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5. A Carbon-budget for the north-west European shelf - limitations and uncertainties

Author

Kitidis, V., Shutler, J. D., Ashton, I., Warren, M., Brown, I., Findlay, H., Hartman, S.E., Sander, R., Humphreys, M., Kivimäe, C., Greenwood, N., Hull, T., Pearce, D., McGrath, T., Stewart, B.M., Walsham, P., McGovern, E., Bozec, Y., Gac, J.-P., Marrec, P., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Hoppema, Mario, Schuster, U., Johannessen, T., Omar, A., Lauvset, S., Skjelvan, I., Olsen, A., Steinhoff, T., Körtzinger, A., Becker, M., Lefevre, N., Diverrès, D., Gkritzalis, T., Catrijsse, A., Petersen, W., Voynova, Y. G., Chapron, B., Grouazel, A., Land, P.E., Sharples, J., Nightingale, P. D., Kitidis, V., Shutler, J. D., Ashton, I., Warren, M., Brown, I., Findlay, H., Hartman, S.E., Sander, R., Humphreys, M., Kivimäe, C., Greenwood, N., Hull, T., Pearce, D., McGrath, T., Stewart, B.M., Walsham, P., McGovern, E., Bozec, Y., Gac, J.-P., Marrec, P., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Hoppema, Mario, Schuster, U., Johannessen, T., Omar, A., Lauvset, S., Skjelvan, I., Olsen, A., Steinhoff, T., Körtzinger, A., Becker, M., Lefevre, N., Diverrès, D., Gkritzalis, T., Catrijsse, A., Petersen, W., Voynova, Y. G., Chapron, B., Grouazel, A., Land, P.E., Sharples, J., and Nightingale, P. D.

Published
2020

6. Key Uncertainties in the Recent Air‐Sea Flux of CO2

Author

Woolf, D.K., primary, Shutler, J.D., additional, Goddijn‐Murphy, L., additional, Watson, A.J., additional, Chapron, B., additional, Nightingale, P.D., additional, Donlon, C.J., additional, Piskozub, J., additional, Yelland, M.J., additional, Ashton, I., additional, Holding, T., additional, Schuster, U., additional, Girard‐Ardhuin, F., additional, Grouazel, A., additional, Piolle, J.‐F., additional, Warren, M., additional, Wrobel‐Niedzwiecka, I., additional, Land, P.E., additional, Torres, R., additional, Prytherch, J., additional, Moat, B., additional, Hanafin, J., additional, Ardhuin, F., additional, and Paul, F., additional

Published
2019
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7. Key Uncertainties in the Recent Air‐Sea Flux of CO2

Author

Woolf, D.k., Shutler, J.d., Goddijn‐murphy, L., Watson, A.j., Chapron, Bertrand, Nightingale, P.d., Donlon, C.j., Piskozub, J., Yelland, M.j., Ashton, Ian, Holding, T., Schuster, U., Girard-ardhuin, Fanny, Grouazel, Antoine, Piolle, Jean-francois, Warren, M., Wrobel‐niedzwiecka, I., Land, P.e., Torres, R., Prytherch, J., Moat, B., Hanafin, J., Ardhuin, Fabrice, Paul, Frederic, Woolf, D.k., Shutler, J.d., Goddijn‐murphy, L., Watson, A.j., Chapron, Bertrand, Nightingale, P.d., Donlon, C.j., Piskozub, J., Yelland, M.j., Ashton, Ian, Holding, T., Schuster, U., Girard-ardhuin, Fanny, Grouazel, Antoine, Piolle, Jean-francois, Warren, M., Wrobel‐niedzwiecka, I., Land, P.e., Torres, R., Prytherch, J., Moat, B., Hanafin, J., Ardhuin, Fabrice, and Paul, Frederic

Abstract

The contemporary air‐sea flux of CO2 is investigated by the use of an air‐sea flux equation, with particular attention to the uncertainties in global values and their origin with respect to that equation. In particular, uncertainties deriving from the transfer velocity and from sparse upper ocean sampling are investigated. Eight formulations of air‐sea gas transfer velocity are used to evaluate the combined standard uncertainty resulting from several sources of error. Depending on expert opinion, a standard uncertainty in transfer velocity of either ~5% or ~10% can be argued and that will contribute a proportional error in air‐sea flux. The limited sampling of upper ocean fCO2 is readily apparent in the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) databases. The effect of sparse sampling on the calculated fluxes was investigated by a bootstrap method; i.e. treating each ship cruise to an oceanic region as a random episode and creating 10 synthetic datasets by randomly selecting episodes with replacement. Convincing values of global net air‐sea flux can only be achieved using upper ocean data collected over several decades, but referenced to a standard year. The global annual referenced values are robust to sparse sampling, but seasonal and regional values exhibit more sampling uncertainty. Additional uncertainties are related to thermal and haline effects and to aspects of air‐sea gas exchange not captured by standard models. An estimate of global net CO2 exchange referenced to 2010 of ‐3.0 ± 0.6 Pg C yr‐1 is proposed, where the uncertainty derives primarily from uncertainty in the transfer velocity.

Published
2019
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8. Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO2 on the north-west European shelf

Author

Kitidis, V., Shutler, J. D., Ashton, I., Warren, M., Brown, I., Findlay, H., Hartman, S.E., Sanders, R., Humphreys, M., Kivimäe, C., Greenwood, N., Hull, T., Pearce, D., McGrath, T., Stewart, B.M., Walsham, P., McGovern, E., Bozec, Y., Gac, J.-P., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Schuster, U., Johannessen, T., Omar, A., Lauvset, S.K., Skjelvan, I., Olsen, A., Steinhoff, T., Körtzinger, A., Becker, M., Lefrèvre, N., Diverrès, D., Gkritzalis, T., Catrijsse, A., Petersen, W., Voynova, Y., Chapron, B., Grouazel, A., Land, P.E., Sharples, J., Nightingale, P. D., Kitidis, V., Shutler, J. D., Ashton, I., Warren, M., Brown, I., Findlay, H., Hartman, S.E., Sanders, R., Humphreys, M., Kivimäe, C., Greenwood, N., Hull, T., Pearce, D., McGrath, T., Stewart, B.M., Walsham, P., McGovern, E., Bozec, Y., Gac, J.-P., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Schuster, U., Johannessen, T., Omar, A., Lauvset, S.K., Skjelvan, I., Olsen, A., Steinhoff, T., Körtzinger, A., Becker, M., Lefrèvre, N., Diverrès, D., Gkritzalis, T., Catrijsse, A., Petersen, W., Voynova, Y., Chapron, B., Grouazel, A., Land, P.E., Sharples, J., and Nightingale, P. D.

Published
2019

9. Key Uncertainties in the Recent Air‐Sea Flux of CO2.

Author

Woolf, D.K., Shutler, J.D., Goddijn‐Murphy, L., Watson, A.J., Chapron, B., Nightingale, P.D., Donlon, C.J., Piskozub, J., Yelland, M.J., Ashton, I., Holding, T., Schuster, U., Girard‐Ardhuin, F., Grouazel, A., Piolle, J.‐F., Warren, M., Wrobel‐Niedzwiecka, I., Land, P.E., Torres, R., and Prytherch, J.

Subjects
OCEAN acidification, FLUX (Energy), CARBON cycle, UNCERTAINTY, CRUISE ships, INJECTION wells
Abstract

The contemporary air‐sea flux of CO2 is investigated by the use of an air‐sea flux equation, with particular attention to the uncertainties in global values and their origin with respect to that equation. In particular, uncertainties deriving from the transfer velocity and from sparse upper ocean sampling are investigated. Eight formulations of air‐sea gas transfer velocity are used to evaluate the combined standard uncertainty resulting from several sources of error. Depending on expert opinion, a standard uncertainty in transfer velocity of either ~5% or ~10% can be argued and that will contribute a proportional error in air‐sea flux. The limited sampling of upper ocean fCO2 is readily apparent in the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas databases. The effect of sparse sampling on the calculated fluxes was investigated by a bootstrap method, that is, treating each ship cruise to an oceanic region as a random episode and creating 10 synthetic data sets by randomly selecting episodes with replacement. Convincing values of global net air‐sea flux can only be achieved using upper ocean data collected over several decades but referenced to a standard year. The global annual referenced values are robust to sparse sampling, but seasonal and regional values exhibit more sampling uncertainty. Additional uncertainties are related to thermal and haline effects and to aspects of air‐sea gas exchange not captured by standard models. An estimate of global net CO2 exchange referenced to 2010 of −3.0 ± 0.6 Pg C/year is proposed, where the uncertainty derives primarily from uncertainty in the transfer velocity. Plain Language Summary: The oceanic carbon sink reduces the rate of accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere but is also responsible for the acidification of the ocean. One method of estimating the size of the oceanic carbon sink depends on a calculation of upward and downward flows of CO2 at the sea surface. This study revisits this calculation using updated knowledge of the transfer processes at the sea surface and the results of a large international collaborative effort (Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas) to collect and compile measurements of CO2 in the upper ocean. Greater sampling of the oceans improves estimates, but direct calculation in each year is not practical. Instead, we calculate fluxes in a recent year (2010) using upper ocean measurements of CO2 over many years. The remaining uncertainty is dominated by limited knowledge of the efficiency of stirring of gas across the sea surface, the air‐sea transfer velocity. The study suggests a relatively large downward flow of CO2 into the ocean compared to previous applications of this method and other methods to estimate the oceanic carbon sink. Increased knowledge is rewarded by reduced uncertainty in the net global flux; that flux is estimated at −3.0 ± 0.6 Pg C/year. Further understanding of transfer velocities and better sampling may reduce the uncertainty in the future. Key Points: Increased understanding of air‐sea gas transfer processes and better sampling of the upper ocean enables higher confidence in calculations of air‐sea CO2 fluxesThe calculations imply a relatively large global net air‐to‐sea flux of −3.0 Pg C/year (referenced to 2010)This flux is known within 0.6 Pg C/year, where uncertainty in air‐sea transfer velocity is the largest contribution to the combined uncertainty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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10. Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 4

Author

Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith, Ananda Pascual, Samuel Djavidnia, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Marilaure Grégoire, Glenn Nolan, Signe Aaboe, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Lotfi Aouf, Roland Aznar, T. H. Badewien, Arno Behrens, Maristella Berta, Laurent Bertino, Jeremy Blackford, Giorgio Bolzon, Federica Borile, Marine Bretagnon, Robert J.W. Brewin, Donata Canu, Paola Cessi, Stefano Ciavatta, Bertrand Chapron, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Boriana Chtirkova, Stefania Ciliberti, James R. Clark, Emanuela Clementi, Clément Combot, Eric Comerma, Anna Conchon, Giovanni Coppini, Lorenzo Corgnati, Gianpiero Cossarini, Sophie Cravatte, Marta de Alfonso, Clément de Boyer Montégut, Christian De Lera Fernández, Francisco Javier de los Santos, Anna Denvil-Sommer, Álvaro de Pascual Collar, Paulo Alonso Lourenco Dias Nunes, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Owen Embury, Pierpaolo Falco, Odile Fanton d’Andon, Luis Ferrer, David Ford, H. Freund, Manuel García León, Marcos García Sotillo, José María García-Valdecasas, Philippe Garnesson, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Marion Gehlen, Ana Genua-Olmedo, Gerhard Geyer, Andrea Ghermandi, Simon A. Good, Jérôme Gourrion, Eric Greiner, Annalisa Griffa, Manuel González, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Stéphane Isoard, John J. Kennedy, Susan Kay, Anton Korosov, Kaari Laanemäe, Peter E. Land, Thomas Lavergne, Paolo Lazzari, Jean-François Legeais, Benedicte Lemieux, Bruno Levier, William Llovel, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Vidar S. Lien, Leonardo Lima, Pablo Lorente, Julien Mader, Marcello G. Magaldi, Ilja Maljutenko, Antoine Mangin, Carlo Mantovani, Veselka Marinova, Simona Masina, Elena Mauri, J. Meyerjürgens, Alexandre Mignot, Robert McEwan, Carlos Mejia, Angélique Melet, Milena Menna, Benoît Meyssignac, Alexis Mouche, Baptiste Mourre, Malte Müller, Giulio Notarstefano, Alejandro Orfila, Silvia Pardo, Elisaveta Peneva, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Coralie Perruche, Monika Peterlin, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Nadia Pinardi, Yves Quilfen, Urmas Raudsepp, Richard Renshaw, Adèle Révelard, Emma Reyes-Reyes, M. Ricker, Pablo Rodríguez-Rubio, Paz Rotllán, Eva Royo Gelabert, Anna Rubio, Inmaculada Ruiz-Parrado, Shubha Sathyendranath, Jun She, Cosimo Solidoro, Emil V. Stanev, Joanna Staneva, Andrea Storto, Jian Su, Tayebeh Tajalli Bakhsh, Gavin H. Tilstone, Joaquín Tintoré, Cristina Toledano, Jean Tournadre, Benoit Tranchant, Rivo Uiboupin, Arnaud Valcarcel, Nadezhda Valcheva, Nathalie Verbrugge, Mathieu Vrac, J.-O. Wolff, Enrico Zambianchi, O. Zielinski, Ann-Sofie Zinck, Serena Zunino, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (Portugal), Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LIM/UPC - Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), von Schuckmann K., Le Traon P.-Y., Smith N., Pascual A., Djavidnia S., Gattuso J.-P., Gregoire M., Nolan G., Aaboe S., Fanjul E.A., Aouf L., Aznar R., Badewien T.H., Behrens A., Berta M., Bertino L., Blackford J., Bolzon G., Borile F., Bretagnon M., Brewin R.J.W., Canu D., Cessi P., Ciavatta S., Chapron B., Trang Chau T.T., Chevallier F., Chtirkova B., Ciliberti S., Clark J.R., Clementi E., Combot C., Comerma E., Conchon A., Coppini G., Corgnati L., Cossarini G., Cravatte S., de Alfonso M., de Boyer Montegut C., De Lera Fernandez C., de los Santos F.J., Denvil-Sommer A., de Pascual Collar A., Dias Nunes P.A.L., Di Biagio V., Drudi M., Embury O., Falco P., d'Andon O.F., Ferrer L., Ford D., Freund H., Leon M.G., Sotillo M.G., Garcia-Valdecasas J.M., Garnesson P., Garric G., Gasparin F., Gehlen M., Genua-Olmedo A., Geyer G., Ghermandi A., Good S.A., Gourrion J., Greiner E., Griffa A., Gonzalez M., Hernandez-Carrasco I., Isoard S., Kennedy J.J., Kay S., Korosov A., Laanemae K., Land P.E., Lavergne T., Lazzari P., Legeais J.-F., Lemieux B., Levier B., Llovel W., Lyubartsev V., Lien V.S., Lima L., Lorente P., Mader J., Magaldi M.G., Mangin A., Maljutenko I., Mantovani C., Marinova V., Masina S., Mauri E., Meyerjurgens J., Mignot A., McEwan R., Mejia C., Melet A., Menna M., Meyssignac B., Mouche A., Mourre B., Muller M., Notarstefano G., Pardo S., Orfila A., Peneva E., Perez-Gomez B., Perruche C., Peterlin M., Poulain P.-M., Pinardi N., Quilfen Y., Raudsepp U., Renshaw R., Revelard A., Reyes-Reyes E., Ricker M., Rodriguez-Rubio P., Rotllan P., Gelabert E.R., Rubio A., Ruiz-Parrado I., Sathyendranath S., She J., Solidoro C., Stanev E.V., Staneva J., Storto A., Su J., Bakhsh T.T., Tilstone G.H., Tintore J., Toledano C., Tournadre J., Tranchant B., Uiboupin R., Valcarcel A., Valcheva N., Verbrugge N., Vrac M., Wolff J.-O., Zambianchi E., Zielinski O., and Zunino S.

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Public administration, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, State (polity), Political science, 14. Life underwater, CMEMS, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Copernicus, media_common, Service (business), [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Enginyeria agroalimentària::Ciències de la terra i de la vida::Climatologia i meteorologia [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], 010505 oceanography, Meteorologia marítima, Marine meteorology--Europe, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 13. Climate action, Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària::Ports i costes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ocean state report, Copernicus Marine Service, Environment policy
Abstract

Editors: Karina von Schuckmann; Pierre-Yves Le Traon.-- Review Editors: Neville Smith (Chair); Ananda Pascual; Samuel Djavidnia; Jean-Pierre Gattuso; Marilaure Grégoire; Glenn Nolan., The authors would like to thank the Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya (ICGC) for providing data. Thanks are due to FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019), through national funds., Chapter 1: Introduction and the European Environment policy framework.-- CMEMS OSR4, Chapter 2: State, variability and change in the ocean.-- CMEMS OSR4, Chapter 3: Case studies.-- CMEMS OSR4, Chapter 4: Specific events 2018.

Published
2020
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