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The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of S. dulcamara extract (SDE) in managing type II diabetes‐related parameters, including blood glucose levels, α‐amylase activity, and modulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, CAT). Diabetes was induced in rats using streptozocin, and the anti‐diabetics effect was evaluated by the administration of S. dulcamara extract at different doses. Blood glucose levels, α‐amylase activity, and endogenous antioxidants were estimated and found to be significant (P<0.05) in the rats treated with the extract of S. dulcamara at a dose of 200 mg/kg. The extract showed dose‐dependent inhibition of α‐amylase suggesting the potential benefits in glycemic control. Moreover, the study demonstrated a modulation in the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, CAT). Importantly, the fruit extract showed no significant hemolysis or acute toxicity at varying concentrations (12.5 and 25 mg/mL) indicating the safe and biocompatible nature, as confirmed by normal biochemical parameters and histopathological examination. In conclusion, the methanolic fruit extract of S. dulcamara shows significant anti‐diabetic activity by alleviating oxidative stress associated with type II diabetes and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three‐dimensional Printing (3DP) and computer‐assisted design (CAD) are a boon for producing high‐quality analytical and electrochemical devices using low‐cost components. This review briefly explains various 3D printing techniques. The focus is on the fabrication of integrated miniature devices developed through the 3DP process, mainly by the Fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique. Examples of integrated electrochemical devices are presented to highlight the potential of 3DP. Special emphasis is given to surface activation of 3D printed electrodes to enhance their electrochemical activity and various activation methods. This paper discusses the opportunities and future applications in developing all‐in‐one miniature electrochemical devices that might lead to on‐site environmental measurements, point‐of‐care tests, and the development of portable instruments with reduced sample volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pro‐Pro ligated tripeptides Ile‐Pro‐Pro 4 (IPP) and Val‐Pro‐Pro 5 (VPP) isolated from the fermented milk exhibit marked anti‐hypertension activity. Additionally, the naturally occurring Pro‐Pro ligated tripeptide Gly‐Pro‐Pro 6 (GPP) exhibits antioxidant properties. These peptides have enormous potential to be used as dilatory supplements. In the present study, we achieved a scalable, convenient, and high‐yielding synthesis of IPP, VPP, and GPP along with two more hydrophobic Pro‐Pro ligated tripeptides (APP 7, LPP 8) by employing the TAG technique. We used acid labile (2,4‐bis(octadecyloxy)phenyl)methanol as the TAG. We demonstrated synthesis of one of IPP at molar scale. We think that our method has the potential to be escalated to an industrial scale without much difficulty and they become available for general use as dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of vanadium oxide (V2O5) nanoparticles containing small varying concentrations of iron (Fe) were synthesized using green protocol to test its suitability towards strain gauges. The morphological, structural, transmission spectral and the dielectric properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, HRTEM, XRD, FTIR and the LCR meter respectively. The structural analysis results depict a transformation from amorphous to orthorhombic cubic phased crystalline structure. The morphological data denote an improvement in the appearance of the samples without any cracks. A better electronic transition due to high activation energy was observed from the slight shift of the transmission spectral peaks towards the lower wave number. The improved conductivity from 5.37 to 12.51 S/m in conjunction with the better temperature characteristics, specially incase of 15 wt% Fe:V2O5 contributes to the enhanced sensitivity of the samples. The overall results from the characterization emphasize the synthesized nanoparticle’s remarkable attributes towards the fabrication of thin film strain gauges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles (1,2 and 3 wt%) were green synthesized by combustion method using Terminalia bellirica (T. Bellirica) seed extract as a fuel, stannous chloride and antimony trichloride as precursor. The microstructural, optical and electrical properties of synthesized ATO nanoparticles were investigated using XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV–Vis and computer-controlled impedance analyser. XRD analysis of green synthesized ATO nanoparticles exhibit tetragonal structure. SEM investigation shows granular structure of nanoparticles. FTIR studies confirm the formation of ATO nanoparticles. The optical band gap was found using diffused reflectance spectral studies. AC conductivity is studied as function of frequency using impedance analyzer. The improved microstructural, optical and electrical properties of 2 wt% ATO nanoparticles was used for SO2 gas sensing application by pellet technique. SO2 gas sensing studies were carried out using pellet of 2 wt% ATO nanoparticles and sensing response of 16% was obtained for 3.2 ppm of SO2 gas concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a transition metallic oxide which is suitable for strain gauge application because of its good electrical properties and conductivity. Considering this, cerium oxide (CeO2)-doped vanadium oxide (V2O5) nanoparticles are synthesized with the varied concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 wt%, to study its characteristics for fabrication of thin film strain gauges. The structural, transmission spectral, morphological, compositional and the electrical properties of synthesized nanoparticles are characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, HRTEM, EDX and CLR meter respectively. The characterization results depict favorable changes within the nanoparticle samples on the addition of dopant. The transformation from amorphous to crystalline phase orthorhombic cubic structure is visible from the x-ray diffraction results. The morphological data depict improvement in the structural appearance of the samples without any cracks on its surface. The shift in transmission spectral peaks towards the lower wave number indicates the improved electronic transitioning due to high activation energy. The drastic improvement in its conductivity from 1 to 4.3 S/m, along with better temperature characteristics specially in case of 10-wt% CeO2:V2O5, depicts the improved sensitivity of the samples. The resulting gauge factor of 45.21 obtained through four-point bending arrangement highlights the better strain resistance behavior of synthesized nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-friendly nano-cerium oxide was synthesized via a simple and efficient solution combustion route using novel aqueous Brahma Kamal leaf extract and characterized by several techniques including powder x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The nanomaterial exhibited an excellent catalytic activity in the synthesis of selenoesters of amino acids through the reaction of corresponding amino acyl chloride derivatives with the in situ-generated NaHSe, followed by addition of α-bromo esters. Wide ranges of unsymmetrical selenoester derivatives of amino acids were afforded with good to excellent yields, and the structures were characterized by high-resolution mass spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. Furthermore, nano-CeO2 exhibits tremendous catalytic activity in the production of biodiesel from Annona squamosa oil and achieved around 89% biodiesel yield. The biodiesel produced satisfies ASTM standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which focuses on the application of bromodimethylsulfonium bromide (BDMS) for the synthesis of hydroxamic acids and also offers information on Facile Synthesis of Hydroxamic Acids of Na-Protected Amino Acids Employing BDMS.

Green synthesis of nano MgO particles and their application in the formylation of isocyanates of iV-Fmoc/Cbz/Boc protected amino acids were reported. Nano magnesium oxide catalysed reaction of isocyanate with 96% formic acid was established to obtain formamides. For this, the carboxyl group of protected amino acids was activated via mixed anhydride method and treated with NaNß. The formed azides were converted into their isocyanates through Curtius rearrangement and treated with HCOOH and catalytic amount of nano MgO. The advantages of this method were being remarkably simple and attaining economically low-cost nano metal oxide under milder reaction conditions. Most importantly, MgO could be easily separated and other basic impurities were removed through a simple work-up. This protocol showed high efficiency in catalysing the transformation in a greener fashion. The molecular docking study of the synthesized compounds was performed against the macromolecules sortase-A and glucosamine 6-phosphate synthase to understand the binding interactions. The results of in vitro antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds were supported by docking analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions for the biodiesel production from scum oil by using central composite design. Four process variables were assessed at five levels (24 experimental design). A total of 30 experiments had been designed and conducted to study the effect of methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction time, catalyst concentration (potassium hydroxide) and temperature on the biodiesel yield. An yield of 93% scum oil methyl ester (SOME/biodiesel) was obtained at different optimum conditions: 4.5:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 75 min reaction time, 1.20% catalyst concentration and 62 °C temperature. A linear relationship between the experimental yield and predicted values of biodiesel yield developed. The biodiesel product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The fuel properties of the biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, copper corrosion, calorific value, cloud point, pour point, ash content and carbon residue were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient method for the synthesis of Nα-protected amino/ peptide Weinreb amides (N-methoxy-N-methylamides) employing N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) has been achieved. Nα-protected amino/peptide acids were treated with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole, followed by the addition of N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride salt to yield the desired compounds. The synthesized compounds were mainly gums, a few were solids, after the simple workup, and were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The Weinreb amides were subjected to in silico studies, to predict the preferred orientation and binding affinity between the molecules using scoring functions. The ligand N-Fmoc-L-Phe-N(OCH3)CH3 showed minimum binding energy - 29.85 kcal/mol with Escherichia coli and the ligand N-Fmoc-L-Ala-N(OCH3)CH3 showed minimum binding energy -24.79 kcal/mol with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, -25.01 kcal/mol with Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the minimum binding energies, antibacterial activities have been conducted for a few of the synthesized compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and efficient method is described for the synthesis of thio-, dithio- and selenothiocarbamate-linked peptidomimetics. The nucleophilic addition of enantiopure Nα-protected amino alkyl thiols to isocyanates, isothiocyanates or isoselenocyanates obtained from amino acid esters proceeds smoothly in the presence of catalytic amount of DMAP. The protocol was further extended for the synthesis of N,N'-orthogonally protected thio-, dithio- and selenothiocarbamate-linked peptidomimetics. The reaction is mild, free from racemization, and the products were obtained in good yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The O-acyl isopeptide method has recently gained attention as an efficient protocol for the synthesis of 'difficult sequence' peptides. Herein, synthesis of three oligopeptides of different length, a pentapeptide Gly-Leu-Leu-Ser-Val, a heptapeptide fragment 285-291 of transmembrane (M7-24-T40) Ala-Val-Leu-Ser-Leu-Pro-Leu and a decapeptide, Gly-Leu-Leu-Ser-Val-Leu-Gly-Ser-Val-Ala were demonstrated in solution phase by employing O-acyl isopeptide method. The peptides were established through an efficient pH triggered intramolecular O→N acyl migration under physiological conditions. The reactions were clean and complete in appreciable length of time.

Conversion of carboxylic acids into acid azides using peptide coupling agents, EDC and HBTU is described. The procedure is efficient, practical and applicable to a diverse range of carboxylic acids including N-protected amino acids. Using the same reagents, one-pot synthesis of ureas, dipeptidyl urea esters and carbamates from acids has also been achieved.