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26. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal ameliorates imidacloprid induced neurotoxicity: Inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis and downregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in female Wistar rats.

Author

Soujanya, S., Lakshman, M., Madhuri, D., Reddy, A. Gopala, and Rama Rao, S. V.

Subjects
*WITHANIA somnifera, *IMIDACLOPRID, *NEUROTOXICOLOGY, *OXIDATIVE stress, *APOPTOSIS, *GLIAL fibrillary acidic protein, *LABORATORY rats
Abstract

In agricultural farming, neonicotinoid insecticides are used to control insect pests on agricultural crops and ectoparasitic arthropods on animals. Here, we evaluated the oral toxicity of one of the commonly used neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid (IMI) on the brain tissue of female Wistar rats and its amelioration by Indian ginseng, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. The study was conducted on a total of 48 female Wistar rats divided into four groups, each containing 12 rats. Gr. I was normal control; Gr. II, imidacloprid; Gr. III, W. somnifera; and Gr. IV with both imidacloprid and W. somnifera. The rats were subjected to oral treatment of W. somnifera (1 g/kg feed) for a period of 30 days to measure the protective effect against neurotoxicity induced by imidacloprid (30 mg/kg body wt./day). Six rats from each group were sacrificed on 16th and 31st day. The results showed that imidacloprid significantly decreased the reduced glutathione, super oxide dismutase and increased the thio barbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels. It also caused histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes in the brain. Whereas, W. somnifera significantly increased the reduced glutathione, super oxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced the TBARS levels. Further, it inhibited apoptosis by upregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 protein and reduced the neuronal degeneration by downregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein. These results indicate that Withania somnifera may be beneficial in ameliorating the imidacloprid induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the brain tissue of rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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43. Ultrastructural study on morphology of Schistosoma spindale by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Author

Lakshman. M, Rajeshwari Gaddam, G.S.S. Murthy, Narasimha Reddy. Y, Kommu Sudhakar, and Udaya Kumar. M

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Morphology (linguistics), General Immunology and Microbiology, Scanning electron microscope, 030231 tropical medicine, Anatomy, Viral tegument, 030108 mycology & parasitology, Biology, biology.organism_classification, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, parasitic diseases, Ultrastructure, Sucker, Conical projection, Schistosoma spindale, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

The present study was undertaken to investigate the detailed morphological features along with morphometry of different structures of Schistosoma spindale (Adult flukes) which were recovered by a perfusion technique and visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The length of spines on the oral sucker and ventral suckers were 2.6 µm and 2.5 µm, respectively. The measured width of aspinose area beneath the ventral sucker, rim of the ventral sucker and tegumental papillae were 5.4, 22.5 µm and 3 µm, respectively. Males have a welldefined gynaecophoric canal, originating just below the ventral sucker and extending up to the posterior end of the body, continued as a marked conical projection. The ventral surface of the oral sucker was completely covered with numerous spines. The ventral sucker was pedunculated, round, thick-rimmed and the inner side contained numerously pointed spines directed towards the center of the ventral sucker. The tegument surface of S. spindale showed ridged layers with large uniciliated and pit like papillae which were recorded more in posterior end. Thus, Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) provided indepth ultrastructural morphological details of Schistosoma spindale which was in accordance with that of previous studies, would be applicable for its differentiation with other species (S. mansoni, S. bovis, S. haematobium, S. japonicum).

Published
2018

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