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Research Findings: Greater self-regulation has been identified as a protective factor for low-income children's academic achievement. However, we know less about the long-term protective nature of specific aspects of self-regulation. Data were drawn from predominantly African American and Latino children in low-income communities in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio during early childhood (mean age = 4.84 years) and middle childhood (mean age = 9.30 years; n = 348). The current investigation found that preschoolers' overall self-regulation predicted their academic skills in middle childhood, net of child and family characteristics as well as academic competence during preschool. Furthermore, when executive function (EF) and effortful control (EC) in early childhood were examined as simultaneous predictors of quantitative and literacy scores during middle childhood, there were moderate linkages from EF to both academic domains. Practice or Policy: Our findings suggest that the long-term gains of interventions that focus on fostering global self-regulation in preschool may yield more benefits for math than for reading, especially if such programs target young children's executive function in particular.

Language brokering has been correlated with positive cognitive advantages, particularly in the younger years of translation. However, heavy translating has also been correlated with greater levels of psychological maladjustment. Fortunately, a cultural emphasis on family may reduce the adverse effects of translating. The current study examined emerging adults' psychological health in relation to their language brokering habits during adolescence, as moderated by the strength of interdependent and independent values in the family. It was predicted that a strong sense of familism, or a high value placed on the family, would moderate the adverse psychological effects of language brokering. It was found that at low levels of "familism," being a language broker was linked with a greater presence of anxiety symptoms. However, when familism was high, this value acted as a protective factor for the brokers. When examining depression symptoms, a strong connection to mainstream values was linked with less depression symptoms. Overall, these results suggest that a connectedness to both cultures may be beneficial to the adjustment of language brokers.