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In recent years, the blocking of internet sites with harmful content or those deemed to be (illegal content) has increased. The policy of blocking dangerous sites has pros and cons regarding freedom of expression. Blocking is considered to be carried out to control citizens' expression, which can impact all areas, especially freedom of opinion, which can be seen as a threat to certain parties. This research aims to compare criminalization policies for blocking dangerous content in electronic communications networks in the Netherlands, the United States, and Singapore and provide thoughts on law enforcement models for blocking dangerous content in more democratic electronic communication networks. This is normative legal research using a law and case approach and comparing several countries. The conceptual approach is directed at the concept of a democratic state and the protection of human rights to formulate relevant policy models. The results of blocking studies in the Netherlands, The USA, and Singapore already have regulations and policy directions for blocking dangerous content, or at least rules regarding law enforcement for cybercrime. The difference is in the level of sensitivity to the specifications of existing problems. The policy model for blocking dangerous content with special regulations outside the Criminal Code must be carried out in a non-repressive manner so that it does not violate the ultimum remedium principle and becomes over-criminalized. The formulation of policy model of all crime prevention plans using the criminal law system, which pays attention to the problem of formulating criminal acts (criminalization), criminal responsibility, and criminal regulations and punishment.

Over the last half-century, consumer research has often depicted scarcity as a dominant factor increasing price. But should we assume that scarcity's upward pressure on price remains intact, in a world where novel forms of digital products proliferate? In this article, we propose that blockchain-encrypted digital goods, in particular, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), offer good reason to revisit this assumption. In this context, we argue and find that social value can outweigh intrinsic value as a determinant of willingness-to-pay. As a result, when scarcity threatens access to high levels of social value, its effect on price can be negative rather than positive—an inversion of a pattern typically observed for offline collectibles. Secondary data taken from the NFT platform Opensea and a set of experimental studies support this social value-based lens. Given these findings, we propose a research agenda to ground future work in this area. We also suggest that NFTs offer a laboratory in which past theories related to social value, scarcity, and price can be reconsidered and future theories developed, hopefully allowing consumer researchers to lead knowledge development in these domains over the next 50 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tests the effect of a novel credit card payment format—repayment-by-purchase—on consumers' payments toward credit card debt. In contrast to typical balance repayment, where consumers make repayments relative to a total amount owed, repayment-by-purchase prompts consumers to select items (e.g., a Starbucks coffee) or categories of purchase (e.g., restaurant and café purchases) and to make payments toward their related debt. A field experiment first suggests that customers who opted into repayment-by-purchase paid 12.18% more toward their statement balance than a control group. Subsequently, five lab experiments show that consumers repaying-by-purchase increase repayment by an average of 22.47% over typical balance repayment. Process evidence suggests that these differences may be driven by repayment-by-purchase's power to increase purchase salience, which in turns increases perceptions of progress toward reducing debt. Consistent with this theory, the effect of repayment-by-purchase on bill repayment emerges regardless of whether consumers repay durable versus nondurable goods, and for specific items or categories of purchases, as long as the bill uses labels that are concrete enough to raise past purchase salience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to offer an overview of the effect of environmental law sanctions, particularly criminal sanctions for restoring environmental functions for firms, on restoring environmental functions in Indonesia and Brazil. Using conceptual techniques, statutory methodologies, and comparative legal approaches with Brazil, this study examines how norms emerge in the law. The research shows that criminal sanctions for environmental function restoration in Indonesia have not had their full intended effect and often lead to confusion over their implementation since they do not specify a means of gauging whether or not their goals have been met. This discovery also suggests that criminal consequences for environmental function restoration have not been utilized to their full potential. This is because criminal sanctions do not offer a mechanism for gauging the degree to which ecological restoration efforts have been fruitful. Brazil, which is more likely to apply administrative sanctions and has a better impact, conducts a wide range of things, including imposing fines, canceling company licenses, and other preventative steps used to anticipate excessive environmental exploitation. Brazil has taken these precautions to avoid the negative effects of environmental overexploitation. The actions are in effect to ensure that environmental exploitation does not reach unsustainable levels.

An editorial is presented on the anomaly-first research methodology, which focuses on marketplace disruptions, in marketing research. The article also presents a paradigm development framework for paradigm shift. In the article, six stages of this framework are detailed which beings with seeking out the disruption-driven anomalies, developing new paradigms around these anomalies, and ultimately making these new paradigms legitimate.

Over 1.5 million students in the United States experience homelessness. These students are entitled to educational support through the Education for Homeless Children and Youth program. However, many homeless students are not identified and therefore never receive this support. Across 1,732 local education agencies in New Jersey, New Mexico, and New York, we conducted a randomized controlled trial of increased email communication incorporating behavioral insights targeting homeless liaison staff in order to increase the identification of homeless students. The intervention had an impact on the mean number of identified homeless students among the treatment local education agencies (3.62, 90% CI [0.32, 6.92], p = 0.07). The impact remained when outliers with high leverage were removed (1.51 CI [0.24, 2.79], p = 0.05). Within this sample, our analysis indicates that more than 3,000 additional homeless students were identified with a low-cost, low-intensity, behavioral intervention during the second semester.

Time scarcity promotions (e.g., "40% off for a limited time") are mainstays of online retail marketing. Although positive effects of time scarcity promotions on consumer interest have been evidenced in the brick-and-mortar world, should retailers expect similarly robust effects online? The present research suggests the answer may be no. First, the authors report meta-analytic and experimental results suggesting that previously identified positive effects of time scarcity promotions observed offline may not emerge in online shopping contexts. Then, consistent with the prediction that online time scarcity promotions activate more persuasion knowledge than identical control promotions, the authors detail findings suggesting that providing retailer-exogeneous justifications for online time scarcity promotions' time restriction (e.g., consumers' birthdays, seasonal changes) can increase the potential of observing positive effects on consumer interest online. Further, results suggest that the positive effects of including exogenous time justification may be more likely when less time remains until the online promotion's expiration. However, results stop short of suggesting that online time scarcity promotions will consistently yield superior outcomes compared with identical online control promotions. Therefore, the authors highlight the continued need for careful managerial use as well as further research examining the optimal translation of offline tactics to online retail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented in which the editors discuss the editorial strategy and initiatives happening at the periodical "Journal of Marketing" ("JM") as of January 2023. Topics include an effort to consider real-world problems, maintaining the journal's breadth and substantiveness, and fostering stakeholder interactions with special issues.