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The analysis of the magnetic signatures and gravity gradient values of the Rehamna Massif south of the Moroccan Western Meseta by using Geosoft Oasis Montaj 7.0.1 software, allowed us to detect several useful anomalies to be exploited and which are related to magmatic bodies and structural features within the study area. These data were analyzed by applying several techniques, including the horizontal gradient filters combined with the first vertical derivative. Subsurface structures; such as geological boundaries, faults, dykes and folds, were visualized as lineaments on geophysical maps, then results were compared with structural features provided by previous studies in the region. Thus, the Rehamna Massif structural map shows sets of linear features which may represent faults or boundaries of geological structures, which can be either faults or boundaries of geological structures, and they are mostly oriented in the directions: N-S, NNE-SSW, NE-SW, E-W with the predominance of the NNE-SSW to NE-SW directions. In addition, the super position of the minerals bearing beds or formations were distinguished from gravity and magnetic data processing results. Some of the recognized anomalies are related to the existence of precious metals which belong to the granitic bodies within the study area.

Résumé: L’inclusion financière comme une solution alternative pour la réduction des inégalités de revenus, nous avons examiné, les effets du développement de l’inclusion financière sur les inégalités de revenus au Maroc. Nos résultats montrent que l’indice de l’inclusion financière qui mesure la dimension de l'accès au secteur bancaire réduit de manière significative les inégalités de revenus au Maroc. Conformément aux études du FMI et d’autres travaux de chercheurs de la banque mondiale concluent à une forte corrélation entre l’inclusion financière et la réduction des inégalités de revenus. Les résultats empiriques ont montré aussi que la croissance économique dans le Maroc accroît les inégalités dans la répartition de revenus. Cela signifie que la croissance économique réalisée dans ces pays est encore insuffisante pour diminuer de manière significative les inégalités de revenus, qui continuent d’afficher une résistance à la hausse comme en témoigne le dernier rapport mondial sur les inégalités au monde. Mots Clés : Inclusion financière, inégalité de revenus, croissance économique, les 10% les plus aisés, indice de GINI. Summary: Financial inclusion as an alternative solution for reducing income inequalities, we have examined, the effects of the development of financial inclusion on income inequalities in Morocco. Our results show that the financial inclusion index which measures the dimension of access to the banking sector significantly reduces income inequalities in Morocco. In line with IMF studies and other work by World Bank researchers, there is a strong correlation between financial inclusion and reduced income inequality. Empirical results have also shown that economic growth in Morocco increases inequalities in the distribution of income. This means that the economic growth achieved in these countries is still insufficient to significantly reduce income inequalities, which continue to show upward resistance as evidenced by the latest Global Inequality Report. Key words : Financial inclusion, income inequality, economic growth, top 10%, GINI index.

Dans cet article, nous examinons le rôle du développement financier (marchés boursiers et institutions financières) sur la croissance économique des 10 pays de la région MENA. La plupart des études empiriques dans la littérature mesurent le niveau de développement financier à l'aide d'une seule mesure, le total des crédits au secteur privé provenant de banques et d'autres institutions financières en pourcentage du PIB. Pour surmonter ce problème, nous utilisons des mesures d’indice pour le développement des institutions financières et le développement des marchés boursiers. Les résultats montrent que le coefficient de l’indice de développement financier, à la fois en bourse et en institution financière, est significatif dans toutes les régressions. Pour le développement des institutions financières, les résultats suggèrent que la relation entre développement des institutions financières et croissance est positive et significative dans les pays de l’Afrique du Nord et les pays du Moyen-Orient. Les résultats empiriques basés sur les estimations du PMG suggèrent que la relation entre le développement des marchés boursiers et la croissance économique est positive et significative dans les pays de l’Afrique du Nord et les pays du Moyen-Orient., Alternatives Managériales Economiques, Vol 4, No 2 (2022)

La performance logistique a été, et continue d’être, un sujet de recherche et d’investigation épineuse. Elle a suscité l’intérêt des décideurs politiques, des économistes, des industriels et des chercheurs tant au niveau des stratégies pour l’atteindre qu’au niveau des outils de son évaluation pour rectifier le cap. L’objectif de cet article est d’évaluer la performance logistique de la France, de l’Espagne et du Maroc à travers l’indice de la performance logistique élaborée par la banque mondiale. Les résultats de notre étude font ressortir que les pays de la France et de l’Espagne ont atteint un score de performance très élevé par rapport au Maroc qui devrait déployer encore des efforts supplémentaires pour améliorer sa performance logistique., Revue des Etudes Multidisciplinaires en Sciences Economiques et Sociales, Vol. 7, No 1 (2022)

Artificial saliva was used as a degradation medium to assess the effect of saliva on the surface condition, microstructure, chemical composition, and degradation behavior of dental materials. This is done using X-ray diffraction, SEM-coupled energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDX) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of these ceramics before and after 21 days of immersion in the salivary medium. The aim of this research was to evaluate the degradation of glass ceramics and zirconia after immersion in Ringer’s solution for 7, 14, 21 days at 37 °C and pH = 7.3 by XRD, SEM/EDX and their electrochemical behavior by E.I.S. These results indicate that there is a significant effect of artificial saliva on the materials studied; this effect is manifested by degradation either by release or dissolution of certain ionic compounds. It is also important to note that this dissolution could lead to the deposition of layers on the surface of dental materials; this is all the more important depending on the immersion time.

Research concerning the applications of ceramic biomaterials as dental restorative materials is of particular interest for the study of the physico-chemical, mechanical and microstructural behavior with a multitude of techniques. Nevertheless, the wealth of scientific articles in this field remains vast and poor in terms of all-ceramic restorative materials, their ageing and electrochemical degradation behavior utilizing the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, in contact with an electrolytic solution which can cause and exhibit a very remarkable variation in the surface state and variation in the stability of the electrochemical behavior of these dental materials, which can be influenced by pH, temperature and the medium variations. Ringer's solution as artificial saliva has been used as a degradation medium to evaluate the effect of saliva on the microstructure, surface condition, chemical composition and degradation behavior of dental materials. This is done using X-ray diffraction, SEM-coupled energy dispersive spectrometry (EDX) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a technique to assess the interface degradation behavior of these materials after 21 days of immersion in salivary medium. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the changes in the electrochemical behavior of these 2 ceramic materials, Feldspar and Alumina after immersion in Ringer solution for 7, 14, 21 days at 37 °C and pH = 7.3 by XRD, SEM / EDX and their electrochemical behavior by EIS. These results indicate that there is a significant effect of synthetic Ringer's salivary solution on the ceramics studied; this effect is manifested by degradation through the release and/or dissolution of certain ionic compounds. It is also important to note that this dissolution could result in the deposition of layers on the surface of dental materials; this is even more important depending on the immersion time.

The importance of seaports in the national and international economic scene is no longer in doubt. It has thus become obvious for them that their efficiency, and even their sustainability in a world of fierce competition, strongly depends on the optimisation of the input-output ratio. The question of assessing port efficiency is becoming increasingly important in the port sector, as investments in this sector are huge but performance will not always depend on them. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to assess the efficiency of the seaports of Tangier Med, Durban, Mombasa and Abidjan while using the non-parametric enveloped data analysis (DEA) approach., Revue Economie, Gestion et Soci��t��, �������� 1, ������ 34 (2022)

This article tries to assess the influence of the Nador west med (NWM) port complex on the territorial attractiveness of the eastern region in a context marked by the implementation of the Royal initiative for the development of the Eastern Region (2003), the implementation of the policy of large building sites and the territorialization of sectoral strategies. The achievement of this objective led us to use qualitative tools, notably the interview guide. The sample of this study has confirmed the favourable impact of this port complex on the territorial attractiveness of the region, while highlighting the conditions related in particular to fiscal advantages, to the formalization of the informal sector and to the promotion of the territorial offer. This trial took place in a pandemic situation (COVID19) negatively affecting the duration of the interviews with the interviewees., Cet article essaie d’évaluer l’influence de complexe portuaire Nador west med (NWM) sur l’attractivité territoriale de la région de l’oriental dans un contexte marqué par l’implémentation de l’initiative royale du développement de l’oriental (2003), de la mise en œuvre de la politique de grands chantiers et de la territorialisation des stratégies sectorielles. L’aboutissement de cet objectif nous a conduit à faire recours aux outils qualitatifs notamment le guide d’entretien. L’échantillon de cette étude a confirmé l’impact favorable de ce complexe portuaire sur l’attractivité territoriale de la région, tout en mettant en avant des conditions liées notamment aux avantages fiscaux, à la formalisation de l’informel, à la promotion de l’offre territoriale. Cet essai s’est déroulé dans une situation pandémique (COVID19) affectant négativement la durée des entretiens avec les interviewés.

Port logistics is an inevitable link in the chain of international logistics in a general way and in international trade in a particular way. According to UNCTAD (2013), the maritime link accounts for 80% of the world’s trade volume, although the physical continuity of freight transport requires the use of multimodal transport systems. In this sense Morocco has been engaged over the last two decades, in a process of considerable port reforms, aimed at making its port logistics a locomotive of its economy. Indeed, the port logistics in Morocco has achieved important advances, in terms of maritime connectivity, and quality of port infrastructure, which has improved the Moroccan maritime presence on the international scene. Therefore, it is time to assess the impact of these efforts on economic growth, since it plays an important role in political discourse and economic debates. Using the autoregressive model with staggered delays ARDL, we plan to answer the following question how port logistics can influence Moroccan economic growth? The econometric estimates allowed us to confirm the positive effect of the port logistics on the economic growth of Morocco. Thus, these results approved the theoretical and empirical predictions, Alternatives Managériales Economiques, Vol. 2, No 3 (2020)

The accelerated development of industrial activities in Taza City implies the appearance of new sources of pollution that directly affect the quality of surface water. This is reflected in the structure and biodiversity of the city’s Oueds, particularly Oued Lârbaa, which receives the majority of the pollution load produced. Therefore, the study of the benthic fauna can be an effective tool to characterize the state of the waters of Oued Lârbaa. The objective of our study is to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on Oued Lârbaa, through the monitoring of physicochemical parameters (hydrogen potential (pH), salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and oxidation–reduction potential) and biological biodiversity represented by benthic macroinvertebrates at 10 stations, during two periods of the year: a wet period (December 2018) and a dry period (June 2019). The spatial variations of recorded physicochemical parameters, as well as the effect of anthropogenic activities, control the diversity of macroinvertebrates at Oued Lârbaa. In relation to these data, the first stations of our study (S1-S2-S3) are moderately polluted, characterized by an important biodiversity, which includes sensitive species (Crustacea, Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera), and other resistant species (Diptera). The stations S4-S5-S6-S7-S8-S9 and S10 are characterized by a low biodiversity represented mainly by macroinvertebrates that colonize waters of critical quality (Diptera). The statistical study by principal component analysis consisting of a projection of the biological (benthic macroinvertebrates) and physicochemical variables obtained from each of the two study periods on a two-dimensional factorial plane shows the existing correlations between these variables.

The core Mga (multiple gene activator) regulon of group A Streptococcus (GAS) contains genes encoding proteins involved in adhesion and immune evasion. While all GAS genomes contain genes for Mga and C5a peptidase, the intervening genes encoding M and M-like proteins vary between strains. The genetic make-up of the Mga regulon of GAS was characterized by utilizing a collection of 1,688 GAS genomes that are representative of the global GAS population. Sequence variations were examined with multiple alignments, and the expression of all core Mga regulon genes was examined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in a representative strain collection. In 85.2% of the sampled genomes, the Mga locus contained genes encoding Mga, Mrp, M, Enn, and C5a peptidase proteins. These isolates account for 53% of global infections. Only 9.1% of genomes did not contain either an mrp or an enn gene. The pairwise identity within Enn (68.6%) and Mrp (83.2%) protein sequences was higher than within M proteins (44.7%). Gene expression varied between strains tested, but high expression was recorded for all genes in at least one strain. Previous nomenclature issues were clarified with molecular gene definitions. Our findings support a shift in focus in the GAS research field to further consider the role of Mrp and Enn in virulence and vaccine development.IMPORTANCE While the GAS M protein has been the leading vaccine target for decades, the bacteria encode many other virulence factors of interest for vaccine development. In this work, we show that emm-like genes are encoded in a remarkable majority of GAS genomes and expressed at a level similar to that for the emm gene. In collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, we developed molecular definitions of the different emm and emm-like gene families. This clarification should abrogate mistyping of strains, especially in the area of whole-genome typing. We have also updated the emm-typing collection by removing emm-like gene sequences and provided in-depth analysis of Mrp and Enn protein sequence structure and diversity., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Shigella invasion and dissemination in intestinal epithelial cells relies on a type 3 secretion system (T3SS), which mediates translocation of virulence proteins into host cells. T3SSs are composed of three major parts: an extracellular needle, a basal body, and a cytoplasmic complex. Three categories of proteins are hierarchically secreted: (a) the needle components, (b) the translocator proteins which form a pore (translocon) inside the host cell membrane and (c) the effectors interfering with the host cell signaling pathways. In the absence of host cell contact, the T3SS is maintained in an “off” state by the presence of a tip complex. Secretion is activated by host cell contact which allows the release of a gatekeeper protein called MxiC. In this work, we have investigated the role of Spa33, a component of the cytoplasmic complex, in the regulation of secretion. The spa33 gene encodes a 33-kDa protein and a smaller fragment of 12 kDa (Spa33C) which are both essential components of the cytoplasmic complex. We have shown that the spa33 gene gives rise to 5 fragments of various sizes. Among them, three are necessary for T3SS. Interestingly, we have shown that Spa33 is implicated in the regulation of secretion. Indeed, the mutation of a single residue in Spa33 induces an effector mutant phenotype, in which MxiC is sequestered. Moreover, we have shown a direct interaction between Spa33 and MxiC., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

La educación patrimonial puede obtener su espacio dentro de la asignatura de historia debido al carácter interdisciplinar de esta materia. En este trabajo se realizará un análisis y estudio sobre la integración de la educación patrimonial en la materia de historia en el aula, así como del estado de la educación patrimonial en el marco legal educativo. Se analizarán los beneficios que puede aportar a los estudiantes de la asignatura de historia, así como las posibles metodologías para llevarlas a cabo citando a los autores más relevantes de la educación patrimonial.