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Phortica (Phortica) alpha Chen & Toda, new species (Figs. 1–5) Diagnosis. – Paramere basally broadened and with 1 acute projection, distally deeply bifurcated: apical process with 1–2 sensilla and 3 small teeth; lateral process with 2 acute projections (Fig. 5). Material examined. – Holotype male (terminalia dissected), MALAYSIA: Park Headquarters, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, coll. M. J. Toda, 7 Mar.2000 (KPSP). Paratypes: MALAYSIA: 1 male, same data as holotype except for 1 Oct.1999 (KPSP); Mahua, Crocker Range, Sabah, 1 male, coll. M. J. Toda, 16 Oct.1999 (SEHU); Poring, Sabah, 3 males, coll. M. J. Toda, 3 Oct.1999 (1 male FRIM, 1 male ITBC, 1 male SCAU). Description. – Head: Frons brownish black on upper half, brown on lower half. Thorax: Scutellum with triangular black patch. Wing: Slightly smoky, dark on anterior margin. Legs: Fore- and midleg femora dark brown. Midleg tibia subapically lacking longer setae on anterior surface. Abdomen: First to fourth tergites yellow; second tergite with black patches submedially and laterally; third and fourth tergites each with broad, medially slightly protruded, black band on posterior margin and 1 pair of yellow patches anterolaterally; fifth and sixth tergites nearly entirely black; sixth tergite broadened on posterior corners of lateral margins, broader than 1.2 times of dorsomedian section (Fig. 1). Male terminalia: Epandrium lacking pubescence anteroventrally, with 6 setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 2). Surstylus lacking pubescence, with 1 verly long, stout spine (2 spines, probably as an aberration, in the male from Mahua, Crocker Range, Sabah) (Fig. 3). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium pubescent (Fig. 5). Paramere lacking pubescence (Fig. 5). Vertical process of gonopods curved at anteroventral corners (Fig. 5). Aedeagus with 1 pair of bridges basally. Female: Unknown. Measurements: BL = 3.62 mm in holotype (range in 4 male paratypes: 3.40-4.18); ThL = 1.85 mm (1.64-1.88); WL = 3.11 mm (2.64-3.20); WW = 1.26 mm (1.20-1.36). Indices: arb = 4-5/0, adf = 1.46 (1.30-1.80), flw = 1.50 (1.50- 1.60), FW/HW = 0.45 (0.40-0.45), ch/o = 0.06 (0.06), prorb = 1.10 (1.00-1.15), rcorb = 0.50 (0.40-0.50), vb = 0.35 (0.30- 0.35), dcl = 0.50 (0.50-0.60), presctl = 0.65 (0.55-0.65), sctl = 1.10 (1.10-1.20), sterno = 0.90 (0.90-0.95), orbito = 1.45 (1.40-1.50), dcp = 0.25 (0.24-0.25), sctlp = 1.00 (0.95-1.00), C = 2.00 (2.10-2.25), 4c = 1.50 (1.50-2.10), 4v = 2.73 (2.73- 3.46), 5x = 0.81 (0.67-0.89), ac = 4.00 (3.60-4.20), M = 0.58 (0.58-0.73), C3F = 0.75 (0.67-0.76). Etymology. – In reference to the branch of basal bridge of aedeagus looking like Greek letter ‘alpha’ in lateral view. Distribution. – Malaysia (Sabah). Remarks. – This species is easily distinguished from the other members of the magna species-complex by the diagnostic characters, but somewhat resembles P. (P.) foliata (Chen & Toda, 1997) from southern China in the morphology of aedeagus and gonopods., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042

Phortica (Phortica) jamilii Chen & Toda, new species (Figs. 11–15) Diagnosis. – Aedeagal median rod subapically with 1 pair of long slender projections and submedially with 1 pair of long, broad, apically bifurcated projections (Fig. 15). Material examined. – Holotype male (terminalia dissected), MALAYSIA: Park Headquarters, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, coll. M. J. Toda, 20 Mar.1999 (KPSP). Paratype: 1 male (terminalia dissected), same data as the holotype except for 7 Mar.2000 (SEHU). Description. – Male. Head: Frons brown with large triangular black patch on upper half. Thorax: Orange yellow. Scutellum with trifurcate brown patch, yellowish white on tip. Wing: Slightly smoky. Legs: All femora almost brown. Midleg tibia subapically lacking longer setae on anterior surface. Abdomen: First to fifth tergites yellow; second tergite with black patches submedially and laterally; third tergite with medially and laterally slightly protruded, sublaterally nearly interrupted, brown band on posterior margin; fourth and fifth tergites each with medially and laterally slightly protruded, brown band on posterior margin and 1 pair of small yellow patches sublaterally; sixth tergite nearly entirely black except yellow medial line, extended below at posterolateral corners (Fig. 11). Male terminalia: Epandrium pubescent anteroventrally and dorsomedially, with ca. 14-15 setae near dorsal to posterolateral margin per side (Fig. 12). Surstylus pubescent basally, with several wedge-shaped prensisetae on apical margin to inner surface (Fig. 13). Additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite pubescent, medially connected to 10th sternite (Fig. 14). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium large, lacking pubescence (Fig. 15). Paramere lacking pubescence; apical process with 3 teeth apically and 1 sensillum subapically; median process triangular; proximal process slender, with 1 sensillum apically (Fig. 15). Vertical process of gonopods triangular lobe-like (Fig. 15). Aedeagal median rod subbasally with 1 pair of small processes; outer membranous tube convoluted apically, with transparent minute spinules subapically and basally (Fig. 15). Aedeagus with 1 pair of looped bridges basally (Fig. 15). Female: Unknown. Measurements: BL = 4.20 mm in holotype (1 male paratype: 4.18); ThL = 1.94 mm (1.83); WL = 3.20 mm (3.08); WW = 1.36 mm (1.28). Indices: arb = 3-4/2-3 (3-4/2-3), avd = 0.67 (0.70), adf = 1.45 (1.50), flw = 1.30 (1.40), FW/HW = 0.38 (0.35), ch/o = 0.06 (0.06), prorb = 1.00 (1.00), rcorb = 0.55 (0.60), vb = 0.35 (0.30), dcl = 0.55 (0.60), presctl = 0.60 (0.60), sctl = 1.00 (1.00), sterno = 0.90 (0.95), orbito = 1.30 (1.30), dcp = 0.25 (0.25), sctlp = 1.00 (1.00), C = 2.25 (2.20), 4c = 1.67 (1.60), 4v = 3.33 (3.00), 5x = 1.13 (1.10), ac = 5.00 (4.80), M = 0.75 (0.73), C3F = 0.70 (0.70). Etymology. – Patronym, in honor of Dr. Jamili Nais of the Sabah Parks, Malaysia. Distribution. – Malaysia (Sabah). Remarks. – This species is similar to P. (P.) eugamma (Toda & Peng, 1990) from southern China in the pattern of abdominal tergites, but can be distinguished from it by the aedeagal median rod (in P. eugamma: aedeagal median rod subapically with 1 single, submedially with 1 paired, small, simple projections).

Phortica (Phortica) ni Chen & Toda, new species (Figs. 6–10) Diagnosis. – Male sixth tergite with single prickly, anteriad curved projection at anteroventral corner (Fig. 6); lateral process of paramere ca. 2/3 as long as apical one, apically with 1 sensillum and 1 black spine (Fig. 10). Material examined. – Holotype male (terminalia dissected), MALAYSIA: Park Headquarters, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, coll. M. J. Toda, 11 Mar.1999 (KPSP). Paratype: 1 male, same data as holotype (SEHU). Description. – Male. Head: Frons brown with large triangular black patch on upper half. Thorax: Orange yellow. Scutellum with triangular brownishblack patch. Wing: Slightly smoky on anterior margin. Legs: All femora dark brown except apical portions. Midleg tibia subapically with 2-4 longer setae on anterior surface. Abdomem: First to fifth tergites yellow; second to fifth tergites each with brownish black band on posterior margin and 1 pair of yellow patches anterolaterally; caudal band medially broadly interrupted on second tergite, but protruded on third to fifth; sixth tergite nearly entirely black except yellow medial line. Male terminalia: Epandrium lacking pubescence anteroventrally, with 9 setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 7). Surstylus lacking pubescence, with several, apically rounded prensisetae (Fig. 8). Additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite pubescent, medially connected to 10th sternite (Fig. 9). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium pubescent (Fig. 10). Aedeagal median rod with knot subapically and 1 pair of bridges basally (Fig. 10). Female: Unknown. Measurements: BL = 4.06 mm in holotype (1 male paratype: 4.57); ThL = 2.13 mm (2.06); WL = 3.32 mm (3.36); WW = 1.40 mm (1.48). Indices: arb = 4-5/2 (5/2), avd = 0.60 (0.60), adf = 1.65 (1.65), flw = 1.50 (1.40), FW/HW = 0.40 (0.35), ch/o = 0.08 (0.08), prorb = 1.15 (1.10), rcorb = 0.40 (0.35), vb = 0.35 (0.40), dcl = 0.60 (0.60), presctl = 0.65 (0.55), sctl = 1.10 (1.10), sterno = 0.90 (0.85), orbito = 1.40 (1.40), dcp = 0.24 (0.23), sctlp = 1.10 (1.00), C = 2.27 (2.24), 4c = 1.47 (1.62), 4v = 2.60 (2.92), 5x = 0.90 (0.80), ac = 3.67 (3.50), M = 0.60 (0.62), C3F = 0.64 (0.67). Etymology. – In reference to the paramere looking like Greek letter ‘niu’ in lateral view. Distribution. – Malaysia (Sabah). Remarks. – This species is very similar to P. (P.) biprotrusa (Chen & Toda, 1998) from Yunnan, China, in the male sixth tergite with prickly process at the anteroventral corner, but can be distinguished from it by the posteroventral corners of male sixth tergite (in P. biprotrusa: with 2 prickly projections per side)., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042

Phortica (Phortica) kinabalensis Chen & Toda, new species (Figs. 41–45) Diagnosis. – Aedeagal median rod submedially with slender, apically asymmetric, slightly sclerotized process (Fig. 44); aedeagal basal bridge with long, sclerotized, apically pointed projection anteroventrally, and large flap bearing 2 small acute projections antero- and mediodorsally (Fig. 44). Material examined. – Holotype male (terminalia dissected), MALAYSIA: Park Headquarters, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, coll. M. J. Toda, 2 Oct.1999 (KPSP). Paratypes: MALAYSIA: Mahua, Crocker Range, Sabah, 2 males (terminalia dissected), coll. M. J. Toda, 16 Oct.1999 (SEHU, ITBC). Description. – Male. Head: Frons brown on upper half, dark brown on lower half. Thorax: Orange yellow. Scutellum with trifurcate dark brown patch, pale yellow on tip. Wing: Hyaline. Legs: Foreleg femur only partly brown. Midleg tibia subapically with 3-4 longer setae on anterior surface. Abdomen: First to fifth tergites yellow; second tergite with brown patches submedially; third to fifth tergites each with medially slightly protruded, brown band on posterior margin and 1 pair of yellow patches laterally; sixth tergite nearly entirely dark except yellow medial line, with expanded lobe on lateral margin. Male terminalia: Epandrium pubescent anteroventrally and dorsomedially, with ca. 15 setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 41). Surstylus with pubescence basally and several wedge-shaped prensisetae on apical margin to inner surface (Fig. 42). Additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite pubescent, medially connected to 10th sternite (Fig. 43). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium undeveloped. Paramere expanded distally; apical process with 1 sensillum; medial process with 2 teeth; proximal process pubescent (Fig. 45). Vertical process of gonopods apically with 4-6 sclerotized projections per side (Fig. 44). Aedeagus with 2 pairs of bridges; ventral bridge slender, apically somewhat truncate (Fig. 44). Female: Unknown. Measurements: BL = 3.80 mm in holotype (range in 2 male paratypes: 3.68-4.10); ThL = 1.92 mm (1.72-1.88); WL = 2.80 mm (2.68-3.00); WW = 1.40 mm (1.20-1.40). Indices: arb = 5/2-3 (4-5/2-3), avd = 0.60 (0.70), adf = 1.90 (1.80), flw = 1.60 (1.65-1.70), FW/HW = 0.38 (0.40), ch/o = 0.06 (0.06), prorb = 1.00 (1.10-1.20), rcorb = 0.40 (0.40), vb = 0.45 (0.45), dcl = 0.60 (0.60), presctl = 0.70 (0.70), sctl = 1.10 (1.10), sterno = 1.00 (0.90-0.95), orbito = 1.50 (1.45- 1.60), dcp = 0.25 (0.24-0.26), sctlp = 1.10 (1.10), C = 2.25 (2.11-2.15), 4c = 1.54 (1.67-1.73), 4v = 2.69 (3.00-3.08), 5x = 1.13 (1.13-1.14), ac = 4.00 (3.80-4.00), M = 0.69 (0.73- 0.75), C3F = 0.70 (0.68-0.70). Etymology. – Pertaining to the type locality. Distribution. – Malaysia (Sabah). Remarks. – This species is similar to P. (P.) expansa in the morphology of aedeagus, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042

Phortica (Phortica) zeta Chen & Toda, new species (Figs. 30–35) Diagnosis. – Paramere medially much expanded, pubescent on submedial small part, distally with 2 processes: apical process with 1 sensillum and 3 small teeth apically; subapical process longer than apical one, with spine-shaped projection apically (Figs. 33, 34); aedeagal median rod subapically expanded and asymmetrical, with 1 pair of small acute projections submedially (Figs. 33, 35); aedeagal basal bridges asymmetric, tripartite, strongly sclerotized, but without small teeth except for triangular tip of anterior process (Fig. 33). Material examined. – Holotype male (terminalia dissected), MALAYSIA: Ulu Senagang, Crocker Range, Sabah, coll. M. J. Toda, 18 Oct.1999 (KPSP). Decription. – Male. Thorax: orange yellow. Scutellum with trifurcate brown patch, pale yellow on tip. Anepisternum with several setulae. Wing: Hyaline. Legs: All femora lacking patches. Midleg tibia subapically with 3–4 longer setae on anterior surface. Abdomen: First to fifth tergites yellow; second tergite with brownish black patches submedially; third to fifth tergites each with medially nearly interrupted, laterally protruded, black band on posterior margin and 1 pair of yellow patches laterally; sixth tergite nearly entirely black, narrowed on lateral margins, with a few long strong setae on posterolateral margins. Male terminalia: Epandrium pubescent anteroventrally and dorsomedially, with 8 setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 30). Surstylus pubescent, with dense setae medially and apically rounded prensisetae on inner margin (Fig. 31). Additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite pubescent, medially connected to 10th sternite (Fig. 32). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium undeveloped. Aedeagus with 1 pair of bridges (Fig. 33). Female: Unknown. Measurements: BL = 3.78 mm in holotype; ThL = 1.94 mm; WL = 3.00 mm; WW = 1.28 mm. Indices: arb = 6/3, avd = 0.83, adf = 2.20, flw = 1.60, FW/ HW = 0.40, ch/o = 0.08, prorb = 1.15, rcorb = 0.50, vb = 0.35, dcl = 0.60, presctl = 0.80, sctl = 1.10, sterno = 0.95, orbito = 1.60, dcp = 0.24, sctlp = 1.10, C = 2.21, 4c = 1.36, 4v = 2.43, 5x = 0.88, ac = 3.80, M = 0.50, C3F = 0.74. Etymology. – In reference to the paramere looking like Greek letter ‘zeta’ in lateral view. Distribution. – Malaysia (Sabah). Remarks. – This species is very similar to P. (P.) eparmata (Okada, 1977) from Taiwan in the shape of paramere, but can be distinguished from it by the aedeagal median rod and the aedeagal basal bridge (in P. eparmata: aedeagal median rod much expanded apically, without submedial projections; aedeagal basal bridge with a few acute teeth)., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042, {"references":["Okada, T., 1977. The subgenus Phortica Schiner of the genus Amiota Loew of Japan and the Oriental Region, with reference to anti- Burla's rule (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 32: 17 - 31."]}

Phortica (Phortica) expansa Chen & Toda, new species (Figs. 36–40) Diagnosis. – Aedeagal median rod submedially with asymmetrically bifurcated process (Fig. 40); aedeagal basal bridge laterally with large, somewhat triangular flap (Fig. 40). Material examined. – Holotype male (terminalia dissected), MALAYSIA: Park Headquarters, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, coll. M. J. Toda, 27 Dec.1998 (KPSP). Paratypes: 2 males, same data as the holotype except for 7 Mar.2000 and 11 Mar.2000 (SEHU, ITBC). Description. – Male. Thorax: orange brown, with black patches. Scutellum with trifurcate brown patch, pale yellow on tip. Wing: Slightly smoky, dark on anterior margin. Legs: All femora partly dark brown. Midleg tibia subapically with 3-4 longer setae on anterior surface. Abdomen: First to fifth tergites yellow; second tergite with brown patches submedially; third to fifth tergites each with medially slightly protruded, brown band on posterior margin and 1 pair of yellow patches laterally; sixth tergite nearly entirely black except yellow medial line, with expanded lobe on lateral margin (Fig. 36). Male terminalia: Epandrium pubescent anteroventrally and dorsomedially, with ca. 14 setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 37). Surstylus with pubescence basally and several wedge-shaped prensisetae on apical margin to inner surface (Fig. 38). Additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite pubescent, medially connected to 10th sternite (Fig. 39). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium undeveloped. Paramere expanded distally, pubescent on and around proximal process; apical process with 1 sensillum; medial process with 1 sensillum and 1 tooth (Fig. 40). Vertical process of gonopods apically with ca. 3-5 sclerotized projections per side (Fig. 40). Aedeagus with 2 pairs of bridges; ventral bridge slightly expanded apically (Fig. 40). Female: Unknown. Measurements: BL = 4.18 mm in holotype (range in 2 male paratypes: 4.07-4.20); ThL = 1.88 mm (1.84-186); WL = 3.20 mm (3.13-3.20); WW = 1.32 mm (1.30-1.36). Indices: arb = 4-5/2-3 (4-5/2-3), avd = 0.80 (0.80), adf = 1.50 (1.30-1.50), flw = 1.40 (1.40-1.50), FW/HW = 0.45 (0.40- 0.45), ch/o = 0.06 (0.06), prorb = 1.10 (1.00-1.04), rcorb = 0.50 (0.40-0.50), vb = 0.30 (0.30-0.35), dcl = 0.60 (0.50-0.60), presctl= 0.65 (0.60-0.65), sctl = 1.00 (1.00-1.10), sterno = 0.90 (0.90-0.95), orbito = 1.45 (1.40-1.45), dcp = 0.25 (0.25), sctlp = 1.00 (1.00-1.05), C = 2.14 (2.10-2.16), 4c = 2.10 (1.91- 2.10), 4v = 3.70 (3.46-3.65), 5x = 1.22 (1.13-1.26), ac = 4.20 (4.20-4.46), M = 0.60 (0.68-0.82), C3F = 0.67 (0.70-0.76). Etymology. – From the Latin word “expansus”, referring to the distally expanded paramere. Distribution. – Malaysia (Sabah). Remarks. – This species is very similar to P. (P.) subradiata (Okada, 1977) in the paramere expanded distally, but can be distinguished from it by the aedeagal median rod (in P. subradiata, based on 3 male specimens from the type locality of Taiwan, China: aedeagal median rod subbasally with 1 pair of symmetric processes; flap of aedeagal basal bridge not so large, with 2–4 acute projections)., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on pages 34-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042, {"references":["Okada, T., 1977. The subgenus Phortica Schiner of the genus Amiota Loew of Japan and the Oriental Region, with reference to anti- Burla's rule (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 32: 17 - 31."]}

Phortica (Phortica) gombakana (Takada & Momma, 1975) Amiota (Phortica) gombakana Takada & Momma, 1975: 14. Diagnosis. – Vertical process of gonopods with spinules apicomedially; aedeagus with 2 pairs of bridges, of which the ventral pair is strongly sclerotized. Material examined. – Holotype male, MALAYSIA: Gombak, near Kuala Lumpur, coll. H. Takada, 4 Jul.1972 (SEHU); Ulu Senagang, Crocker Range, Sabah, 1 male, coll. M. J. Toda, 18 Oct.1999 (KPSP). Distribution. – Malaysia (Malaya, Sabah)., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042

Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B., Mohamed, Maryati B. (2007): The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1): 23-41, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5333042, {"references":["Bachli, G., C. R. Vilela, S. A. Escher & A. Saura, 2004. The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. In: Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Vol. 39. Brill, Leiden, New York, 362 pp.","Chen, H. W., 2001. A phylogenetic and taxonomic study on the subfamily Steganinae (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Hokkaido University, Japan, 195 pp. (Thesis).","Chen, H. W. & T. Aotsuka, 2003. A survey of the genus Leucophenga (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in Iriomote-jima of Japan, with descriptions of three new species. The Canadian Entomologist, 135: 1-16.","Chen, H. W. & M. J. Toda, 1997. Amiota (Phortica) magna speciescomplex, with descriptions of three new species from China (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Japanese Journal of Entomology, 65: 784-92.","Chen, H. W. & M. J. Toda, 1998. Amiota (Phortica) omega speciescomplex, with descriptions of two new species from southern China (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Entomological Science, 1: 403- 407.","Chen, H. W. & M. J. Toda, 2001. A revision of the Asian and European species in the subgenus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae) and establishment of species-groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Natural History, 35: 1571- 1563.","Chen, H. W., J. J. Gao & S. Y. Wen, 2005a. Species diversity of the subgenus Phortica (s. str.) in Yunnan, China, with descriptions of nine new species (Diptera, Drosophildae). Journal of Natural History, 39: 3951-3978.","Chen, H. W., M. J. Toda & J. J. Gao, 2005b. The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30: 419- 429.","Coquillett, D. W., 1904. New North American Diptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 6: 166-192.","Duda, O., 1926. Fauna sumatrensis (Beitrag Nr. 26) Drosophilidae (Diptera), Supplementa Entomologica, 14: 42-116.","Loew, H., 1862: Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria secunda. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 6: 185-232.","Maca, J., 1977. Revision of Palaearctic species of Amiota subgenus Phortica (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 74: 115-130.","Maca, J., 2003. Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in the genus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica, 47: 247-274.","Maca, J. & F. J. Lin, 1993. The Drosophilidae of Taiwan: Genus Amiota, subgenus Phortica. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 32: 171-183.","Okada, T., 1977. The subgenus Phortica Schiner of the genus Amiota Loew of Japan and the Oriental Region, with reference to anti- Burla's rule (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 32: 17-31.","Schiner, I. R., 1862. Vorlaufiger Commentar zum dipterologischen Theile der \"Fauna Austriaca\". Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift, 6: 428-436.","Takada, H. & E. Momma, 1975. Distribution and population constitution of Drosophila in South East Asia and Oceania II. Drosophilidae in the Suburbs of Kuala Lumpur, West Malaysia. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 20: 9-48.","Takada, H., E. Momma & T. Shima, 1973. Distribution and population constitution of Drosophila in South East Asia and Oceania I. Drosophilidae at Mt. Kinabalu, East Malaysia. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 19: 73-94.","Toda, M. J. & T. X. Peng, 1990. Eight new species of the subgenus Phortica (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Amiota) from Guangdong Province, southern China. Entomotaxonomia, 12: 41-55.","Toda, M. J. & T. X. Peng, 1992. Some species of the subfamily Steganinae (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from Guangdong Province, southern China. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.), 28: 201-213.","Tsacas, L. & T. Okada, 1983. On the Oriental and New Guinean species of the genus Amiota Loew originally described by Duda as Phortica foliiseta, with descriptions of three new species (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Kontyu, Tokyo, 51: 228-237.","Wheeler, M. R., 1952. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic Region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. The University of Texas Publication, 5204: 162-218.","Zhang, W. X., H. Z. Chen & T. X. Peng, 1996. The family Drosophilidae. In: Xue WQ & Chao CM (eds.), Flies of China. Volume 1. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shenyang, P. R. China: 280-489. (In Chinese).","Zhang, W. X. & Y. X. Gan, 1986. Description of eight new species of drosophilid flies from Kunming (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Zoological Research, 7: 351-365. (In Chinese).","Zhang, W. X. & L. M. Shi, 1997. Subgenus Phortica of genus Amiota in Hengduan mountains region, China, with descriptions of three new species (Diptera: Drosophlidae). Zoological Research, 18: 367-375. (In Chinese)."]}

Key to the species of the subgenus Phortica from Malaysia 1. Interfrontal setae thick and dense; additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite absent; paramere rod-shaped, basally mostly projected and with a few sensilla, apically usually knobbed (the foliiseta species-complex)..................................................... 2 – Interfrontal setae thin and rare; additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite present; paramere apically with a few sensilla............................................................................................... 3 2. Surstylus with only 2–3 prensisetae; vertical process of gonopods nearly entirely sclerotized apically; aedeagal outer membrane with minute warts.......... P. (P.) nigrifoliiseta (Takada et al.) – Surstylus with ca. 11 prensisetae; vertical process of gonopods slightly sclerotized; aedeagal outer membrane with numerous, weakly sclerotized, small triangle processes.............................................................................. P. (P.) tanabei Chen & Toda 3. Surstylus with strong spine(s); additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite lacking pubescence, separated from 10th sternite (the magna species-complex)..................................................................... P. (P.) alpha Chen & Toda, new species – Surstylus without strong spine; additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite pubescent, and connected to 10th sternite................................................................................................... 4 4. Paramere deeply bifurcated from base (the omega speciescomlpex); male sixth tergite with single prickly projection curved anteriod at anteroventral corner; lateral process of paramere narrower than and ca. 2/3 as long as apical one, apically with 1 sensillum and 1 black spine........................................................................................... P. (P.) ni Chen & Toda, new species – Paramere not bifurcated from base....................................... 5 5. Paramere tripartite distally.................................................... 6 – Paramere not tripartite distally........................................... 13 6. Paramere: basal process with tooth or sensillum; median process tongue- or finger-shaped, without tooth or sensillum.......... 7 – Paramere: basal process tongue- or finger-shaped; median process apically with tooth and sensillum............................ 9 7. Aedeagal median rod lacking projections................................................................ P. (P.) gombakana (Takada & Momma) – Aedeagal median rod with apically pointed projection(s)... 8 8. Aedeagal median rod subapically and submedially with 1 pair of small and 1 pair of long, apically bifurcated projections, respectively................................. P. (P.) jamilii, new species – Aedeagal median rod submedially with 2 pairs of apically unbifurcated projections............................................................................................. P. (P.) liewi Chen & Toda, new species 9. Vertical process of gonopods broad, largely membranous except for medial and lateral, strongly sclerotized portions; aedeagal ventral bridge strongly sclerotized, elongated to tip of aedeagal median rod, pointed apically, with large branch submedially..................... P. (P.) membranifera Chen & Toda, new species – Vertical process of gonopods basally to submedially narrow and evenly sclerotized................................................................ 10 10. Aedeagal basal bridge with somewhat triangular flap acutely pointed only anterodorsally................................................................................. P. (P.) expansa Chen & Toda, new species – Aedeagal basal bridge with flap acutely pointed antero- and mediodorsally...................................................................... 11 11. Aedeagal median rod with subbasal process................................................... P. (P.) pasohensis Chen & Toda, new species – Aedeagal median rod with submedial process................... 12 12. Aedeagal basal bridge with long, sclerotized, apically pointed projection anteroventrally; ventral bridge apically somewhat truncate....... P. (P.) kinabalensis Chen & Toda, new species – Aedeagal basal bridge without long projection anteroventrally; ventral bridge apically largely bifurcated............................................................. P. (P.) palmata Chen & Toda, new species 13. Anepisternum lacking setulae; paramere lacking pubescence; aedeagal median rod apically with distinct asymmetric bifurcation, subapically expanded and with minute warts on surface................. P. (P.) epsilon Chen & Toda, new species – Anepisternum with setulae................................................. 14 14. Paramere medially not expanded, distally pubescent; aedeagal median rod with knot subapically; anterior branch of aedeagal basal bridge with ca. 10 acute projections along margin................................ P. (P.) lanuginosa Chen & Toda, new species – Paramere medially much expanded, submedially pubescent; aedeagal median rod much expanded subapically; aedeagal basal bridge without small acute projections....................................................................... P. (P.) zeta Chen & Toda, new species, Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042

Phortica (Phortica) tanabei Chen & Toda, 2005 Phortica tanabei Chen & Toda, in Chen et al., 2005b: 427. Diagnosis. – Vertical process of gonopods slightly sclerotized; aedeagal outer membrane with numerous, weakly sclerotized, small triangle processes; median rod deformed to small, strongly sclerotized piece. Material examined. – MALAYSIA: 2 male paratypes, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, coll. M. J. Toda, 27 May.1999 (SEHU). Distribution. – China (Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan), Myanmar (Pyinoolwin), Malaysia (Sabah)., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042, {"references":["Chen, H. W., M. J. Toda & J. J. Gao, 2005 b. The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30: 419 - 429."]}

Phortica (Phortica) nigrifoliiseta (Takada, Momma & Shima, 1973) Amiota (Phortica) nigrifoliiseta Takada, Momma & Shima, 1973: 74; Tsacas & Okada, 1983: 236. Diagnosis. – Surstylus with 2–3 peg-like prensisetae; vertical process of gonopods nearly entirely sclerotized apically; paramere finely serrated apically; aedeagal outer membrane with minute warts. Material examined. – MALAYSIA: 1 male paratype, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, coll. H. Takada, 28 Jun.1972 (SEHU). Distribution. – Malaysia (Sabah)., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042

Phortica (Phortica) pasohensis Chen & Toda, new species (Figs. 50–53) Diagnosis. – Aedeagal median rod subbasally with single, apically symmetrically bifurcated process (Fig. 53); aedeagal ventral bridge distally expanded (Fig. 53); aedeagal basal bridge with small flap bearing 2 acute projections anteriorly and medioventrally (Fig. 53). Material examined. – Holotype male, MALAYSIA: Pasoh, Selangor, Malaya, coll. N. Osawa, 2–9 May.1995 (FRIM). Decription. – Male. Thorax: Orange yellow. Scutellum with trifurcate brown patch, pale yellow on tip. Wing: Hyaline. Legs: All femora partly brown. Midleg tibia subapically with 2-4 longer setae on anterior surface. Abdomen: First to fifth tergites yellow; second tergite with brown patches submedially; third to fifth tergites each with medially slightly protruded, brown band on posterior margin and 1 pair of yellow patches laterally; sixth tergite nearly entirely dark except yellow medial line, with expanded lobe on lateral margin. Male terminalia: Epandrium pubescent anteroventrally and dorsomedially, with ca. 12 setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 50). Surstylus with pubescence basally and several wedge-shaped prensisetae on apical margin to inner surface (Fig. 51). Additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite pubescent, medially connected to 10th sternite (Fig. 52). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium undeveloped. Paramere expanded distally, pubescent between medial and proximal processes; apical process with 1 sensillum; medial process with 1 sensillum and 2 teeth (Fig. 53). Vertical process of gonopods apically with 4-5 sclerotized projections per side (Fig. 53). Aedeagus with 2 pairs of bridges (Fig. 53). Female: Unknown. Measurements: BL = 3.47 mm in holotype; ThL = 1.76 mm; WL = 2.60 mm; WW = 1.24 mm. Indices: arb = 5-6/3-4, avd = 0.60, adf = 1.80, flw = 1.70, FW/HW = 0.38, ch/o = 0.06, prorb = 1.10, rcorb = 0.45, vb = 0.45, dcl = 0.65, presctl = 0.70, sctl = 1.05, sterno = 0.85, orbito = 1.40, dcp = 0.23, sctlp = 1.10, C = 1.90, 4c = 1.67, 4v = 2.67, 5x = 1.33, ac =4.00, M = 0.67, C3F = 0.70. Etymology. – Pertaining to the type locality. Distribution. – Malaysia (Malaya). Remarks. – This species is very similar to P. (P.) expansa in the morphology of male terminalia, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042

II. Phortica (Phortica) magna species-complex Amiota (Phortica) magna species-complex, Chen & Toda, 1997: 785. Diagnosis. – Surstylus with black, thick spine-like prensisetae (Fig. 3); additional plate between cerci and 10th sternite lacking pubescence, separated from 10th sternite (Fig. 4); paramere foliate (Fig. 5); aedeagus basolaterally with 1 pair of seemingly looped processes (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042

III. Phortica (Phortica) omega species-complex Amiota (Phortica) omega species-complex, Chen & Toda, 1998: 403. Diagnosis. – Paramere basally bifurcated into narrow long processes (Fig. 10)., Published as part of Chen, Hong-Wei, Toda, Masanori J., Lakim, Maklarin B. & Mohamed, Maryati B., 2007, The Phortica Sensu Stricto (Insecta: Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Malaysia, pp. 23-41 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333042