobile coverage” are representative for determining the value of properties, in addition to those commonly used by the ONT model. The research allows concluding that the land valuation models should be updated periodically and should include variables related to improvements in technology and access roads, since these increase the market value of properties and improve the social development of localities in study.

In most African countries, property taxes fail to efficiently generate sufficient revenue to provide adequate local services. One of the crucial reasons for this is that market values are not reflected in the taxable value because of a lack of property transaction market data. When market data are inaccessible, buildings are evaluated using the replacement cost method, which does not reflect locational values. In this study, we examine methods to improve the valuation system using the case of Zanzibar, Tanzania. We recommend the simple and systematic mass assessment model, with details that can be used to derive locational values for all taxable buildings and improvements. In this model, (1) the taxable areas are divided into sub-regions based on land value stratification, (2) land value ranges are set for each sub-region, (3) land value determinants are identified, and (4) land price ratio tables for the identified land value determinants are created. In this assessment method, individual valuers play an essential role in capturing locational values because their knowledge and experience are helpful in dividing the area targeted for property tax assessment into several regions, thereby reducing the intraregional variance in land values. Improving the valuation system is one of the key factors in determining the importance of property tax as a revenue generator in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turkish Land Readjustment (LR) System is a area-based system. The system is based on the principle of equal land contribution in return for the increase in value that will occur with the LR implementation. However, the applied area-based method is criticized because it does not ensure equality, does not include the construction of technical infrastructure and social facilities, is not participatory, and does not bring the increase in value to the public. For this reason, a study has been initiated by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change to diversify plan implementation tools. The article presents the results of the study regarding the value-based LR model. According to the findings of the research, as an alternative to the current area-based LR System in Turkey, the application of the value-based method will add a new dimension to the Turkish LR System. The fact that the country has a developed cadastral system ensures that area-based LR is carried out healthfully. However, the inadequacy of the valuation infrastructure makes the transition to value-based LR difficult. In Turkey, suddenly switching to value-based practices without a well-established valuation infrastructure may completely stop the existing parcel production capacity. For this reason, alternative models should be gradually incorporated into the system by eliminating the shortcomings of the current method. In the article, short, medium and long-term suggestions are presented for the management of the transition process, in line with the findings obtained from the research in the Turkish LR System. • Turkish Land Readjustment (LR) is an area-based. • The Turkish LR lacks both equality and infrastructure services. • Value-based method can give Turkish LR System a new dimension. • Weak valuation system impedes value-based LR (vb LR). • vb LR should be put into gradually practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological factors affect not only the quality of life and health of settlement residents but also the real property market and land valuation indicators. However, no previous Ukrainian study has considered ecological factors during calculating the normative monetary valuation (NMV) of settlement land. Much uncertainty still exists about the nature of selecting ecological factors, their calculating, interpreting and application. This study aims to identify the ecological factors and their indexes and propose a new approach for defining the ecological impact on the NMV of the settlement land and evaluation units. A retrospective study collected infrastructural, environmental, and ecological data for the Kharkiv city, covering the years 2014–2019. The empirical methods and GIS tools were used to evaluate and interpret the data. The indexes characterising the ecological condition led to an increase in the minimum index for the normative monetary land value within the evaluation districts from 9.71 USD/sq. m. to 12.00 USD/sq. m. and the maximum value – decreased from 101.60 USD/sq. m. to 86.34 USD/sq. m. The new approach takes into account the area of environmental factors distribution within the evaluation unit and proves usefulness in understanding the actual ecological impact on the NMV of settlement land. Overall, this study has demonstrated that the size of land valuation is slightly influenced, although not significantly, by ecological factors.

The work forms and substantiates the concept of land value, based on a new institutional theory. The infrastructural component of the cost of land in the presented concept determines, on the one hand, the efficiency of the use of natural resources, properties, demand for land on the market, on the other hand, the costs, which are determined not only by capital investments in construction of engineering infrastructure, but also by losses associated with restrictions on activities within zones with special conditions for territory use, creation of unfavorable conditions for economic activity, small contours, irregularities and others on a specific land plot, which are external negative infrastructural externalities that create losses of rights holders of land plots that are not compensated by the market, falling within the boundaries of these zones. Methods for assessing the impact of such negative infrastructural externalities on the cost of land encumbered by zones in different conditions of land market activity have been developed and tested, based on an expert-analytical approach (depressed market); the ratio of market values of land plots encumbered and unencumbered by a specific zone, and qualimetric modeling (inactive market); modeling by introducing into the model the factor of presence of zones with special conditions for territory use, based on the grouping of zones according to similar regulations for use, or by introducing the parameters of this factor (active market). Methods for taking into account spatial deficiencies and compensating for restrictions and prohibitions on activities on the territory of land plots with an individual market assessment are proposed.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the legal and practical aspects of the implementation of land value maps for land consolidation in four countries: Slovakia, Croatia, Poland and Turkey. The discussion indicated that it is not possible at present to construct fully universal methods of automatic earth valuation for LC. The reason is that there are too many different approaches to land value mapping. Identification of areas with similar characteristics (valuation factors) needs to be conducted prior to valuation of individual parcels. In both cases, the agronomic value from the farmer's point of view is the key valuation criterion. It was pointed out that achieving versatility of algorithms can occur only as a result of extensive parameterisation of the developed models, both in terms of the number of factors considered, as well as the manner and strength of their interaction. The development directions of land valuation mass methods should proceed with the widest possible scope of public participation determining the principles of this valuation, which increases the level of acceptance of both the result of the land valuation itself and the subsequent effects of the land consolidation project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological factors affect not only the quality of life and health of settlement residents but also the real property market and land valuation indicators. However, no previous Ukrainian study has considered ecological factors during calculating the normative monetary valuation (NMV) of settlement land. Much uncertainty still exists about the nature of selecting ecological factors, their calculating, interpreting and application. This study aims to identify the ecological factors and their indexes and propose a new approach for defining the ecological impact on the NMV of the settlement land and evaluation units. A retrospective study collected infrastructural, environmental, and ecological data for the Kharkiv city, covering the years 2014-2019. The empirical methods and GIS tools were used to evaluate and interpret the data. The indexes characterising the ecological condition led to an increase in the minimum index for the normative monetary land value within the evaluation districts from 9.71 USD/sq. m. to 12.00 USD/sq. m. and the maximum value - decreased from 101.60 USD/sq. m. to 86.34 USD/sq. m. The new approach takes into account the area of environmental factors distribution within the evaluation unit and proves usefulness in understanding the actual ecological impact on the NMV of settlement land. Overall, this study has demonstrated that the size of land valuation is slightly influenced, although not significantly, by ecological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In land consolidation (LC) projects, the factors that define the land value vary from country to country and even from region to region. In this study, a new scientific approach was proposed for land valuation in land consolidation projects. In the proposed approach, in line with expert opinions, the criteria affecting the land value in land consolidation projects are the area of the parcel, the shape of the parcel, the shareholding status of the parcel, the soil fertility of the parcel, the distance of the parcel to the village center, road and water resources, and the fair value of the parcel. These criteria were used in the study and criteria weights were determined by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the proposed method were compared with the results obtained by the conventional method. The findings show that the proposed method gives values close to the conventional method and that the proposed method can be used instead of the current method. In conclusion, the proposed method performed analytical, objective, and transparent land valuation since it objectively evaluates the criteria used in land valuation by a scientific method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Expropriation Law, the value of the land is determined based on the income obtained from the land. On the income approach, one of the two factors that determine the value of the land is net income and the other is the capitalization rate. Due to the errors in the expert reports, different results are obtained in the value of the land than it should be. Lower or higher determination of a land value can result in more court cases, delays in investments, the considerable disadvantage of owners, and loss of public confidence in the expropriation process. The main data of the article consists of the information obtained by 180 appraiser reports on land valuation. In this paper, mistakes and deficiencies of expert reports are identified, and technical and legal solutions are proposed. It is expected that this paper will be a reference for individuals and institutions, particularly for experts involved in report preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Valuation Journal / Revista de Evaluare is the property of National Association of Romanian Valuers / Asociatiei Nationale a Evaluatorilor din Romania (ANEVAR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In real estate valuation it is essential to understand the modelling of the economic potential of the property. The residual value is in many cases the only possible way how to determinate market value of the undeveloped land or property under construction which is important for investors, banks or auditors. The methodology of calculation for residual method is described in several valuation standard. These standards are usually very general so they can be applied in different markets. The residual method of valuation is very sensitive to changes in key inputs. Small changes in variables such as sales volumes or build costs will have a disproportionate effect on residual value. The article is focused on the sensitivity of the residual method to changes in key inputs. Sensitivity analysis is tested on a model suitable especially for commercial real estate valuation and reflect current market conditions.

The signifcance of the evaluation of the logistical base of agricultural enterprises in the accounting system is revealed in the article. Research methods have been described and alternative approaches to inventory valuation by national and international accounting standards have been investigated, and it has been identifed that there are some inconsistencies in the formation of inventory values at the date of receipt, disposal and balance sheet date. The main features of organization of accounting of land plots in agricultural enterprises are established. To determine the value of the land previously used by the enterprise (for example, on certifcates of ownership and use), we propose to use in the current accounting the estimated value of the land, which is based on the regulatory monetary valuation, determined by differential rental income. It has been found that an integral part of a biological transformation is the assessment of changes in a biological asset, which includes measuring and controlling changes in quality (fat content, protein, fber strength, etc.) or quantity (breeding, weight, etc.). In the course of the research it is determined that the process of accounting and valuation of biological assets at fair value should include such steps as: defning biological assets as an object of accounting according to their classifcation; specifcation of biological assets by species, cultures, rocks and other defning features; active market research and price information and technical and economic information collection; selection of biological asset valuation methodology; the calculation of the fair value of biological assets in accordance with the methodology adopted. An examination of the IFRS 13 "Fair Value Measurement for the measurement of biological assets at fair value" has shown that it should be made from the perspective of all market participants and the market environment should be assigned to the entities themselves. This will take into account the differences that exist between them, as they differ not only in terms of quality but also in the types of economic activity. In order to improve the investment attractiveness of enterprises, it is advisable to evaluate agricultural organizations' land resources according to International Accounting Standards, which provide for fair value. Valuation of assets and liabilities at this cost will increase the transparency of the fnancial statements and the reliability of the information on the fnancial and economic activities of the entity. In addition, in the analysis of fnancial and economic activity of enterprises of the corporate sector of the agrarian economy, a real assessment of land resources will have a positive impact on the normative indicators of liquidity and fnancial stability, which is especially important in the conditions of fnancial crisis and growing need for investment.

An important factor in the formation of a positive image of a country is the full representation of assets that form its economic potential in the language of figures. For Ukraine, such an asset is primarily agricultural land. The article is devoted to solving the issue of reflecting the land potential of Ukraine in financial and statistical reporting from the point of view of the prospects for its inclusion in the global economic statistics system to improve the image of Ukraine in the world. The authors adduce the reasonable warnings regarding ignoring the issue of accounting for land in macroeconomic statistics and the consequences of such neglect when the agricultural land market in Ukraine will open. It is proved that the value of land along with other fixed assets forms the value of fixed capital in Ukraine. The place of land assets in the system of national accounts is disclosed. It is established that agricultural land today does not have a reliable assessment and full reflection in the financial statements. This directly affects the value of the national wealth of Ukraine, which is represented in the system of national accounts, which are the main source of information about Ukraine in the world. The calculations made by the authors are a global warning about the free land market. After all, the capitalization of multinational companies indicates that they have enough resources to buy all Ukrainian lands, and thus, deprive Ukrainian farmers of access to land resources. Along with this, it is noted that the free land market in the current economic conditions will not provide an adequate price for land and at the same time, a new productive investor since the market will determine its activity and price based on the current profitability. The activity and higher price for the seller is possible only from the oligarchic buyer, a potential speculator of the land or a buyer who considers the land as a treasure.

This scientific study focuses on the assessment of the legislation on land valuation, which takes place in the framework of selected administrative procedures in the Slovak Republic. The issue of land valuation is regulated in several pieces of legislation and, in terms of content, is their unifying feature of the valuation of land for public purposes. The reason for examining the determination of the so-called “administrative price of land” is the fact that, in practice, the administrative procedures analyzed are extremely time-consuming and considerably inefficient compared to other administrative practices. Another reason for analyzing the legislation on land valuation is the fact that they also have a direct impact on the speed of the related administrative procedures and on the use of land for private purposes and, therefore, on the actual exercise of the property rights to which the parties to those proceedings are legally entitled. The main objective of this study is to examine the quantity, quality, and differences of legislation allowing land valuation for land consolidation purposes and to compare it with land valuation for restitution and expropriation purposes. In the processing of the topic, we primarily used the method of critical legal analysis and suitable and available scientific methods designed for law examinations, such as description or synthesis. In the context of the examination, we also applied a comparative method to compare the development of the legal situation of the Slovak Republic with the Czech Republic. We also used scientific and doctrinal interpretations associated with the application of case law on Slovak and Czech legislation, as well as professional and scientific literature contained in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The results of the study indicate that, despite the multi-annual effectiveness of the legislation, it would be appropriate to resolve the problems encountered in the Slovak Republic by adopting a new code regulating the issue of land consolidation.

In China, "Returned land" is a certain proportion of the developed land returned to Land-Lost Peasants as compensation for land readjustment. The collective organization receiving the returned land pays land development compensation to the government. However, unreasonable land development compensation has resulted in illegal land use and land financial risks in China's urban and rural land markets, primarily due to its impact on land grant prices. A uniform scientific model still needs to be used to calculate the land development compensation for the returned land. In this study, we first constructed a land development compensation cost for returned land (LDCCR) model from the similarities and differences in the rights of returned land and state-owned granting land, based on land valuation. We then empirically analyze the practicality and validity of the LDCCR model through the F project in Beijing. The results show that our model can effectively reduce the LDCCR by around 30% to return to the normal market value level, compared to the results of government-collective economic organization non-marketization bargaining. Finally, for the different collective organizations in Project F, our model is more reasonable to calculate the LDCCR based on the land valuation considering the use and the scale of the planned construction for the returned land. We find that further standardizing the calculation of LDCCR can reduce inequality in traditional government-village collective organizations' negotiation processes by offering an objective and scientific market reference benchmark. Our study recommends that knowledge of land development compensation-related returned land value changes can help understand redistributive mechanisms in the land market, thereby contributing to building a well-functioning unified urban-rural land market. The study also determined that the LDCCR model would be promising for land readjustment and development between the public and the private sectors in most countries. • The unreasonable allocation of land development fees in land readjustment causes unequal for different land stakeholders. • This study develops an LDDCR model based on land valuation theory. • A case study of the LDDCR model in the LETD project provides the first evidence of effectiveness. • The model presented supports sustainable redistribution and development strategies for land resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the direct and indirect effects of factors affecting land prices. The data of the study were collected through questionnaires in Ladik District of Samsun Province, Turkey in 2018. In the study, the factors that directly and indirectly affected the price of land were determined by using path analysis. While the factors that affected land price positively were yield and irrigation, the factors that affected land price negatively were stoniness, slope and distance from village and main road. The most important variable that affected land price directly was the distance from the main road (60%), the variable that most affected land price indirectly was stony soil (69%). The direct effect of yield on the land price was 44% and the indirect effect was 56%. The direct effect of irrigation was 38% and the indirect effect was 62%. The study also determined that 45% of the indirect effect of irrigation was due to increased productivity. Explaining the direct and indirect effects of the factors affecting the land price will make a significant contribution to scientific and objective land valuation studies. In addition, the results obtained can be used as an auxiliary element for land valuation methods.

In most African countries, property taxes fail to efficiently generate sufficient revenue to provide adequate local services. One of the crucial reasons for this is that market values are not reflected in the taxable value because of a lack of property transaction market data. When market data are inaccessible, buildings are evaluated using the replacement cost method, which does not reflect locational values. In this study, we examine methods to improve the valuation system using the case of Zanzibar, Tanzania. We recommend the simple and systematic mass assessment model, with details that can be used to derive locational values for all taxable buildings and improvements. In this model, (1) the taxable areas are divided into sub-regions based on land value stratification, (2) land value ranges are set for each sub-region, (3) land value determinants are identified, and (4) land price ratio tables for the identified land value determinants are created. In this assessment method, individual valuers play an essential role in capturing locational values because their knowledge and experience are helpful in dividing the area targeted for property tax assessment into several regions, thereby reducing the intraregional variance in land values. Improving the valuation system is one of the key factors in determining the importance of property tax as a revenue generator in developing countries.

This article discusses the role of agricultural land in Uzbekistan, issues of its use, continuous monitoring of agricultural land, accurate land accounting and showed changes in agricultural land over the years. The territory of our country has rich natural landscapes, surface resources and great potential resources. The total area of the land fund of the Republic of Uzbekistan is 44.9 mln. per hectare. Currently, 9.7% (4315.7 thousand hectares) of the land fund is engaged in irrigated agriculture, about 2% (756.3 thousand hectares) of foothills, 47% (21128 thousand hectares) of steppe and semi-steppe pastures, 8 About% (3434 thousand hectares) are forests. In our country, the creation of a single system that ensures the efficient and targeted use of land resources, regulation of land relations, organization of land management and land monitoring, maintenance and increase of soil fertility, as well as the allocation and redistribution of land, especially in agriculture Ensuring economic development and transparency is one of the most important tasks, and it plays an important role in ensuring the sustainability and competitiveness of guaranteed products. The establishment of a roadmap to increase crop yields in agriculture will serve to address current issues in agriculture. Since land is an important component of the environment, characterized by its latitude, relief, climate, soil layer, vegetation, groundwater, water, it is the main means of agricultural production, as well as the latitudinal basis of the location of all sectors of the economy. requires. This, in turn, highlights the need for systematic and comprehensive monitoring of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the analysis of the legal and practical aspects of the implementation of land value maps for land consolidation in four countries: Slovakia, Croatia, Poland and Turkey. The discussion indicated that it is not possible at present to construct fully universal methods of automatic earth valuation for LC. The reason is that there are too many different approaches to land value mapping. Identification of areas with similar characteristics (valuation factors) needs to be conducted prior to valuation of individual parcels. In both cases, the agronomic value from the farmer’s point of view is the key valuation criterion. It was pointed out that achieving versatility of algorithms can occur only as a result of extensive parameterisation of the developed models, both in terms of the number of factors considered, as well as the manner and strength of their interaction. The development directions of land valuation mass methods should proceed with the widest possible scope of public participation determining the principles of this valuation, which increases the level of acceptance of both the result of the land valuation itself and the subsequent effects of the land consolidation project.

Technological development makes it possible to simplify and accelerate decision-making processes by adequately processing and evaluating large volumes of data. Sub-data obtained from large data sets have a very important practical role in asset valuation, forecasting and valuing delineated or difficult-to-map areas, or in the context of portfolio management. Land valuation is a separate segment within asset valuation and it requires a specific methodological approach on behalf of evaluators. In this study, the authors compared the transaction data of arable land and the value of other land use categories. Based on empirical assessments, the authors developed proposals for the fast and cost-effective determination of the value of land use categories other than arable land - mainly meadows and pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land access is central to natural resource development projects. Business strategy for securing continuing tenure to support operational activities is therefore a key factor in determining the overall success of resource projects. A major shortcoming in resettlement planning has been the failure to address basic inequities stemming from the transfer of land assets. Compensation for land in conventional models neglects to account for the potential or intended use of the developer, meaning that affected people (APs) assets are grossly undervalued in the environment in which they acquired. Not only do resource projects under‐compensate APs for their losses, but programming for livelihood restoration and the enjoyment of project benefits more generally has proven to be almost universally poor. Performance outcomes reflect short‐term project milestones but lack a strategic dimension regarding how the company will maintain land access and the continuing support of its nearest stakeholders. Innovations are needed on at least two fronts: (i) the recognition of AP land values in mining project developments and (ii) enterprise financing to avoid the issue of companies driving incurred compensation costs downward. This article outlines the conceptual basis of a land pooling model as the means for securing financial equity for people displaced by mining projects. The authors conclude that the land pooling model of resettlement (LPMR) can improve the short‐ to medium‐term economic conditions of APs and advances suggestions to further promote a balance of interests in mining‐induced displacement and resettlement cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiar operation of the 1798 federal direct tax has led scholars to question whether tax officials reported the land valuations from their districts faithfully. Peter Lindert and Jeffrey Williamson argue that southern tax assessors systemically under reported the value of southern real estate, and they adjust their income estimates to account for the likelihood of corruption. This paper affirms the reliability of the tax returns by demonstrating that population density, rather than corruption or lax enforcement, can explain nearly all of the variation between the assessment districts. Accepting the tax valuations as accurate would lower Lindert and Williamson's income estimates, imply slower growth rate between 1774 and 1800, and suggest a higher growth rate between 1800 and 1850. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Germany, statutory land valuation has developed over the course of almost 60 years into a powerful tool of spatial planning and land policy. The key to statutory land valuation is the concept of Verkehrswert (market value). The Verkehrswert equals the likely selling price of a cadastral parcel of land in the usual course of business at the time of valuation, and considers the legal situation, the actual disposition of the parcel, any other relevant conditions, and the location of the land, but does not take into account unusual or personal circumstances. The article explains the elements of Verkehrswert (market value) which account for the plural values of land such as exchange value, use value, territorial value, and existence value. The German Verkehrswert is not merely an instrument of plan implementation (e.g., land readjustment or compensation for expropriation), but also an analytical tool that helps planners and land policymakers understand when their interventions in land markets are necessary and how they can be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research was to analyse the impact of easement on land value. To this end, relevant regulations in the Republic of Slovenia, and the existing valuation methods of easement on land were analysed. Owing to inadequate data on real estate market operations, the impacts of an easement on land market value were objectivised using a survey of potential real estate buyers in Slovenia. For better objectivity of survey results, interviews with 203 residents from all the statistical regions were conducted. According to gender, education, status on the land market and place of residence, the sample obtained of interviewees is representative of the Republic of Slovenia. On a hypothetical land specimen, how the interviewees assessed the land value decrease depending on the extent and situation of land encumbered by the easement, and the monthly easement compensation amount was established. Analysis results showed that statistically characteristic differences (p > 0.05) existed concerning land value decrease between the responses of groups, according to gender and age, education and property status on the land market. In contrast, no statistically characteristic differences existed between the responses of groups divided as to place of residence (p < 0.05).

Aim of study: To obtain spatial land valuing models using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which collect spatial autocorrelation and improve the conventional models estimated by OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) to determine and quantify the factors explaining these values. Area of study: The Spanish Autonomous Community of Aragón, Spain. Material and methods: The mean land values per municipality and the land uses published by the Aragonese Statistics Institute were used, as well as the geographic, agricultural, demographic, economic and orographic characteristics of these municipalities. The Spatial Lag Model and the Spatial Error Model were compared with OLS in general terms and for uses. Main results: The statistics (R2, log likelihood, Akaike’s information criterion, Schwarz’s criterion) demonstrated that spatial models always outperformed conventional models. The tests based on the Lagrange Multiplier and Likelihood Ratio tests were significant at 99%. The importance of both agricultural and non-agricultural factors for determining the arable land value was confirmed. The land value increased with irrigation availability (by a mean of 2.2-fold for the set of all land uses), plot size (by 5.7% for each 1 ha increase), population size, income and location in nature reserves (11.02-12.89%). Research highlights: Results indicate the need to develop spatial models when modeling land prices by implementing GIS.

A dynamic discrete time model is estimated in order to analyze the evolution of perceived risk around a hazardous waste site and its effect on property values. Residential property values are modeled as a function of housing attributes and perceived risk to health from a nearby hazardous waste site using an hedonic price framework. Perceived risk enters the model as a state equation, which includes a media coverage variable. An aggregate measure of perceived risk is estimated and weighted by the distance to the hazardous waste site in order to individualize risk to each location. Using a data set that spans seventeen years of property values around a hazardous waste site, the results indicate that media coverage and high prior risk perception increase current perceived risk. Increased perceived risk surrounding the hazardous waste site, in tum, lowers property values.

The main bases for land taxation are its area or value. In many countries, especially in Eastern Europe, reforms of property taxation, including land taxation, are being carried out or planned, introducing property value as a tax base. Practice and research in this area indicate that such a change in the tax system leads to large changes in land use and reallocation. The taxation of land value requires construction of mass valuation system. Different methodological solutions can serve this purpose. However, mass land valuation requires a large amount of information on property transactions. Such data are not available in every case. The main objective of the paper is to evaluate the possibility of applying selected algorithms of machine learning and a multiple regression model in property mass valuation on small, underdeveloped markets, where a scarce number of transactions takes place or those transactions demonstrate little volatility in terms of real property attributes. A hypothesis is verified according to which machine learning methods result in more accurate appraisals than multiple regression models do, considering the size of training datasets. Three types of models were employed in the study: a multiple regression model, k nearest neighbor regression algorithm and XGBoost regression algorithm. Training sets were drawn from a larger dataset 1000 times in order to draw conclusions for averaged results. Thanks to the application of KNN and XGBoost algorithms, it was possible to obtain models much more resistant to a low number of observations, a substantial number of explanatory variables in relation to the number of observations, a low property attributes variability in the training datasets as well as collinearity of explanatory variables. This study showed that algorithms designed for large datasets can provide accurate results in the presence of a limited amount of data. This is a significant observation given that small or underdeveloped real estate markets are not uncommon.

Stigma is a negative attribute of real estate acquired by the discovery of contamination and reflected in its value (Elliot-Jones, 1996). Using a theoretical model with external economies and adjustment costs, we show that both temporary stigma and permanent stigma are possible equilibrium outcomes after the discovery and cleanup of a hazardous waste site. The existence and duration of stigma are examined using hedonic price techniques with data from housing sales prices in Dallas County, Texas. The empirical evidence shows that stigma exists after cleanup only for properties in very close proximity to the hazardous waste site.