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This is the first study to provide both a systematic assessment of the ways by which the dispute settlement bodies of the United Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) contribute to the development of the law of the sea and an exposition of the factors that explain such contribution. The book analyses UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies' decisions and the legal reasoning in key areas of the law of the sea. It further examines the factors that impact the decision-making process of UNCLOS tribunals to explain the parameters within which UNCLOS tribunals operate and how this impacts their ability and willingness to develop the law. The book provides a unique reference point for lecturers, researchers and students of international law, particularly law of the sea, as well as practitioners and government advisors who wish to gain comprehensive insights into the functioning and the role of the UNCLOS dispute settlement system.

Part XII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) on the protection and preservation of the marine environment contains provisions that are worded in a general manner. As “the problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole”, these provisions need to be interpreted in harmony with the wider corpus of international law. However, when marine environmental disputes are brought before the UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies, their jurisdiction is limited to disputes arising under UNCLOS. The tribunals, therefore, have to navigate between deciding disputes in a hollistic manner and remaining within their jurisdictional limits. This article discusses the techniques used by UNCLOS tribunals to resort to other sources of international law when settling marine environmental disputes. It will then assess whether, in doing so, the tribunals have remained within their jurisdictional parameters and the wider implications of this practice.

This paper proposes a new metasurface to improve gain for dipole antenna. The antenna includes two sets of two elements (1 x 2), the integrated J shaped baluns, five metasurface cells (each metasurface cell consists of 5 periodic metallic plates printed on a thin low-cost FR4 substrate) for four antenna elements and the antenna is supplied by two T-junction power dividers. The metasurface is designed to operate as reflection surface. The antenna is designed based on RT5880 and witnesses an overall size of 140 x 37 x 35.075 mm3 (2.7λ x 0.71λ x 0.67λ at 5.8 GHz), an isolation of approximately 28 dB, a peak gain of 9.5 dBi, and a radiation efficiency of 84%.

In this paper, the design of an antenna array with enhanced bandwidth is presented. The antenna array includes 16 elements (4 x 4) based on RT5880 with height of 1.575 mm, dielectric constant of 2.2 and loss tangent of 0.0009 and it is yielded at the central frequency of 5.8 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. In addition, in order to enhance bandwidth for antenna, the paper proposes a new metasurface. The metasurface, which is a lattice of 3 x 3 cells, is printed on a substrate of FR4 (h = 1.6 mm, ɛr = 4.4, and tanδ = 0.02) and it acts as an artificial magnetic conductor reflector. The final prototype with an overall dimension of 123 x 120 x 3.315 mm3 was fabricated and measured. The antenna witnesses an impedance bandwidth of 5.1-7.5 GHz at -10 dB (41%) and a peak gain of 17.65 dBi for measurement. The simulation results are confirmed by measurement ones to verify the performance of the proposed antenna.

A polyaspartamide containing both hydroxyl and amine pendants, PolyAspAm(EA/EDA), was prepared. Upon mixing PolyAspAm(EA/EDA) with tannic acid (TA) in an aqueous solution, a viscous complex gel or ...

Curing condition plays a vital role in the performance of cold recycled asphalt concrete technology using cement and emulsion, that is, cement asphalt emulsion mixture (CAEM). Therefore, this article aimed to investigate the changes in the dynamic modulus evaluation (|E*|) of CAEM utilizing 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) at different curing conditions. The changes in |E*| of 100% RAP CAEM at curing temperatures of 25°C, 40°C, and 60°C cured at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days were investigated. The results indicated that both curing temperature and curing time influence the test results of |E*|. Accordingly, the value of |E*| increases with the increase of the curing temperature and curing time; however, the rate of increase tends to slow down after seven days. In addition, |E*| values at different temperatures and frequencies showed that the CAEM exhibits the same viscoelastic properties as the traditional asphalt mixture.

A Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna includes two sets of four elements (2 x 2) and it is yielded at the central frequency of 5.5 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. Based on RT5880 with height of 1.575 mm, the overall size of MIMO antenna is 140 x 76 x 1.575 mm3. To get high isolation between antenna elements, a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is integrated on ground plane. Besides, the MIMO antenna witnesses a large bandwidth of 9.1% and an efficiency of 90% while the pick gain is 8.5 dBi. The measurement results are compared to simulation ones to verify the performance of the proposed antenna.

This article focuses on the jurisdictional issues that arose from the losc Annex vii Arbitral Award of the Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration (Mauritius v. United Kingdom). In this case, the arbitral tribunal for the first time answered the long-debated question of whether it has jurisdiction to hear a dispute concerning territorial sovereignty issues. This article argues that in the process of answering this question, the arbitral tribunal managed to identify the steps in order to determine the extent to which its jurisdiction extends to sovereignty disputes. However, the manner in which the tribunal, and the dissenting arbitrators, proceeded with each of these steps left much to be desired in terms of clarity and coherence. The Arbitral Award nonetheless managed to clarify the scope of Article 297 regarding the limitations to compulsory jurisdiction and in determining the threshold for the fulfilment of Article 283 on the obligation to exchange views.