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Objective To explore the influencing factors of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and the predictive value of multiple inflammatory indicators in elderly alcoholic liver cirrhosis patients. Methods A total of 276 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis hospitalized in Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2020 to June 2023 were selected for retrospective analysis. Seventy-two elderly patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who had spontaneous bacterial peritonitis at admission were included in the observation group, and 204 elderly patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who did not have SBP were included in the control group. The clinical data of patients in the two groups were collected by an electronic medical record system at admission. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation between inflammatory factors and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of inflammatory factors for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Results Univariate analysis showed that the proportion of combined diabetes, hepatic encephalopathy, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, prothrombin time was longer than that in the control group, neutrolphil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR) and C-reactive protein to albumin ratio(CAR) were higher than those in the control group, and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio(LMR) was lower than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P

ObjectThis study aims to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high-risk and non-high-risk groups in neuroblastoma (NB), construct a prognostic model, and establish a risk score formula.Materials and methodsThe NB dataset GSE49710 (n = 498) from the GEO database served as the training cohort to select DEGs between high-risk and non-high-risk NB groups. Cellular senescence-related genes were obtained from the Aging Atlas database. Intersection genes from both datasets were identified as key genes of cellular senescence-related genes (SRGs). A prognostic model was constructed using Univariate Cox regression analysis and the Lasso algorithm with SRGs. Validation was performed using the E-MTAB-8248 cohort (n = 223). The expression levels of AURKA and CENPA were evaluated via RT-qPCR in two clinical NB sample groups.ResultsEight SRGs were identified, and a prognostic model comprising five genes related to cellular senescence was constructed. AURKA and CENPA showed significant expression in clinical samples and were closely associated with cellular senescence.ConclusionThe prognostic model consisted with five cellular senescence related genes effectively predicts the prognosis of NB patients. AURKA and CENPA represent promising targets in NB for predicting cellular senescence, offering potential insights for NB therapy.

Introduction11β-Hydroxylase deficiency (11β-OHD, OMIM#202010) is the second most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by pathogenic variants in the CYP11B1 gene. Both single nucleotide variations (SNV)/small insertion and deletion and genomic rearrangements of CYP11B1 are important causes of 11β-OHD. Among these variant types, pathogenic CYP11B2/CYP11B1 chimeras only contribute to a minority of cases. Heterozygote cases (chimera combined with SNV) are very rare, and genetic analysis of these cases can be challenging.Case presentationWe presented a suspected 11β-OHD female patient with incomplete virilization, adrenal hyperplasia, and hypokalemia hypertension. Whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed that the patient carried both a chimeric CYP11B2/CYP11B1 and a novel missense variant, NM_000497.4: c.203T>G, p.Val68Gly (chr8:143961027) in CYP11B1, which were confirmed by CNVplex and Sanger sequencing, respectively. The patient’s manifestations and genetic findings confirmed the diagnosis of 11β-OHD, and oral dexamethasone was administered as a subsequent treatment.ConclusionThis report showed a rare CYP11B2/CYP11B1 chimera combined with a novel missense variant in a 11β-OHD female patient. The result expands variant spectrum of CYP11B1 and suggests that both chimera and CYP11B1 variant screening should be performed simultaneously in suspected cases of 11β-OHD. To our knowledge, this is the first report about CYP11B2/CYP11B1 chimera detected by WES analysis. WES combined with CNV analysis is an efficient method in the genetic diagnosis of this rare and complex disorder.

NTRK fusions are validated oncogenic drivers of various adult and pediatric tumor types, including thyroid cancer, and serve as a therapeutic target. Recently, tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors, such as entrectinib and larotrectinib, display promising therapeutic efficacy in NTRK-positive solid tumors. Although some NTRK fusion partners have been identified in thyroid cancer, the spectrum of NTRK fusion is not fully characterized. In this study, a dual NTRK3 fusion was identified by targeted RNA-Seq in a 47-year-old female patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma. The patient harbors a novel in-frame fusion between NTRK3 exon 13 and AJUBA exon 2, co-existing with a known in-frame fusion between ETV6 exon 4 and NTRK3 exon 14. The dual NTRK3 fusion was validated by Sanger sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) but lack TRK protein expression as defined by pan-TRK immunohistochemistry (IHC). We supposed the pan-TRK IHC result to be falsely negative. In conclusion, we present the first case of a novel NTRK3-AJUBA fusion co-existing with a known ETV6-NTRK3 fusion in thyroid cancer. These findings extend the spectrum of translocation partners in NTRK3 fusion, and the effect of dual NTRK3 fusion on TRK inhibitor therapy and prognosis needs long-term follow-up.

Fe/Zr-base metal–organic frameworks(Fe/Zr-MOFs) were prepared using a solvothermal method from 1,3,5-phthalic acid (H3BTC, 98 %) as the organic chain and ferrous heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) and zirconium acetate Zr(CH3COO)4] as the metal ions. The resulting material was used to remove Doxycycline hydrochloride (DC). The experimental results showed that when the concentration of DC was 10 ppm and the mass of Zr/Fe-MOFs was 100 mg, the maximum removal rate after 5 h was 87.5 %. The results showed that the correlation coefficients (R2) of the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Freundlich isotherm model of Zr/Fe-MOFs adsorption of DC were greater than 0.99, indicating good consistency. The results showed that the adsorption process of DC by Zr/Fe-MOFs was endothermic and spontaneous. Fe/Zr-MOFs had a high adsorption capacity for DC removal and good application prospects.

Objective:This study proposed and validated an intelligent microcatheter-shaping algorithm for interventional embolization of intracranial aneurysms.Methods:A stepwise microcatheter simulation algorithm constrained by a vessel center line was developed based on the geometry of aneurysms and parent arteries, and a collision correction factor of vessel walls was introduced to automatically calculate the optimal microcatheter path and tip shape. The efficacy of this intelligent shaping method was verified in an in vitro aneurysm model experiment.Results:The microcatheter path can be automatically generated using the intelligent microcatheter-shaping algorithm. Furthermore, the experiment verified that the delivery performance of an intelligently shaped microcatheter was excellent with 100% placement accuracy, superior to that of three pre-shaped microcatheters: straight (0°), 45°, and 90°. In three typical cases, the microcatheter could not be placed in the aneurysms successfully within 5 min with the aid of a microwire using a manual shaping scheme; however, it can be placed in the aneurysms successfully within 5 min using an intelligent microcatheter- shaping scheme, and the time of microcatheter placement in aneurysms was short.Conclusion:This intelligent microcatheter-shaping algorithm based on three-dimensional image data is effective and reasonable. This approach has advantages over standard pre-shaped microcatheters, with a potential clinical application value.

This work studies the use of Fe/Ni-MOFs for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in wastewater. Fe/Ni-MOFs are prepared by the solvothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TG). Under the conditions of the concentration of 50 ppm, a mass of 30 mg, and a temperature of 30 °C, the maximum adsorption capacity of ciprofloxacin removal within 5 h was 232.1 mg/g. The maximum removal rate was 94.8% when 40 mg of the Fe/Ni-MOFs was added to the solution of 10 ppm ciprofloxacin. According to the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model, the R2 values were all greater than 0.99, which proved that the adsorption theory of ciprofloxacin by Fe/Ni-MOFs was consistent with the practice. The adsorption results were mainly affected by solution pH and static electricity, as well as other factors. The Freundlich isotherm model characterized the adsorption of ciprofloxacin by Fe/Ni-MOFs as multilayer adsorption. The above results indicated that Fe/Ni-MOFs were effective in the practical application of ciprofloxacin removal.

In this contribution, based-on the structurally confirmed pentacyanometallate (PPh4)2[Fe(CN)5(imidazole)]·(imidazole)·H2O (1) and the manganese compounds [Mn(L)(H2O)2]ClO4 (L = N,N-ethylenebis(3-methoxysalicylideneiminate) or [Mn(MAC)(H2O)Cl]ClO4 (MAC = 2,13-dimethyl-3,6,9,12,18-pentaazabicyclo-[12.3.1]octadeca-1(18),2,12,14,16- pentaene), two new cyanide-bridged bimetallic FeIII-MnIII/II complexes {[Mn(L)(H2O)]3[Fe(CN)5(imidazole)]}(ClO4) (2) and {[Mn(MAC)][Fe(CN)5(imidazole)]·CH3OH}n (3) were successfully synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and X-ray structure determination. Single X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the cationic FeMn3 tetranuclear entity for complex 2, which can be further assembled into supramolecular 1D ladder-like double chain by the strong intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions. For complex 3, it can be structurally characterized as neutral one-dimensional linear single infinite chain. The magnetic investigations discover the ferromagnetic coupling between the FeIII-MnIII units in complex 2 and the antiferromagnetic coupling in complex 3 between the FeIII-MnII units through the bridging cyanide group, respectively.

Background: Thyroid cancer is a frequent endocrine tumor in women. It is of great significance to investigate the molecular mechanism of progression of thyroid cancer.Methods: Gene expression data set and clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database for differential expression analysis. The triplet of downstream transcription factors (TFs) and modulatory genes of target lncRNA in thyroid cancer was predicted by the lncMAP database. mRNA and protein expression of lncRNA LBX2-AS1, RARα, and FSTL3 were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. The localization of lncRNA LBX2-AS1 in cells was tested by Fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. The RNA immunoprecipitation assay was applied to verify the binding relationship between lncRNA LBX2-AS1 and FSTL3. ChIP and dual-luciferase assays were used to prove the binding relationship between RARα and FSTL3. Cell function experiments were used to test cell proliferation, migration and invasion in each treatment group. The role of lncRNA LBX2-AS1 in thyroid cancer progression was also confirmed in nude mice.Results: Bioinformatics analysis indicated that lncRNA LBX2-AS1, RARα, FSTL3 were remarkably fostered in thyroid cancer tissue, and LBX2-AS1 was evidently correlated with clinical features. The LncMAP triplet prediction showed that LBX2-AS1 recruited TF RARα to modulate FSTL3. RIP assay confirmed that LBX2-AS1 was prominently enriched on RARα. ChIP and dual-luciferase report assays unveiled that RARα bound to the promoter region of FSTL3 and functioned as a TF. Cell function experiments uncovered that LBX2-AS1 boosted the progression of thyroid cancer. The rescue experiments showed that LBX2-AS1 recruited the TF RARα to hasten the transcription activity of FSTL3 and thus promoted the development of thyroid cancer.Conclusion: The integrative results demonstrated that LBX2-AS1 activated FSTL3 by binding to TF RARα to hasten proliferation, migration and invasion of thyroid cancer.

Objective: This study aimed to better understand the clinical, electrophysiological, pathological features and prognosis of peripheral nerve involvements in primary immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of eight AL amyloidosis patients with peripheral neuropathy as the initial presentation including clinical features, histopathological findings and treatment.Results: There were seven males and one female aged from 52 to 66 years. Initial symptoms included symmetrical lower extremity numbness, lower extremity pain and carpal tunnel syndrome. Seven patients suffered from severe pain and required pain management. Six patients had predominant autonomic dysfunction. Six patients had cardiac involvement, and one patient had renal involvement. Monoclonal proteins were found in all patients, with IgA λ in one, IgG λ in two, λ alone in three, κ alone in one and IgM κ in one. Sural nerve biopsies were performed in 7 cases, all of which showed amyloid deposition in the endoneurium (in the perivascular region in some cases), in addition to moderate to severe myelinated fiber loss with axonal degeneration. Six patients were treated with combined chemotherapy. In three patients who began chemotherapy earlier (6–10 months after onset), two achieved a hematological complete response, and one achieved a partial response. three patients who had delayed chemotherapy (36 months after onset) died between 5 and 12 months after diagnosis.Conclusion: Early recognition of AL amyloidosis with peripheral neuropathy as the initial symptom is very important. Nerve biopsy can help to make the diagnosis. Early diagnosis and chemotherapy are critical to achieve better outcomes.

Entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness. It is the foundation for almost all cryptographic systems. True random number generators (TRNGs) and physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are the silicon primitives to respectively harvest dynamic and static entropy to generate random bit streams. In this survey paper, we present a systematic and comprehensive review of different state-of-the-art methods to harvest entropy from silicon-based devices, including the implementations, applications, and the security of the designs. Furthermore, we conclude the trends of the entropy source design to point out the current spots of entropy harvesting.

Multiple adeno-associated viruses (AAV) use the same receptor (AAVR), but the binding mode is not clear. Here, the authors determine the structures of the AAV1-AAVR and AAV5-AAVR complexes, identify residues necessary for virus entry and compare the receptor interfaces of different AAV capsids.

In this study, the taste contribution of brown sugar in chicken seasoning was evaluated. Chicken seasonings containing brown sugar (AB), white sugar (AW), and liquid sugar (AL) were compared by the detection of taste compounds, sensory evaluation, and electronic tongue measurements. The correlation model of the three kinds of data was built by partial least squares regression (PLSR). The contents of the taste compounds in sample AB was higher than in sample AW and lower than in sample AL. Sample AB had the strongest “umami” and “full-body” taste and the highest response values for the UMS and GPS sensors. Combined with the PLSR results, brown sugar could be used to balance the taste of chicken seasoning. In conclusion, brown sugar had a positive effect on flavor quality and could help to improve chicken seasoning recipes.

Liver failure is associated with increased levels of brain aromatic amino acids (AAAs), whose transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is mainly mediated by L-amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). We aimed to investigate whether liver failure induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) increases levels of brain AAAs by affecting the expression and function of LAT1. The LAT1 function was assessed using the brain distribution of gabapentin. It was found that BDL significantly increased levels of gabapentin, phenylalanine, and tryptophan in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of rats, and upregulated the expression of total LAT1 protein in hippocampus and striatum as well as cortex membrane LAT1 protein. HCMEC/D3 served as in vitro BBB model, and the data showed that both the serum of BDL rats and bilirubin induced LAT1 expression and function, while bilirubin oxidase almost abolished the upregulation of LAT1 protein by bilirubin and the serum of BDL rats. The enhanced function and expression of LAT1 were also observed in the hippocampus and striatum of hyperbilirubinemia rats. Both aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonist α-naphthoflavone and AhR silencing obviously attenuated the upregulation of LAT1 protein by bilirubin or omeprazole. This study provides the first evidence that BDL upregulates LAT1 at the rat BBB, attributed to the activation of AhR by the increased plasma bilirubin. The results highlight the mechanisms causing BDL-increased levels of brain AAAs and their physiological significance.

BackgroundObesity is highly prevalent worldwide. More and more studies have been conducted on the relationship between H. pylori infection and obesity or overweight. But the relationship between them is controversial in the literatures and there is no comprehensive evidence for the correlation.AimTo evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori infection in Chinese adult subjects who received routine physical examinations and the relationship between H. pylori and obesity.MethodsLiteratures on H. pylori infection and obesity in Chinese population were searched in online databases. Relevant data were extracted independently by two researchers and meta-analysis was performed by using Review manager 5.3 software.Results22 articles were selected with a total sample size of 178033. The pooled prevalence of H. pylori was 42% (95%CI: 37% to 47%) and mean difference of BMI between subjects with and without H. pylori infection was 0.94 (95%CI: -0.04 to 1.91). 9 eligible studies with 27111 subjects were used to calculated pooled OR value because they contained obesity groups. The OR value showed that H. pylori-positive subjects tended to be obese at a risk of 1.20 (95% CI: 1.13 to 1.28).ConclusionIn China, obesity has association with H. pylori infection. H. pylori infection may be one of the risk factors for obesity.

To address the bottleneck issues of an elastic-style six-axis force/torque sensor (six-axis force sensor), this work proposes a no-elastic piezoelectric six-axis force sensor. The operating principle of the piezoelectric six-axis force sensor is analyzed, and a structural model is constructed. The static-active design theory of the piezoelectric six-axis force sensor is established, including a static analytical/mathematical model and numerical simulation model (finite element model). A piezoelectric six-axis force sensor experimental prototype is developed according to the analytical mathematical model and numerical simulation model, and selected static characteristic parameters (including sensitivity, isotropic degree and cross-coupling) are tested using this model with three approaches. The measured results are in agreement with the analytical results from the static-active design method. Therefore, this study has successfully established a foundation for further research into the piezoelectric multi-axis force sensor and an overall design approach based on static characteristics.

Automatic detection of left ventricle myocardium is essential to subsequent cardiac image registration and tissue segmentation. However, it is considered challenging mainly because of the complex and varying shape of the myocardium and surrounding tissues across slices and phases. In this study, a hybrid model is proposed to detect myocardium in cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) images combining region proposal and deep feature classification and regression. The model firstly generates candidate regions using new structural similarity-enhanced supervoxel over-segmentation plus hierarchical clustering. Then it adopts a deep stacked sparse autoencoder (SSAE) network to learn the discriminative deep feature to represent the regions. Finally, the features are fed to train a novel nonlinear within-class neighborhood preserved soft margin support vector (C-SVC) classifier and multiple-output support vector ( ε -SVR) regressor for refining the location of myocardium. To improve the stability and generalization, the model also takes hard negative sample mining strategy to fine-tune the SSAE and the classifier. The proposed model with impacts of different components were extensively evaluated and compared to related methods on public cardiac data set. Experimental results verified the effectiveness of proposed integrated components, and demonstrated that it was robust in myocardium localization and outperformed the state-of-the-art methods in terms of typical metrics. This study would be beneficial in some cardiac image processing such as region-of-interest cropping and left ventricle volume measurement.

This paper presents a new scheme to improve the performance of finger-vein identification systems. Firstly, a vein pattern extraction method to extract the finger-vein shape and orientation features is proposed. Secondly, to accommodate the potential local and global variations at the same time, a region-based matching scheme is investigated by employing the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) matching method. Finally, the finger-vein shape, orientation and SIFT features are combined to further enhance the performance. The experimental results on databases of 426 and 170 fingers demonstrate the consistent superiority of the proposed approach.

A signal mass piezoelectric six-degrees-of-freedom (six-DOF) accelerometer is put forward in response to the need for health monitoring of the dynamic vibration characteristics of high grade digitally controlled machine tools. The operating principle of the piezoelectric six-degrees-of-freedom accelerometer is analyzed, and its structure model is constructed. The numerical simulation model (finite element model) of the six axis accelerometer is established. Piezoelectric quartz is chosen for the acceleration sensing element and conversion element, and its static sensitivity, static coupling interference and dynamic natural frequency, dynamic cross coupling are analyzed by ANSYS software. Research results show that the piezoelectric six-DOF accelerometer has advantages of simple and rational structure, correct sensing principle and mathematic model, good linearity, high rigidity, and theoretical natural frequency is more than 25 kHz, no nonlinear cross coupling and no complex decoupling work.

This paper proposes a novel image region descriptor for face recognition, named kernel Gabor-based weighted region covariance matrix (KGWRCM). As different parts are different effectual in characterizing and recognizing faces, we construct a weighting matrix by computing the similarity of each pixel within a face sample to emphasize features. We then incorporate the weighting matrices into a region covariance matrix, named weighted region covariance matrix (WRCM), to obtain the discriminative features of faces for recognition. Finally, to further preserve discriminative features in higher dimensional space, we develop the kernel Gabor-based weighted region covariance matrix (KGWRCM). Experimental results show that the KGWRCM outperforms other algorithms including the kernel Gabor-based region covariance matrix (KGCRM).

The title compound, 2C2H8N+·C30H12N2O122−·2H2O, comprises dimethylammonium cations, 3,3′-dicarboxy-5,5′-(5,7,12,14-tetraoxo-6,13-diazatetracyclo[6.6.2.04,16.011,15]hexadeca-1,3,8,10,15-pentaene-6,13-diyl)dibenzoate dianions and water molecules. The dianion is situated on a crystallographic inversion centre. Two very strong symmetry-restricted O...H...O hydrogen bonds are present which are situated about the crystallographic inversion centres. In one of these hydrogen bonds, the H atom is situated at its centre, while in the other one the H atom is disordered about its centre. Both H atoms are involved in the chain-like C22(16) motif, and not in a more common motif R22(8) that is composed of a pair of hydrogen carboxylates with the H atoms situated about the centre between the pair of O atoms. In the crystal, interaction of these hydrogen bonds results in formation of anionic layers of dianions parallel to (-111). The water molecules donate their H atoms to one of two of the carboxylate O atoms, forming strong hydrogen bonds. The dimethylammonium donates a bifurcated hydrogen bond to an oxo group of the dianion, forming weak hydrogen bonds. All the hydrogen bonds form a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network.

In the title compound, {[Cu(C10H8N2)(H2O)4](C4F4O4)·4H2O}n, the CuII atom adopts an elongated octahedral geometry because of the Jahn–Teller effect. Both cation and anion have crystallographic twofold rotation symmetry with the twofold axes passing through the Cu and N atoms and through the midpoint of the central C—C bond. The 4,4′-bipyridyl ligand links the CuII atoms into a linear chain along the b axis. O—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions between the cationic chains and the tetrafluoridosuccinate anions and the free water molecules generate a three-dimensional supramolecular network.

In the title 1:1 co-crystal, C10H8N2·C15H12O5, strong intermolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds link alternating molecules of 4,4′-(hydroxymethylene)dibenzoic acid and 4,4′-bipyridyl into zigzag chains in [501]. The crystal packing also exhibits π–π interactions between the 4,4′-bipyridyl rings of neighbouring chains [centroid–centroid distance = 3.608 (3) Å] and weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is indeed a highly destructive plant disease, leading to substantial damage in tobacco production. While biological control is considered an effective measure for managing bacterial wilt, related research in this area has been relatively limited compared to other control methods. In order to discover new potential antagonistic bacteria with high biocontrol efficacy against tobacco bacterial wilt, we conducted an analysis of the microbial composition differences between disease-suppressive and disease-conducive soils using Illumina sequencing. As a result, we successfully isolated six strains from the disease-suppressive soil that exhibited antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum. Among these strains, B4-7 showed the strongest antibacterial activity, even at acidic conditions with a pH of 4.0. Based on genome analysis using Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), B4-7 was identified as Bacillus velezensis. In greenhouse and field trials, strain B4-7 significantly reduced the disease index of tobacco bacterial wilt, with control efficiencies reaching 74.03% and 46.88% respectively. Additionally, B4-7 exhibited plant-promoting abilities that led to a 35.27% increase in tobacco production in field conditions. Quantitative realtime (qPCR) analysis demonstrated that strain B4-7 effectively reduced the abundance of R. solanacearum in the rhizosphere. Genome sequencing and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed that strain B4-7 potentially produces various lipopeptide metabolites, such as microlactin, bacillaene, difficidin, bacilysin, and surfactin. Furthermore, B4-7 influenced the structure of the rhizosphere soil microbial community, increasing bacterial abundance and fungal diversity, while also promoting the growth of different beneficial microorganisms. In addition, B4-7 enhanced tobacco's resistance to R. solanacearum by increasing the activities of defense enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Collectively, these findings suggest that B. velezensis B4-7 holds significant biocontrol potential and can be considered a promising candidate strain for eco-friendly management of tobacco bacterial wilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]