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Peronospora salviae‐officinalis, the causal agent of downy mildew on common sage, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen. It grows in the intercellular spaces of the leaf tissue of sage and forms intracellular haustoria to interface with host cells. Although P. salviae‐officinalis was described as a species of its own 10 years ago, the infection process remains obscure. To address this, a histological study of various infection events, from the adhesion of conidia on the leaf surface to de novo sporulation is presented here. As histological studies of oomycetes are challenging due to the lack of chitin in their cell wall, we also present an improved method for staining downy mildews for confocal laser scanning microscopy as well as evaluating the potential of autofluorescence of fixed nonstained samples. For staining, a 1:1 mixture of aniline blue and trypan blue was found most suitable and was used for staining of oomycete and plant structures, allowing discrimination between them as well as the visualization of plant immune responses. The method was also used to examine samples of Peronospora lamii on Lamium purpureum and Peronospora belbahrii on Ocimum basilicum, demonstrating the potential of the presented histological method for studying the infection processes of downy mildews in general.

Rationale: Water loss by evaporation is a normal physiological process, in order to regulate plant temperature. Under conditions of thermal and water stress, water loss is accelerated compared to normal conditions, and the response of plants is variable. In extreme cases, it can lead to wilting and death of plants. It was found that the phenomenon of water loss behaved as a pattern in different plant species, given by two functions, logistics (first part of water loss) and hyperbola (second part of water loss) in relation to a moment m, at which the rate of water loss (RWL) has reached its maximum value. Method: We studied the water loss process for a series of plant samples on different plant species (Picea abies L., H. Karst; Juniperus communis L.; Pinus silvestris L.; Thuja occidentalis L.; Lamium purpureum L.; Veronica hederifolia L.), measuring the rate of weight loss (RWL) in controlled conditions. The drying of the samples was done in identical conditions (thermo-balance, 100 °C, standard temperature for drying the plant samples) with the real-time recording of the drying time simultaneously with the water loss rate (RWL) from the plant samples. The exposure time varied, depending on each species sample, and was approximately 1000 s. Results: The experimental data was recorded at intervals of every 10 s, during the entire drying period. RWL values varied from 0.024 to 0.054 g/min at the beginning of the drying process and reached maximum values after 70–100 s, having values between 0.258 g/min and 0.498 g/min. During the drying period, this indicator presented different graphic evolutions, difficult to be described with a single function. The first segment was described by a logistic function, and the second was described by a hyperbola, resulting in a model (RWLMod) which described the real phenomenon. This model and theoretical calculation were used to quantify the water loss in a time interval and, compared with empirical dates, no significant differences were observed, which indicated an increased degree of accuracy regarding the use of this model. Recommendation and novelty of work: The novelty of the work is given by the obtained model (RWLMod), which makes possible the description of RWL over the entire time interval, and ensures a good fit with the real data. It recommends the method and model in studies of plant behaviour under stress in relation to different influencing factors.

Paper description: Lamium purpureum L. (Lamiaceae) glandular trichomes and the composition of essential oil were analyzed. Two types of trichomes, non-glandular and glandular (peltate and capitate) were identified. The main compounds of essential oil were trans -anethole (59.61%), fenchone (6.54%), α -pinene (6.14%) and β -pinene (4.98%). The antioxidant activities of the ethanolic plant extracts were determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and TRP assays. Antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract was observed, While the extracts did not exhibit fungicidal activity, morphophysiological changes (sporulation loss, depigmentation of conidial heads) were observed in all tested isolates. L. purpureum could be a new potential source of natural antioxidants. Abstract : The aim of this study was to investigate the structure of glandular trichomes and essential oil composition of Lamium purpureum L. (Lamiaceae) and to determine potential biological activities of its different extracts. The micromorphology and distribution of trichomes on vegetative plant parts were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two types of trichomes were identified: non-glandular (simple, uniseriate, multicellular) and glandular (both peltate and capitate). The essential oil of L. purpureum was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main compounds were trans -anethole (59.61%), fenchone (6.54%), α -pinene (6.14%) and β -pinene (4.98%). The total phenol and flavonoid contents of 10%, 30% and 50% ethanol extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. The free radical scavenging and reducing power activity of extracts were analyzed using the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging methods, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total reducing power (TRP) assays. The 50% ethanolic extract exhibited the strongest antioxidative activity while the lowest was determined for the 10% ethanolic extract. Antifungal activity of L. purpureum hydroalcoholic extracts was evaluated against eight Aspergillus species by the microdilution method. Light microscopy (LM) demonstrated structural abnormalities of the tested Aspergilli . While the plant extracts did not exhibit fungicidal activity, morphophysiological changes (sporulation loss and depigmentation of conidial heads) were observed in all tested isolates. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS200117019G Received: January 17, 2020; Revised: February 25; Accepted: April 7, 2020; Published online: April 23, 2020 How to cite this article: Grujic SM, Savkovic ŽD, Ristic MS, Džamic AM, Ljaljevic Grbic MV, Vukojevic JB, MarinPD. Glandular trichomes, essential oil composition, anti- Aspergillus and antioxidative activities of Lamium purpureum L. ethanolic extracts. Arch Biol Sci. 2020;72(2):253-63.

Seeds of winter annuals require a summer after‐ripening period for dormancy loss and low autumn temperatures for germination. With current and future changes in moisture and temperature, we tested the effects of warming along a relative humidity (RH) gradient on dormancy loss and effects of decreased diurnal temperature range (DTR) on germination. We further reasoned that the effects of changes in these variables would be disproportionate between the exotic and native winter annuals. Seeds of exotic species (Buglossoides arvensis, Lamium purpureum and Ranunculus parviflorus) and co‐occurring native species (Galium aparine, Paysonia stonensis and Plantago virginica) were collected in middle Tennessee. After‐ripening occurred over a 15–100% RH gradient at 25 and 30°C and germination was tested at 20/10 and 20/15°C. Niche breadth was calculated using Levins' B. Fresh Ranunculus seeds had high germination and those of other species did not. Germination for these species increased with after‐ripening, mostly across the RH gradient irrespective of temperature. A decrease in DTR showed mixed results – the extreme being Ranunculus with no germination at 20/15°C. Most exotic species had wider germination niche breadths than native species. With climate change, we suggest that a decrease in DTR may have a larger effect on germination than increasing moisture or warming on dormancy break. Moreover, there is not a clear‐cut winner with climate change when we compare exotic versus native species because the responses of our six species were species specific.

Lamium album and Lamium purpureum are species belonging to the genus Lamium. Aerial parts of the two species and roots of Lamium album have applications in human and veterinary traditional medicine. Haemostatic properties of butanolic extracts of Lamium species were investigated by two experimental models in Wistar rats: haemostatic test by tail bleeding time determination and acenocoumarolcarrageenan test. Results of the haemostatic test by tail bleeding determination demonstrated haemostatic activity of both extracts. In the acenocoumarol-carrageenan test, only the Lamium album extract showed haemostatic activity, comparable to that of vitamin K. Based on the qualitative chemical data on iridoid glycosides (HPTLC), 8-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester might be assumed to be responsible for haemostatic activity. Based on the acute toxicity test, none of the extracts showed toxicity.

The current study aimed to evaluate Lamium purpureum L. in terms of its chemical composition and the potential of its essential oil for anticancer activity. The profiling analysis of its chemical composition was carried out via GC-MS. For this purpose, the ethanol extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis to determine chemical compounds. To obtain essential oil, steam distillation of the whole plant (aerial, leaf, stem) was carried out in a Clevenger apparatus. The anticancer activitiy was determined via MTT assay. We observed that the maximum cell death was 14% at 50 μg/mL concentration. As a result of GC-MS analysis, palmitic acid, 7-tetradecenal, octadecadienoic acid, acetic acid, ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, hexatriacontane, stearate and benzyl benzoate were identified as major components. We determined that the essential oil of L. purpureum L. had essential compounds which showed cytotoxic activities.

Lamiaceae (Labiatae) or the mint family is one of the most important families containing volatile oil. It is one of the largest plant families including 236 genera and more than 7,000 species. By reviewing the current available literature (2002-2018), many classes of secondary metabolites of this family were determined, viz., flavonoids (113 compounds), fatty derivatives (26 compounds) and sterols (15 compounds). Moreover, plants belonging to this family have been shown many biological activities such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, analgesic, cardiovascular, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antispasmodic, antiepileptic, anti-anxiety and anti-angiogenic. The most chemically investigated genus is Leonurus, while, Lavandula latifolia, Lamium garganicum, Lamium purpureum, Melissa officinalis and Moluccella laevis need more phytochemical attention. Regarding the biological investigation, Melissa officinalis was the most investigated species. Due to limited phytochemical and biological studies on many genera of the above family, we were encouraged to perform this review to help the researchers and orient them to carry out extensive studies on these plants to discover new or novel natural products.

Introduction. The negative impact of non-abiotic plant species on the environment is increasing every year in Ukraine. At present, this problem has become extremely important, since invasions of adventitious plant species violate the structural and functional relations of forest ecosystems. L. purpureum is a typical representative of grassy plants, which reflects such changes. Purpose. The aim of the present study was to analyze of populations of L. purpureum in the secondary area on the example of the territory of the Right Bank of Forest-Steppe zone. Methods. Study sites were all located within the Right Bank Forest-steppe on the territory of the Kyiv and Vinnytsia regions.An ecological profile consisting of six experimental plots, depending on the recreational gradient in the urban forest, was established in accordance with the principles of comparative ecology. Plant complex was established according to the geobotanical and ecological methods. Assessment of the morphometric parameters of the population L. purpureum was established in accordance with generally accepted methods. Results. Weak, medium and strong degrees of environmental transformations accompanied by ecological and coenotic adaptation changes of species populations was established. The analysis of morphometric parameters (plant height, number of flowers, number of leaves, number of shoots, diameter of the shoots, average area of a separate leaf, total leaf surface) was shown.Analysis of the variability of characteristics through the coefficient of variation showed that the investigated morphometric parameters were varied within the range of 21,0% -89,2%.The coefficient of variation increases with the potentiation of anthropogenic pressure transformation was established. Analysis of the vital composition was showed the domination of a prosperous type of population. The quality index was within the range of 0,315-0,435. Conclusion. The various ecological conditions and coenotic confinedness have caused a significant range of values of morphometric parameters of the populations of L. purpureum.The number of flowers and the number of leaves per individual were the most significant parameters. The height and diameter of the shoots were more stable.

There is global concern that invertebrate populations are declining rapidly, particularly in agricultural habitats. Declines have been attributed to the intensification of farming systems, with many studies focussing on a lack of semi-natural habitat in the landscape and the use of insecticides. However, within-field arable weeds are also an important driver of invertebrate abundance and the ecosystem services to which they contribute. This study focuses on the role of arable weeds in supporting invertebrate populations and selected ecosystem services they deliver., using winter wheat as a case study. Weed-invertebrate relationships were investigated across seven studies of winter-sown wheat spanning 18 years. Both phytophagous and predatory invertebrates responded to weed cover but to different degrees. Phytophages showed a stronger positive relationship with weed cover than the predators, because they rely on the resources provided by the weeds whereas predatory species response is likely to be mediated by their prey. Farmland bird chick-food indices were positively related to both broadleaf and grass cover in cropped fields, indicating that increased weed cover can provide increased invertebrate food for birds in winter wheat. Despite this potential, there were insufficient invertebrate food resources for birds in the majority of wheat fields sampled. Weed diversity did not play a significant role in moderating the relationships between weeds and invertebrate abundance, however this may be a function of the low weed diversity in modern winter wheat fields. In this study the weed species most frequently shown to predict the invertebrate community were: Poa annua, Stellaria media, Fumaria officinalis, Sinapis arvensis, Senecio vulgaris, Persicaria lapathifolia, Sonchus spp., Matricaria discoidea, Persicaria maculosa, Agrostis spp., Lamium purpureum, Lamium album, Veronica spp., Atriplex spp., Myosotis spp. and Anagallis arvensis. We conclude that even in an intensively grown cereal, arable weeds can play an important role in maintaining and restoring invertebrate populations, that 10% weed cover is needed to fulfill the potential and that a successful outcome will be driven by the presence of weed species that support invertebrates that provide ecosystem services.

Background: Viticulture occupies an important place in agricultural production of Diyarbakır province, Turkey. However, weeds significantly impair the productivity of vineyards in the province. The knowledge of weed flora of a particular region is crucial to develop region-specific weed management strategies. Methods: This study was carried out to determine the weed species, their densities and frequency of occurrence in 78 vineyards of 13 districts in Diyarbakır province. Exploratory surveys were conducted to record the occurrence, density and coverage area of weed species. A 1×1 m quadrate was used, which was randomly placed in vineyards and weed species falling within the quadrate were noted. Result: A total 165 weed species and 128 taxa belonging to 35 botanical families (1 parasitic, 16 monocotyledons and 18 dicotyledons) were identified from the surveyed area. The weed species’ density over the whole province was 91 weeds m-2. Avena sterilis L. was the most widespread weed with the highest density (9.93 plants m-2) in the surveyed area followed by Fumaria asepale Boiss. (7.18), Galium tricornutum (4.85), Ranunculus arvensis (3.82), Silene aegyptiaca (3.70), Bromus sterilis (3.64) Lamium purpureum (3.58), Hordeum spontaneum (3.35), Anthemis sp. (3.07), Crepis alpina (2.94), Thlaspi perfoliatum (2.91), Alopecurus myosuroides (2.81), Bongardia chrysogonum (2.80), Scandix pecten-veneris (2.24), Cynodon dactylon (1.71), Hypecoum procumbens (1.69), Lolium perenne (1.41), Sorghum halepense (1.33), Sinapis arvensis (1.24), Buglossoides arvense (1.22), Daucus carota (1.21), Trifolium nigrescens (1.21), Vicia hybrida (1.05), Senecio vernalis (1.04) and Ornithogalum narbonense (1.02). The most prevalent weed were L. purpureum (66.68%), Papaver sp. (66.49%), S. vernalis (65.82%), Anthemis sp. (65.10%), A. sterilis (63.07%), R. arvensis (60.44%), Convolvulus arvensis (56.76%), Carduus pycnocephalus (55.79%), G. tricornutum (55.43%), Fumaria asepale (55.05%), Crepis alpina (54.08%), Thlaspi perfoliatum (51.95%) and S. arvensis (51.04%).

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines) commonly infests soybean (Glycine max), but has also been reported to infest haricot bean, mung bean, adzuki bean, some species of Lespedeza and Melilotus (3), purple deadnettle (Lamium purpureum), henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense), and shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) (4). During 2009 to 2011, a survey for plant parasitic nematodes on tobacco was made in Xuchang, Henan Province, central China. Thirty six percent of 50 tobacco fields showed yellowing symptoms, and females and cysts of cyst-forming nematode were observed in the yellowing tobacco roots. The cysts were characterized by a lemon shape, with posterior protuberance, ambifenestrate, bullae, and underbridge present. The key morphometrics of cysts were fenestra length (38 to 44 μm) and width (34 to 40 μm), vulval silt (41 to 50 μm), and underbridge length (73 to 99 μm), all of which were similar to SCN (1). DNA was extracted by putting a single cracked cyst collected from the tobacco root to a 0.2-ml Eppendorf tube containing 10 μl double distilled water, 8 μl 10 × PCR Buffer (Mg–), and 2 μl of proteinase K (600 μg/ml) and frozen at –70°C for 30 min, then incubated at 65°C for 1 h and at 95°C for 10 min. After centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 2 min, the DNA suspension was used for PCR amplification. Primers TW81 (5′-GTTTCCGTAGGTGAACCTGC-3′) and AB28 (5′-ATATGCTTAAGTTCAGCGGGT-3′) were used to amplify the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and a PCR fragment of 1,030 bp was obtained. The sequence (GenBank Accession No. JX561139) showed 99% similarity to H. glycines strain Hg1-Ark1 (EF611124). Duplex PCR containing the universal primers D2A (5′-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGTTG-3′), D3B (5′-TCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA-3′) and SCAR primers SCNFI (5′-GGACCCTGACCAAAAAGTTTCCGC-3′), SCNRI (5′-GGACCCTGACGAGTTATGGGCCCG-3′), obtained a 477-bp fragment, which is specific for SCN populations (2). Based on both morphological and molecular identification, the populations of cyst-forming nematodes on tobacco from Henan, China were confirmed as SCN. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 30 each of 50-day-old tobacco and 5-day-old soybean plants (one plant per pot), respectively, by adding 2 ml of a suspension of 1,000 eggs and J2 of cysts collected from tobacco roots. After 35 days, 20 to 35 white females could be detected in each of the tobacco roots, and the yellowing symptom on almost all of tobacco plants was observed. Although infection on soybean plants was observed, the nematodes infected in roots was just 10 to 20 per pot, and they all stayed in the infective J2 stage. Except for one J3 until 48 dpi, no mature females could be found, and the nematode population could not reproduce on soybean tested. This suggests that the cyst nematode population from tobacco is a new pathotype of SCN. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SCN parasitized on tobacco in naturally infected fields, which is a potential threat to tobacco growth and should attract worldwide attention. References: (1) R. H. Mulvey. Can. J. Zool. 50:1277, 1972. (2) S. Ou et al. Nematology 10:397, 2008. (3) R. D. Riggs. In: Biology and Management of the Soybean Cyst Nematode, p. 107-114, 1992. (4) R. Venkatesh et al. Weed Technol. 14:156, 2000.

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of aerial parts of Lamium purpureum L. was determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and TRP assays. Contents of flavonoids and phenols were also investigated. The total phenolic content in the extracts, determined using Folin?Ciocalteu assay, ranged between 8.57 to 128.00 mg GAE/g d.e. while concentrations of flavonoids in the extracts varied from 24.20 to 39.80 mg QuE/g d.e. The highest phenolic content was found in methanol extract (128.00 mg GAE/g d.e.). The highest content of total flavonoids was identified in the methanol extract (39.80 mg QuE/g d.e.) and the lowest was in the chloroform (24.30 mg QuE/g d.e.). DPPH scavenging of the extracts was determined and obtained IC50 values ranged from 0.12 to 3.12 mg/mL of solution. The values of ABTS radical scavenging activity ranged from 0.35 to 1.80 mg AA/g. The highest ABTS antiradical activity was registered for methanol extract. The FRAP value was found within the range 0.08 to 1.04 ?mol Fe/mg. The best radical scavenger was methanol (1.04 ?mol Fe/mg). In reducing power assay different extracts of L. purpureum showed increasing of activity with increased concentration, and all extracts possessed substantial dose dependent antioxidant activity. The best reducing capacity was obtained with methanol extract of L. purpureum (0.0132 mg AA/mL). The results in this study confirmed that L. purpureum possesses moderate antioxidant properties.

The objectives of this study were to determine the dominant frequency of plant species, and provide useful information toward the conservation management of animal feed in grazing areas, Hiroshima, Japan. The numbers of plant species were 32 and 21 in spring and summer, respectively. The appearance frequency of plant species more than 50% in the spring, consist of Veronica arvensis (75.57%), Trifolium repens (73.86%), Paspalum dilatatum (69.32%), Lamium purpureum (68.75%), Trifolium dubium (65.34%), Cerastium glomeratum (63.64%), whereas in summer, it consists of Paspalum notatum (98.30%), Trifolium repens (81.25%), Paspalum dilatatum (78.98%), and Kyllinga brevifolia (74.43%). It was observed that the frequencies of plant species were 16.64 and 21.55 cm; vegetation cover rates were 77.18 and 81.36%; chlorophyll content were 41.72 and 36.28 mg/g Fw, and species numbers were 17.91 and 10.18, in spring and summer, respectively. Findings of this research propose that Trifolium repens (clover), Rumex japonicus (weed), and Paspalum dilatatum (grass) are dominant species in the studied areas that can be utilized as animal feeds.

The increasing public concern about food security and the stricter rules applied worldwide concerning herbicide use in the agri-food chain, reduce consumer acceptance of chemical plant protection. Site-Specific Weed Management can be achieved by applying a treatment only on the weed patches. Crop plants and weeds identification is a necessary component for various aspects of precision farming in order to perform on the spot herbicide spraying or robotic weeding and precision mechanical weed control. During the last years, a lot of different methods have been proposed, yet more improvements need to be made on this problem, concerning speed, robustness, and accuracy of the algorithms and the recognition systems. Digital cameras and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been rapidly developed in the past few years, providing new methods and tools also in agriculture and weed management. In the current work, images gathered by an RGB camera of Zea mays, Helianthus annuus, Solanum tuberosum, Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthus retroflexus, Avena fatua, Chenopodium album, Lamium purpureum, Matricaria chamomila, Setaria spp., Solanum nigrum and Stellaria media were provided to train Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Three different CNNs, namely VGG16, ResNet–50, and Xception, were adapted and trained on a pool of 93,000 images. The training images consisted of images with plant material with only one species per image. A Top-1 accuracy between 77% and 98% was obtained in plant detection and weed species discrimination, on the testing of the images., This research was funded by EIT FOOD as project# 20140 DACWEED: Detection and ACtuation system for WEED management. EIT FOOD is the innovation community on Food of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), an EU body under Horizon 2020, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation

Sugar beet is a poor competitor to weeds. Weeds are a major constraint to sugar beet productivity. Field experiments were conducted at Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (55o23′ N, 23o51′ E) during the period 2010–2012 on a loamy Endocalcari-Epihypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-p-w-can) to determine the influence of tank-mixed herbicides phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate (136.5 + 106.5 + 168 g ha-1 a.i.) with chloridazon (624 g ha-1 a.i.), metamitron (700 g ha-1 a.i.) and triflusulfuron (3.75 g ha-1 a.i.) on broad leaf weeds. Phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate was applied at three doses, 1/1, 2/3 and 1/2 of the recommended dose. Metamitron was applied at two doses, 1/1 and 1/2 of the recommended dose. All herbicide combinations acted similarly in reducing these weed species: Chenopodium album, Thlaspi arvense, Tripleurospermum perforatum, Polygonum aviculare, Viola arvensis, Veronica arvensis, Lamium purpureum, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Euphorbia helioscopia. The efficacy of phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate at full (1/1) dose was similar to that applied in a tank mix with chloridazon, metamitron and triflusulfuron at full dose. There were no significant differences in weed weight. Having reduced the dose of phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate by 33% and 50% in a tank mix, the dry weight of C. album, T. perforatum and P. aviculare increased not significantly. The addition of chloridazon, metamitron and triflusulfuron at full dose had a similar impact on weeds. The action of triflusulfuron was longer because the weight of dominant weeds (C. album and T. perforatum) decreased (6–37%) during all crop growing period. Reducing the dose of metamitron from 525 to 350 g ha-1 a.i. (33%) in a tank mix with phenmedipfam + desmedipham + ethofumesate at 1/2 dose, the dry weight of C. album, T. perforatum, P. aviculare, V. arvensis and C. bursa-pastoris increased not significantly. By reducing the dose of herbicides in a tank mix, the number of active ingredients (a.i.) should be increased.

Weed infestations and associated yield losses require effective weed control measures in soybean and sugar beet. Besides chemical weed control, mechanical weeding plays an important role in integrated weed management systems. Field experiments were conducted at three locations for soybean in 2013 and 2014 and at four locations for sugar beet in 2014 to investigate if automatic steering technologies for inter-row weed hoeing using a camera or RTK-GNSS increase weed control efficacy, efficiency and crop yield. Treatments using precision farming technologies were compared with conventional weed control strategies. Weed densities in the experiments ranged from 15 to 154 plants m−2 with Chenopodium album, Polygonum convolvulus, Polygonum aviculare, Matricaria chamomilla and Lamium purpureum being the most abundant species. Weed hoeing using automatic steering technologies reduced weed densities in soybean by 89% and in sugar beet by 87% compared to 85% weed control efficacy in soybean and sugar beet with conventional weeding systems. Speed of weed hoeing could be increased from 4 km h−1 with conventional hoes to 7 and 10 km·h−1, when automatic steering systems were used. Precision hoeing technologies increased soybean yield by 23% and sugar beet yield by 37%. After conventional hoeing and harrowing, soybean yields were increased by 28% and sugar beet yield by 26%.

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and palatability of certain commonly found weeds (Amaranthus retroflexus, Sorghum halepense, Cichorium intybus, Convolvulus arvensis and Lamium purpureum) in fodder crop areas.

For the first time, plant pigments were detected in Roman frescoes. Indeed, only sporadic papers proved the application of natural hues in ancient paintings and none of them relative to Roman art. Therefore, eight differently coloured fragments of Julio-Claudian wall paintings, collected from Terme degli Stucchi Dipinti archaeological site (Rome, Italy), were subjected to GC–MS analysis, obtaining detailed chemical profiles. Vegetal dyes (ie. Indigotin, Neronine, Alizarin) or colourless metabolites ascribable to plant species (ie. Basella rubra, Sesanum radiatum, Lamium purpureum) were detected. Plant waxes, oils (ie. Brassicaceae) and resins (ie. Pinaceae) were found to be preferred as binders or protective coatings instead of animal glues (ie. collagen, egg). Several natural molecules, typically associated to plant organisms (ie. Lamiaceae and Citrus species), were also identified. These data suggest the predominant role of plant extracts in ancient art and increase the knowledge about organic materials of Roman frescoes, facilitating modern restorers’ activities.

Field experiments designed to explore weediness of hemp crops of industrial varieties were carried out at the Upytė Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in 2010–2012. Eight monoecious industrial hemp varieties from France (5), Poland (2) and Ukraine (1) were grown in a conventional crop rotation after winter wheat. Hemp was sown at a seed rate of 50 kg ha -1 with 10 cm interrows at the beginning of May and harvested when the first matured seeds appeared. No mechanical or chemical weed control was applied during hemp growth period. Density of weeds at full hemp emergence was relatively high, with the highest average value of 202 plants m -2 in 2011, the year with relatively high air temperatures at the end of May – beginning of June and adequate rainfall. At hemp harvesting, the highest weed density and above-ground biomass was found in 2010, the year characterised by high temperatures in July and August, in the plots of the USO 31, the variety with the shortest growth period and the lowest plant height. A total of 31 weed species were identified in hemp experiments – 26 species of broad-leaf and grass weeds and 5 species of perennial weeds. At full hemp emergence, weeds typical of spring crops of the region were most abundant: Chenopodium album L. dominated in 2010, Veronica arvensis L. in 2011, while in 2012 the domination was shared by the four weed species Lamium purpureum L., Thlaspi arvense L., V. arvensis and Poa annua L. At harvest, in total 8 weed species were found; however, only C. album and partly Polygonum aviculare L. were relatively abundant in all years.

The studies were caried out to determine the importance of some weeds occurrence in the flax monoculture the survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. It appearet that the roots of Veronica persica, Stellaria media, Lamium purpureum, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Sonchus arvensis were colonized by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. V. persica especially has, a profitable influence on the survival of F. oxysporum f. sp. lini. However. C. hursa-pastoris and S. arvensis stimulate the growth of fungi of the genera Trichoderma. which limites the occurrence of F. oxysporum f. sp. lini in the soil.

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for establishing the management and restoration plan by objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in Seoak District, Gyeongju National Park, Korea. The flora summarized as 411 taxa including 92 families, 285 genera, 363 species, 2 subspecies, 41 varieties and 5 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 2 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia and Potentilla discolor. The Korean endemic plants were 3 taxa including Philadelphus schrenkii, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 16 taxa including Asplenium sarelii, Pyrrosia petiolosa, Vitex negundo var. incisa and so forth. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 2 taxa including Lespedeza maritima and Carpesium macrocephalum, and the plants with approval for delivering oversea were 4 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia, Glycine soja, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The naturalized plants were 51 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Viola papilionacea, Lamium purpureum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola. NI(Naturalized Index) was 12.4% of all 411 taxa of surveyed flora in this study and UI(Urbanized Index) was 15.9% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants in Korea. Potentilla discolor in rare plant, Philadelphus schrenkii in endemic plant and Dictamnus dasycarpus in specific plant were established the conservation plan. Whereas, invasive alien plants such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola should be removed as soon as possible. The damaged sites in Seoak District were divided between wildfire area and farmland. To restore a forest fire site, we will have to apply a natural renewal and community planting. In case of farmland, we will have to do ecological planting using native species and constrcut a forest wetland.

Determination of weed seed bank is of great importance for the study of weed population dynamics and planned weed control. In agroecosystems knowledge of weed seed bank in a particular area provides better choice of cultural practices, as well as more rational herbicide use. Extensive growth of vine grape implies application of all cultural practices without herbicide use. Soil samples for determination of weed seed bank were taken at the beginning and at the end of vegetation period. Soil samples were taken from each plot in ten replications. The samples were taken from depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm, separately. The aim of the study was to establish the composition of weed seed bank in extensive and intensive vineyards. In extensive vineyard 24 weed species were determined, and in intensive 20 ones and these were: Portulaca oleracea L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Chenopodium album L., Euphorbia helioscopia L., Galium verum L., Polygonum persicaria L., Datura stramonium L., Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., Solanum nigrum L., Stachys annua L., Geranium dissectum L., Veronica arvensis L., Euphorbia ciparissias L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Sinapis arvensis L., Viola tricolor L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Lamium purpureum L., Polygonum aviculare L., Papaver rhoeas L., Ambrosia artemissifolia L., Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv., and Sorghum halepense L. In addition to the great variety of weed species, whose seeds were determined from the studied samples, only the following few species proved to be dominant with a greater number of seeds: Amaranthus retroflexus L., Portulaca oleracea L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Chenopodium album L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Solanum nigrum L., and Lamium purpureum L.

Lamium purpureum L. (Lamiaceae), known as red dead-nettle, is native to Europe and Asia Minor. It has been widely naturalized in East Asia including Korea, where it is considered an invasive species. This plant is also known as one of primary overwintering sources for cucumber mosaic virus with a broad host range including many horticultural crops (Tomlinson et al. 1970). In May 2018, several hundred plants of red dead-nettle were found heavily infected with a powdery mildew in Gongju (36°19′59″N; 127°05′31″E), Korea. Symptoms first appeared as thin white colonies, which subsequently developed into abundant hyphal growth on both sides of the leaves. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Korea University herbarium (KUS-F30500). Hyphal appressoria were moderately lobed to multilobed. Conidiophores were 90 to 240 × 10 to 12 μm and produced two to six immature conidia in chains with a sinuate outline, followed by one to three cells. Foot cells of conidiophores were straight or slightly swollen at the base, cylindrical, and 30 to 60 μm long. Conidia were hyaline, cylindric oval to ellipsoid, measured 24 to 38 × 18 to 22 μm (length/width ratio = 1.3 to 2.1), and devoid of distinct fibrosin bodies. Primary conidia were rounded at the apex and subtruncate at the base. Germ tubes were produced on the perihilar position of conidia. No chasmothecia were observed during field survey until the plants were killed by frost damage in November. The structures described above were typical of powdery mildew Striatoidium anamorph of the genus Neoerysiphe. The measurements and morphological characteristics were compatible with those of N. galeopsidis (DC.) U. Braun (Braun and Cook 2012). To confirm the identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of KUS-F30500 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using primers ITS5/P3 as described by Takamatsu et al. (2009) and sequenced directly. The resulting 579-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (accession no. MK156132). A GenBank BLAST search using the Korean isolate showed 99% (575/579) similarity with those of N. galeopsidis isolates on Lamium purpureum (AB498942 from Ukraine and KY660982 from the United Kingdom). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation tests by gently pressing a diseased leaf onto young leaves of three asymptomatic potted plants. Three noninoculated plants were used as controls. Plants were maintained in a glasshouse without temperature control, between about 20 and 40°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 7 days, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants. The powdery mildew infection of L. purpureum associated with N. galeopsidis has been known in most European countries (Farr and Rossman 2018) and Japan (Takamatsu et al. 2008). Although N. galeopsidis has been recorded on Stachys affinis and Lamium amplexicaule in Korea, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by N. galeopsidis on L. purpureum. The field observations suggest that the powdery mildew may limit the spread of this invasive weed in Korea.

In the present study, the herbicidal effects of two fungicides with the active ingredients expoxiconazole, fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin and fenpropimorph on the two arable weeds Lamium purpureum L. and Chenopodium album L. were investigated. The experiments were conducted in a climate chamber under defined conditions. Sowing pods were prepared and plants at the cotyledon leaf stage were pricked out in test pods. Fungicides were applied at six application rates: 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100% and 200% of the maximum registered dose rate in Germany. Seven days after application, the first assessment was conducted, regarding growth stage, quantity of plants and visible plant damage. Fourteen days after application, the second and final assessment was conducted, regarding growth stage, quantity of plants, visible plant damage and the fresh weight of the plants. There were herbicidal effects of the fungicides, which were presumably due to the active ingredient epoxiconazole. Epoxiconazole has effects on enzymes that are dependent on cytochrome P-450 and inhibits sterol biosynthesis and probably gibberellin synthesis. By doing so, these fungicides have similar effects to plant growth regulators. Weed species showed differential sensitivities, contractions and growth inhibition and ED50-values were calculated. Notwithstanding the probably minor relevance of the present results in agricultural practice, some effects on arable weeds might result if fungicides are applied at an early growth stage in the field. In some cases, the crop-weed competition could be shifted to the benefit of the crop. Nevertheless, the results are interesting for the field of weed research and for the assessment of the ecotoxicology of fungicides.

A survey of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, hosts was conducted during the spring months of 2007, 2008, and 2009 in Mississippi. Uncultivated field borders that supported a diverse flora of herbaceous plants and adjacent in-field weeds were sampled from late-March through May for the presence of twospotted spider mite. Twospotted spider mite preference for each plant species was determined and ranked in a 0 - 3 scale. Henbit, Lamium amplexicaule L., was the most consistent and preferred host of twospotted spider mite in Mississippi. Carolina geranium, Geranium carolinianum L., cutleaf geranium, Geranium dissectum L., vetch, Vicia spp., volunteer soybean, Glycine max L., purple deadnettle, Lamium purpureum L., and spiny sowthistle, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, were other frequently infested dicotyledonous species. Of the monocotyledonous species sampled, only rescuegrass, Bromus catharticus Vahl, john-songrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., and volunteer corn, Zea mays L., appeared t...

The 17 days subcronic anakinetic stress induced to white Wistar rats by immobilization and darkness has determined TGO, cholesterol and triglycerides values increase, and serum creatinine decreases. Lamium album vegetable extract administration significant increases triglycerides and GOT values and decreases serum creatinine. Administration of both L. album and L. purpureum extracts, in terms of exposure to anakinetic stress, has resulted in a significant increase of the liver transaminases and triglycerides level, decrease of cholesterol and rise of serum creatinine levels. Administration of Lamium purpureum (LP group) vegetable extract has induced the increase of triglyceride values and decrease of cholesterol and serum urea levels. In the SLA group, there was an increase in the red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit and platelet number, vs. the control group. It has also experienced an increase of the platelets in other treated groups. In the SLP group was noted an increase in the RBCs, hematocrit and platelet number vs. the control group and the decrease in the number of lymphocytes. In comclusion, the vegetal extracts of L. album and L. purpureum (20 mg/100 g b.w.), induced protective modulatory effects on the dynamics of the entire set of functional analyzed parameters.

Background and aims The need is high to search for natural compounds with superior prebiotic, antioxidant and immunostimulatory properties for use in (food) applications. Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides (RFOs) show such properties. Moreover, they contribute to stress tolerance in plants acting as putative membrane stabilizers, antioxidants and signalling agents. Methods A large scale soluble carbohydrate screening was performed within the plant kingdom. An unknown compound accumulated to a high extent in early spring red deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) but not in other RFO plants. The compound was purified and its structure was unravelled with NMR. Organs and organ parts of red deadnettle were carefully dissected and analysed on soluble sugars. Phloem sap content was analysed by a common EDTA-based method. Key results Early spring red deadnettle stems and roots accumulate high concentrations of the reducing trisaccharide manninotriose (Galα1,6Galα1,6Glc), a derivative of the non-reducing RFO stachyose (Galα1,6Galα1,6Glcα1,2βFru). Detailed soluble carbohydrate analyses on dissected stem and leaf sections together with phloem sap analyses strongly suggest that stachyose is the main transport compound, but extensive hydrolysis of stachyose to manninotriose seems to occur along the transport path. Based on the specificities of the observed carbohydrate dynamics, the putative physiological roles of manninotriose in red deadnettle are discussed. Conclusions Here it is demonstrated for the first time that manninotriose is a novel and important player in the RFO metabolism of red dead deadnettle. It is proposed that manninotriose represents a temporal storage carbohydrate in early spring deadnettle, at the same time perhaps functioning as a membrane protector and/or as an antioxidant in the vicinity of membranes as recently suggested for other RFOs and fructans. This novel finding urges further research on this peculiar carbohydrate on a broader array of RFO accumulators. ispartof: Annals of Botany vol:111 issue:3 pages:385-393 ispartof: location:England status: published

Weed management studies in lampascione – Muscari comosum (L.) Mill – a bulb crop, were carried out in the Apulia Region (southern Italy) in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009, using various pre- and post-emergence herbicides. Herbicide treatments were compared with hand-weeded and unweeded controls. Weed control and crop injury index, yield, morphology and dry matter content of bulbs were recorded. The most dominant weed species were Veronica hederifolia L., Lamium purpureum L., and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Manual weeding gave the highest yield (11.3 t/ha, on average), that was 31% higher compared to the unweeded control. During winter and until four months after planting, both pre-emergence herbicides were effective in keeping soil free from weeds, without negative effects on the sprouting or growth of lampascione bulbs. Among the tested post-emergence active ingredients, Oxyfluorfen, Oxadiazon, and Ioxynil-Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen + Pendimethalin mixtures showed a low selectivity toward the crop. Despite a good weed control with a low level of crop injury, Ionyxil produced also negative effects on bulb dry matter. Pendimethalin and Chloridazon were variable in their effect and they did not provide clear results either in terms of phyto-toxicity or weed control, therefore they should be further investigated. Flazasulfuron always resulted in very low crop injury (14%, on average) and adequate weed control (56%, on average), while maintaining a 14% higher mean yield compared to the unweeded control and similar to the weed-free control. Since the lampascione crop has a long cycle from winter to early summer, we suggest that a combination of a pre-emergence herbicide (Chlorthal-dimethyl or Chlorpropham) in winter, followed by a post-emergence Flazasulfuron application at 100 g a.i./ha in early spring, should allow the best weed control without any negative effects on bulb yield.

The overall goal of the project was to test the hypothesis that Lamium amplexicaule and Lamium purpureum, weedy invasive species to North America, use phytotoxic allelochemicals in interplant competition. The chemical compositions of the essential oils from the aerial parts of L. amplexicaule and L. purpureum have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The essential oils and several essential oil components have been screened for phytotoxic activity on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as well as nematocidal activity against Caenorhabditis elegans, brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality, and insecticidal activity against the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta × richteri). L. amplexicaule essential oil was composed largely of α-pinene, β- pinene, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-caryophyllene, and germacrene D, while L. purpureum oil was dominated by α-pinene, β-pinene, 1-octen-3-ol, β-elemene, and germacrene D. Neither essential oil exhibited notable phytotoxicity or lethality against nema-todes, brine shrimp, or fire ants. It is unlikely, therefore, that the allelopathy observed in these Lamium species is due to volatile phytochemical constituents.

In the paper, the percentage shares of the phases of fruiting and diaspore shedding of some weed species during fodder beet, spring wheat and faba bean harvest are presented. The results of the study were gathered in the years 2000-2003 on river alluvial soil made from light loam. The experimental scheme included mechanical and chemical control of the cultivated plants. On weed-free objects treated with herbicides, the following herbicides were used: fodder beet - Buracyl 80 WP (lenacyl 80%) in dose 1 kg.ha-1; spring wheat - Chwastox Turbo 340 SL (MCPA + dicamba) in dose 2l.ha-1; faba-bean - Afalon (linuron 50%) in dose 1,5 kg.ha-1. Phenological observations were carried out at 10-day intervals beginning from the day of sowing the cultivated plant. It was proven that weeds had the most favourable conditions of fruiting and seed shedding in fodder beet and faba bean. Fruiting and shedding of most weed species were limited by herbicides, as well as cold years. The following weed species: fodder beet without herbicides - Lamium amplexicaule, Chenopodium polyspermum, Anagallis arvensis i Echinochloa crus-galli; fodder beet with herbicides - Convolvulus arvensis, Lamium purpureum i Echinochloa crus-galli; spring wheat without herbicides - Capsella bursa-pastoris i Fallopia convolvulus; spring wheat with herbicides - Avena fatua; faba been without herbicides - Galium aparine, Anagallis arvensis i Convolvulus arvensis; faba been with herbicides - Galium aparine, shed diaspores in the greatest degree.

Three newly naturalized plants are reported in this paper. Hypochaeris microcephala (Sch. Bip.) Cabrera var. albiflora (Kuntze) Cabrera (Asteraceae) is naturalized in urban areas of northern Taiwan. Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria Matsum. (Leguminosae) is naturalized in low elevations of northern and southern Taiwan and in middle elevations of central Taiwan. Lamium purpureum L. (Laminaceae) has become naturalized locally in middle elevations of central Taiwan. Descriptions, illustrations and color photos of these plants are provided.

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the influence of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) –susceptible and –resistant plant combinations on SCN population densities and plant growth. Purple deadnettle, annual ryegrass, SCN-resistant and -susceptible soybean were planted in pots alone or in combination at one plant pot−1. Annual ryegrass and purple deadnettle reduced soybean growth. Pots with SCN-resistant plants had lower numbers of SCN cysts and eggs than pots with SCN-susceptible plants. However, an SCN-susceptible species grown with any of the SCN-resistant plants resulted in higher cyst counts than pots with only SCN-resistant plants. From an SCN management standpoint, this research suggests that there may be no incentive to using annual ryegrass as a cover crop over planting other SCN-resistant crops to reduce SCN population density. Nomenclature: Purple deadnettle, Lamium purpureum L. LAMPU; annual ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.; soybean cyst nematode, H...

The infection capacity of Potato virus Y (PVY, genus Potyvirus) for wild-living plants, commonly occurring as arable weeds in Europe and native to or naturalised in other continents, was evaluated. In total, 3,712 and 802 seedlings representing 21 weed species were aphid and sap-inoculated with PVY, respectively. Experimentally-inoculated plants of Erodium cicutarium, Geranium pusillum, Lactuca serriola and Lamium purpureum tested positive by ELISA, but they did not display any disease symptoms. The presence of PVY in selected plants of the four species was confirmed by back-inoculations to Nicotiana tabacum and by immunocapture-reverse transcription-PCR performed on samples taken from weed and/or tobacco plants. Natural PVY infection in plants of the four wild species collected in the potato-growing area was detected by ELISA and confirmed by back-inoculations to tobacco plants. This study is believed to be the first report of PVY infection in E. cicutarium, G. pusillum and L. purpureum. Moreover, our findings reveal for the first time PVY infection in L. serriola in central Europe.

Purple deadnettle is an obligate winter annual weed and an alternate host of soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Field experiments were conducted using microplots to determine (1) the effect of purple deadnettle planting date and (2) the effect of purple deadnettle removal time on SCN egg population density in continuous no-tillage soybean. A population change factor (PCF) to assess treatment effects on SCN population densities was calculated by dividing the SCN population density at each sampling time (Pf) by the initial population density before treatments were applied (Pi). In the planting date experiment, purple deadnettle seeded on October 3, 11, and 18 resulted in PCF values ranging from 7.28 to 11.41, which were three- to fivefold higher than the PCF values for the weed-free control or purple deadnettle seeded on September 6, 20, and 27. Self-thinning of purple deadnettle seeded in September may have resulted in higher levels of SCN mortality compared to later seeding dates. In the removal time e...

The interactions between herbivorous insects and their symbiotic micro-organisms can be influenced by the plant species on which the insects are reared, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Here, we identify plant nutrients, specifically amino acids, as a candidate factor affecting the impact of symbiotic bacteria on the performance of the phloem-feeding aphidAphis fabae.Aphis fabaegrew more slowly on the labiate plantLamium purpureumthan on an alternative host plantVicia faba, and the negative effect ofL. purpureumon aphid growth was consistently exacerbated by the bacterial secondary symbiontsRegiella insecticolaandHamiltonella defensa, which attained high densities inL. purpureum-reared aphids. The amino acid content of the phloem sap ofL. purpureumwas very low; andA. fabaeon chemically defined diets of low amino acid content also grew slowly and had elevated secondary symbiont densities. It is suggested that the phloem nutrient profile ofL. purpureumpromotes deleterious traits in the secondary symbionts and disturbs insect controls over bacterial abundance.