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1. Hyperbilirubinemia: Does It Matter?

Author: Lajos Okolicsanyi, Giulia Martina Cavestro, and Claudia Guatti-Zuliani
Subjects: Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract: Serum bilirubin concentrations are increased in several hematological and hepatic disorders; however, hyperbilirubinemia, often of familial origin, may occur without overt signs of hemolysis or evident liver disease. The authors review briefly the main steps of hepatic bilirubin metabolism, then discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms of the different forms of familial hyperbilirubinemia. The knowledge of these conditions is increasingly important because orthotopic liver transplantation may be a therapeutic choice for some severe forms. Furthermore, early diagnosis is necessary to avoid unnecessary medical investigations for the otherwise relatively common, benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Finally, individuals with unmasked defective bilirubin handling may be potential liver donors; thus, unexplained jaundice occurring after orthotopic liver transplantation may be related to this disorder.
Published: 1999
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2. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Stimulates Cholangiocyte Fluid Secretion in Mice via CFTR-Dependent ATP Secretion

Author: Luca Fabris, Mario Strazzabosco, Romina Fiorotto, Carlo Spirli, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Massimiliano Cadamuro, Fiorotto, R, Spirlì, C, Fabris, L, Cadamuro, M, Okolicsanyi, L, and Strazzabosco, M
Subjects: Cholagogues and Choleretics, medicine.medical_specialty, Choleretic, IBDU, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, Biology, Cholangiocyte, UDCA, cystic fibrosis, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adenosine Triphosphate, Internal medicine, Cyclic AMP, medicine, Animals, Secretion, Calcium Signaling, CFTR, Protein Kinase C, Protein kinase C, Mice, Knockout, Hepatology, Phospholipase C, cholangiopathies, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Purinergic receptor, Gastroenterology, Purinergic signalling, Molecular biology, Wnt Proteins, Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic, Endocrinology, chemistry, Ursodeoxycholic acid, cholangiopathies, liver, Calcium, Adenosine triphosphate
Abstract: Background & Aims: Cholangiopathies are characterized by impaired cholangiocyte secretion. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is widely used for cholangiopathy treatment, but its effects on cholangiocyte secretory functions remain unclear and are the subject of this study. Methods: Polarized mouse cholangiocytes in tubular (isolated bile-duct units [IBDU]) or monolayer configuration were obtained from wild-type (WT) and B6-129-Cftr tm1Kth and Cftr tm1Unc mice that are defective in CFTR, an adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-stimulated Cl − channel expressed in cholangiocytes. Fluid secretion was assessed by video-optical planimetry, Cl − and Ca 2+ efflux by microfluorimetry (6-methoxy- N -ethylquinolinium chloride, fura-2, and fluo-4), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) secretion by luciferin-luciferase assay, and protein kinase C (PKC) by Western blot. Results: UDCA stimulated fluid secretion and Cl − efflux in WT-IBDU but not in CFTR-KO-IBDU or in WT-IBDU exposed to CFTR inhibitors. UDCA did not affect intracellular cAMP levels but increased [Ca 2+ ]i in WT and not in CFTR-KO cholangiocytes. UDCA stimulated apical ATP secretion in WT but not in CFTR-KO cholangiocytes. UDCA-stimulated [Ca 2+ ]i increase was inhibited by suramin, a purinergic 2Y-receptor inhibitor. UDCA stimulated the translocation of PKC-α and PKC-e to the plasma membrane. UDCA-stimulated secretion was inhibited by 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane- N , N , N' , N' -tetraacetic acid and by phospholipase C and PKC inhibitors. UDCA increased ATP output in isolated perfused livers from WT but not from CFTR-KO mice. Conclusions: Our data indicate that UDCA stimulates a CFTR-dependent apical ATP release in cholangiocytes. Secreted ATP activates purinergic 2Y receptors, and, through [Ca 2+ ]i increase and PKC activation stimulates Cl − efflux and fluid secretion. These data support the concept that CFTR plays a role in modulating purinergic signaling in secretory epithelia and suggest a novel mechanism explaining the choleretic effect of UDCA.
Published: 2007

3. Novel association of HLA-haplotypes with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in a southern European population

Author: Mario Strazzabosco, Giulia Martina Cavestro, Massimo Colombo, M. Savi, Lajos Okolicsanyi, P. Seghini, Massimo Zuin, Tauro Maria Neri, G. Bianchi Porro, Mauro Podda, Floriano Rosina, Adele Zanetti, P. Zanelli, Annarosa Floreani, Neri, T, Cavestro, G, Seghini, P, Zanelli, P, Zanetti, A, Savi, M, Podda, M, Zuin, M, Colombo, M, Floreani, A, Rosina, F, Bianchi Porro, G, Strazzabosco, M, Okolicsanyi, L, Neri, Tm, Cavestro, GIULIA MARTINA, Zanelli, Pf, and Okolicsanyi, L.
Subjects: Adult, Male, Genotype, Cholangitis, Sclerosing, Population, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, Human leukocyte antigen, Major histocompatibility complex, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Gene Frequency, MED/12 - GASTROENTEROLOGIA, HLA-DQ Antigens, medicine, Humans, Allele, education, Allele frequency, Gene, Genetics, education.field_of_study, Polymorphism, Genetic, Hepatology, biology, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Homozygote, Gastroenterology, HLA-DR Antigens, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Italy, HLA-B Antigens, Case-Control Studies, Immunology, biology.protein, Female, primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver, inflammation, fibrosis
Abstract: AIMS: In patients with with primary sclerosing cholangitis we investigated the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. METHODS: In 64 PSC patients and 183 normal controls of the same population (Northern Italy), allelic polymorphisms at the DNA level were investigated in MHC region genes: HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1 and HLA-B, tumour necrosis factor A (TNFA), and in CFTR gene, with polymerase chain reaction-based methodologies. RESULTS: Frequencies of DRB1*01, DQA1*0101, DQB1*0102 (14 vs. 8%, p
Published: 2003

4. Treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis with low-dose ursodeoxycholic acid: results of a retrospective Italian multicentre survey

Author: Lajos Okolicsanyi, A. Floreani, Massimo Zuin, G. Galatola, M. Groppo, Massimo Colombo, A. Battocchia, Giovanni Gasbarrini, Giovanni Ricci, A. G. Rusticali, Floriano Rosina, Mauro Podda, and Antonio Maria Morselli-Labate
Subjects: Adult, Male, Cholagogues and Choleretics, medicine.medical_specialty, Bilirubin, Cholangitis, Sclerosing, Symptomatic treatment, Gastroenterology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Liver Function Tests, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Hepatology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Low dose, Retrospective cohort study, Middle Aged, Jaundice, medicine.disease, Ursodeoxycholic acid, Treatment Outcome, Italy, chemistry, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Liver function tests, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background. Data concerning the usefulness and type of drugs employed to treat patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis are controversial. Ursodeoxycholic acid has been shown to be a useful agent, however the drug dosage and its effect on the clinical course are still under debate. Aim. To evaluate the efficacy of low-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Methods. We retrospectively analysed data from 86 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis from eight centres in Italy between 1987 and 1997: 69 were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (8–13 mg/kg/day), while 17 received symptomatic treatment and served as controls. The effect of therapy was evaluated by standard liver function tests and symptom analysis. Results. Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment was associated with significant improvement in serum alkaline phosphatase (735±833 vs. 519±448 U/l, p
Published: 2003

5. Cytokine-stimulated nitric oxide production inhibits adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-dependent secretion in cholangiocytes

Author: Elena Duner, Aurelio Sonzogni, Romina Fiorotto, Mario Strazzabosco, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Carlo Spirli, Tania Roskams, Nicholas F. LaRusso, Giorgio Ballardini, Luca Fabris, Spirlì, C, Fabris, L, Duner, E, Fiorotto, R, Ballardini, G, Roskams, T, Larusso, N, Sonzogni, A, Okolicsanyi, L, and Strazzabosco, M
Subjects: Intracellular Fluid, medicine.medical_specialty, Gene Expression, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II, PBC, Cholangiocyte, Cell Line, Nitric oxide, Proinflammatory cytokine, cholangiocite, nitric oxide, Adenylyl cyclase, Interferon-gamma, chemistry.chemical_compound, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Cholestasis, MED/12 - GASTROENTEROLOGIA, Internal medicine, Cyclic AMP, medicine, Animals, Humans, Nitric Oxide Donors, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Nitrites, Ion Transport, Nitrates, Hepatology, biology, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Liver Diseases, Gastroenterology, Drug Synergism, medicine.disease, Rats, Nitric oxide synthase, Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic, Bile ducts, cytokines, PBC, nitric oxide, CFTR, Endocrinology, chemistry, Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors, biology.protein, Bile Ducts, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Adenylyl Cyclases
Abstract: Background & Aims: The biliary epithelium is involved both in bile production and in the inflammatory/reparative response to liver damage. Recent data indicate that inflammatory aggression to intrahepatic bile ducts results in chronic progressive cholestasis. Methods: To understand the effects of nitric oxide on cholangiocyte secretion and biliary tract pathophysiology we have investigated: (1) the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on NO production and expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), (2) the effects of NO on cAMP-dependent secretory mechanisms, and (3) the immunohistochemical expression of NOS2 in a number of human chronic liver diseases. Results: Our results show that: (1) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ, synergically stimulate NO production in cultured cholangiocytes through an increase in NOS2 gene and protein expression; (2) micromolar concentrations of NO inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP production by adenylyl cyclase (AC), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent fluid secretion, and cAMP-dependent Cl − and HCO 3 − transport mediated by cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and anion exchanger isoform 2, respectively; (3) cholestatic effects of NO and of proinflammatory cytokines are prevented by NOS-2 inhibitors and by agents (manganese(III)-tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin [MnTBAP], urate, trolox) able to block the formation of reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS); (4) NOS2 expression is increased significantly in the biliary epithelium of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Conclusions: Our findings show that proinflammatory cytokines stimulate the biliary epithelium to generate NO, via NOS2 induction, and that NO causes ductular cholestasis by a RNOS-mediated inhibition of AC and of cAMP-dependent HCO 3 − and Cl − secretory mechanisms. This pathogenetic sequence may contribute to ductal cholestasis in inflammatory cholangiopathies. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2003;124:737-753
Published: 2003

6. Gastroprotective effects of amtolmetin guacyl: a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that activates inducible gastric nitric oxide synthase

Author: P. Lo Giudice, S. Spaggiari, Giulia Martina Cavestro, B.L. Tepperman, G Coppelli, C. Pisano, Gabriella Coruzzi, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Coruzzi, G., Coppelli, G, Spaggiari, S., Cavestro, GIULIA MARTINA, Okolicsanyi, L., LO GIUDICE, P., Pisano, C., and Tepperman, B. L.
Subjects: Lipopolysaccharides, Male, Gene isoform, Lipopolysaccharide, Glycine, Pharmacology, Nitric Oxide, medicine.disease_cause, Nitric oxide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Enos, medicine, Animals, Pyrroles, Rats, Wistar, Tolmetin, Escherichia coli, Peroxidase, Ethanol, Hepatology, biology, business.industry, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Gastroenterology, biology.organism_classification, Rats, Nitric oxide synthase, Biochemistry, chemistry, Gastric Mucosa, biology.protein, Nitric Oxide Synthase, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background . The novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug amtolmetin guacyl has been shown to possess markedly reduced ulcerogenic effects and nitric oxide-mediated gastroprotective activity against the damage induced by ethanol in the rat. Aims . To investigate, in the rat, the role of nitric oxide and of inducible nitric oxide synthase isoform in the protective effect of amtolmetin guacyl against the gastric damage induced by ethanol. Methods . The effects of amtolmetin guacyl on gastric transmucosal potential difference and on gastric mucosal blood flow were investigated in the anaesthetised rat; myeloperoxidase activity, inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein content were determined in rat gastric mucosal homogenates. The anti-inflammatory drug tolmetin and the bacterial lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli were studied for comparison. Results . In the anaesthetised rat, amtolmetin guacyl, but not tolmetin, reduced by approximately 50% the fall in gastric potential difference and, to a lesser extent, the macroscopic damage induced by ethanol. The effect of amtolmetin guacyl on transmucosal potential difference was prevented by the selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 140OW. In amtolmetin guacyl-treated rats, 140OW decreased gastric mucosal blood flow, whereas it was inactive in vehicle- and tolmetin-treated animals. In gastric mucosal homogenates, both amtolmetin guacyl and lipopolysaccharide, but not tolmetin, increased inducible, but not endothelial, nitric oxide synthase protein content, as revealed by Western immunoblotting. Conclusions . These data confirm that amtolmetin guacyl is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent devoid of gastrolesive properties, that can actually reduce the damaging effects of ethanol through the increase in nitric oxide production, via the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase.
Published: 2002

7. Proinflammatory Cytokines Inhibit Secretion in Rat Bile Duct Epithelium

Author: Lee A. Denson, Romina Fiorotto, Juanita M. Sanz, Elena Duner, F. Casagrande, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Michael H. Nathanson, Mario Strazzabosco, Carlo Spirli, Francesco Di Virgilio, Spirlì, C, Nathanson, M, Fiorotto, R, Duner, E, Denson, L, Sanz, J, Di Virgilio, F, Okolicsanyi, L, Casagrande, F, and Strazzabosco, M
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Bile Duct Epithelium, medicine.medical_treatment, Cholangiocyte, Proinflammatory cytokine, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Electrolytes, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cholestasis, MED/12 - GASTROENTEROLOGIA, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Drug Interactions, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Hepatology, biology, Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary, Colforsin, Gastroenterology, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, cholangiocytes, TNF-alpha, CFTR, IL-6, IL-1, medicine.disease, Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, Rats, Cytokine, Endocrinology, chemistry, Paracellular transport, biology.protein, Cytokines, Bile Ducts
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cholestatic disorders often are associated with portal inflammation, but whether or how inflammation contributes to cholestasis is unknown. Thus we studied the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on bile duct epithelia secretory mechanisms. METHODS: Isolated bile duct units (IBDUs) were cultured with interleukin (IL)-6, interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-1 alone or in combination. Ductular secretion was measured using video-optical planimetry. Bicarbonate and Cl(-) transport were assessed microfluorimetric measuring pH(i) (BCECF) and [Cl(-)](i) transients (MEQ). Expression of Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchanger (AE-2), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and the secretin receptor (SR) were assessed by ribonuclease protection assay. Cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were studied by enzymatic immunoassay. Paracellular permeability was assessed using fluorescein-labeled dextrans (FD) in cholangiocyte monolayers (NRC-1). RESULTS: Although not effective when given alone, each combination of IL-6, interferon gamma, IL-1, and TNF-alpha inhibited secretion in IBDU. Cytokines inhibited cAMP formation, AE-2 activity, and cyclic AMP-dependent Cl(-) efflux, but not that induced by purinergic agonists. AE-2 gene expression was unaffected by proinflammatory cytokines, whereas CFTR and SR expression was increased. In addition, paracellular transit of FD across NRC-1 monolayers was increased. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory cytokines inhibit cAMP-dependent fluid secretion in cholangiocytes and impair the barrier functions of biliary epithelia. These changes may represent the molecular mechanisms by which inflammation leads to ductular cholestasis in vivo.
Published: 2001

8. Long-acting octreotide is effective in controlling rebleeding angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract

Author: P. Orsi, Lajos Okolicsanyi, and C. Guatti-Zuliani
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Gastrointestinal bleeding, Octreotide, Gastroenterology, Hemostatics, Angiodysplasia, Recurrence, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Gastrointestinal tract, Hepatology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, medicine.disease, Endoscopy, Surgery, Long acting, Concomitant, Blood units, Female, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background. Management of bleeding angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract is often a major clinical problem. Lesions are frequently multiple, not detectable or missed during conventional endoscopy and patients are sometimes at high risk for complications because of advanced age and serious concomitant disorders. Aims. To determine the efficacy of a new formulation of somatostatin analogue (octreotide long-acting) in management of recurrent bleeding angiodysplasia in patients resistant to endoscopic treatment and not suitable for surgery. Patients and Methods. Three patients with recurrent bleeding angiodysplasia of gastrointestinal tract were treated with long-acting octreotide administered intramuscularly 20 mg monthly to each individual. The number of admissions for acute bleeding, hospital stay and number of blood units transfused before and after treatment (follow-up: 15–17 months) were regularly monitored. Results. In each patient, a relevant decrease in number of hospital admissions, duration of hospital stay, number of administered blood units was seen and mean haemoglobin values significantly increased in all of them after introducing long-acting octreotide therapy. Conclusions. This is the first report on use of long-acting octreotide in bleeding angiodysplasia of gastrointestinal tract. Data suggest that long-acting octreotide is a safe drug and is successful in controlling recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplasia in elderly patients not elegibile for surgical or endoscopic therapy.
Published: 2001

9. The monoethylglycinexylidide test for grading of liver cirrhosis

Author: Jemmolo Rm, Mario Strazzabosco, Lajos Okolicsanyi, F. Casagrande, Flavio Lirussi, Gianna Toffolo, Paleari D, Luca Fabris, Claudio Cobelli, S. Viaggi, and Rigon M
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Cirrhosis, Optimal sampling, Hepatology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Gastroenterology, Diagnostic accuracy, Serum concentration, medicine.disease, Surgery, Pharmacokinetics, Disease severity, Internal medicine, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Liver function, Liver function tests, business
Abstract: Background: Monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) formation following lignocaine injection has recently been proposed as a simple dynamic liver function test based on a single measurement of its serum concentration. Aim: To determine the optimal sampling time for MEGX determination. Methods: A modelling analysis of lignocaine and MEGX kinetics was performed in seven normals and in four patients with compensated liver cirrhosis; a similar study was performed in 74 cirrhotic patients, divided into two groups according to disease severity (Pugh score). Results: Only the MEGX fractional formation rate (kf) and formation delay (τ) were significantly altered in cirrhotic patients compared to normals: kf = 0.15 ± 0.03 vs. 0.32 ± 0.10 min−1 (mean ± s.d.); τ = 7.7 ± 2.0 vs. 3.9 ± 2.9 min−1. A good correlation was found between kf and late (r = 0.82) but not early (r = 0.63) serum MEGX formation, suggesting that late measurements for the clinical MEGX test are preferred. In the second part of our investigation, by discriminant analysis of MEGX test data for 74 cirrhotic patients, the late MEGX concentrations gave the best discrimination between the two classes. In particular, the 60 min MEGX concentration showed the best diagnostic accuracy (81%), sensitivity (75%) and specificity (84%). The association of this with other MEGX parameters, either singly or derived from the whole curve measurements, did not improve the performance of the method. Conclusion: The MEGX test, based on a single determination 60 min after lignocaine injection, may be regarded as a simple and sensitive quantitative liver function test.
Published: 1999

10. Assessment and Management of Hepatobiliary Disease

Author: Lajos Okolicsanyi, Geza Csomos, Gaetano Crepaldi, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Geza Csomos, and Gaetano Crepaldi
Subjects: Internal medicine, Gastroenterology
Published: 2012

11. Purinergic regulation of acid/base transport in human and rat biliary epithelial cell lines

Author: Carlo Spirli, Mario Strazzabosco, Nicholas F. LaRusso, Ákos Zsembery, Anna Granato, Gaetano Crepaldi, and Lajos Okolicsanyi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Hepatology, Purinergic receptor, Apical membrane, Biology, Purinergic signalling, Adenosine receptor, Adenosine, Cholangiocyte, Cell biology, Purinergic Agonists, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, chemistry, Internal medicine, medicine, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, medicine.drug
Abstract: Biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) are responsible for rapid regulation of bile volume and alkalinity. Secretin and other hormones raising intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations promote biliary HCO3 secretion by stimulating apical Cl− channels and Cl−/HCO3− exchange (AE2). Cholangiocyte ion transport may also be stimulated by locally acting mediators; for example, adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), a secretagogue that can be released into the bile by hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, activates Cl− conductances and Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) in cholangiocyte cell lines. To further explore the role of extracellular ATP in the paracrine regulation of carrier mechanisms regulating cholangiocyte H+/HCO3− secretion, we investigated the effects of nucleotides on intracellular pH regulation (measured by microfluorimetry with 2′7′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5,6,carboxyfluorescein [BCECF]) in human (MZ-ChA-1) and rat (NRC-1) cholangiocyte cell lines. In MZ-ChA-1 cells, 10 mol/L ATP, uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP), and ATPγs significantly increased NHE activity. The pharmacological profile of agonists was consistent with that anticipated for receptors of the P2Y2 class. ATP did not increase AE2 activity, but, when given to cells pretreated with agents raising intracellular cAMP, had a synergistic stimulatory effect that was inhibited by amiloride. To assess the polarity of purinergic receptors, monolayers of NRC-1 cells were exposed to apical or basolateral nucleotides. Apical administration of purinergic agonists, but not adenosine, increased basolateral NHE activity (ATPγS > UTP > ATP). Basolateral administration of purinergic agonists induced a weaker activation of NHE, which was instead strongly stimulated by adenosine and by adenosine receptor agonists (NECA = R-PIA = S-PIA). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that, consistent with the proposed role for biliary ATP in paracrine and autocrine control of cholangiocyte ion secretion, extracellular ATP stimulates cholangiocyte basolateral NHE activity through P2Y2 receptors that are predominantly expressed at the apical cell membrane.
Published: 1998

12. Factors associated with gallstone disease in the MICOL experience

Author: Livio Capocaccia, Nicola Carulli, L. Lalloni, R. Capocaccia, Enrico Roda, Adolfo Francesco Attili, Emanuele Scafato, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Claudia Sama, S Mariotti, Davide Festi, Alessandro Menotti, G.L. Ricci, and Luigi Barbara
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Univariate analysis, Multivariate analysis, Hepatology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Physical examination, Gallstones, medicine.disease, Surgery, Blood chemistry, Internal medicine, Epidemiology, medicine, Family history, business, Body mass index
Abstract: The epidemiological associations of gallstone disease were evaluated in a general population sample of 29,584 individuals (15,910 men and 13,674 women; age range, 30-39 years) belonging to 14 cohorts examined between December 1984 and April 1987. Subjects were screened for the presence of gallstones by gallbladder ultrasonography, completed a questionnaire, and underwent a physical examination and blood chemistry tests. Participants were considered to have gallstone disease if they had already had cholecystectomy or gallstones. Statistical associations were established by univariate analysis of the age-standardized data and by stepwise multiple logistic regression. Increasing age and body mass index and a maternal family history of gallstone disease were the most consistent associations (both at univariate and multivariate analysis and in both sexes) found in this study. Personal history of dieting was associated with gallstone disease in men, and at univariate analysis, in women. Decreasing serum total cholesterol levels and increasing serum triglycerides were associated with gallstone disease in both sexes in the multivariate analysis. In women, associations were also found with a number of pregnancies and paternal family history of gallstone disease. A slight but negative association with contraceptive pill use was identified only at multivariate analysis. Associations (investigated at univariate analysis) were also found with diabetes, cirrhosis, angina or myocardial infarction, and peptic ulcer. There was no association with smoking habits and use of aspirin or antirheumatic drugs.
Published: 1997

13. Na+-dependent and -independent Cl?/HCO3? exchange mediate cellular HCO3? transport in cultured human intrahepatic bile duct cells

Author: Ákos Zsembery, Mario Strazzabosco, Carlo Spirli, C. Poci, Luca Fabris, Anna Granato, Gaetano Crepaldi, L Wallace, J M Neuberger, R. Joplin, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrea Rossanese, Strazzabosco, M, Joplin, R, Zsembery, A, Wallace, L, Spirlì, C, Fabris, L, Granato, A, Rossanese, A, Poci, C, Neuberger, J, Okolicsànyi, L, and Crepaldi, G
Subjects: Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers, Intracellular pH, Biology, Antiporters, Cholangiocyte, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chlorides, MED/12 - GASTROENTEROLOGIA, Cyclic AMP, medicine, Extracellular, Humans, Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters, Cells, Cultured, Ion transporter, Ion Transport, Hepatology, Sodium, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Molecular biology, Amiloride, Bicarbonates, Proton-Translocating ATPases, Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic, Biochemistry, chemistry, DIDS, bile ducts, cholangiocyte, bile secretion, Cotransporter, Intracellular, medicine.drug
Abstract: Biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) modulate bile fluidity and alkalinity absorbing and/or secreting fluid and electrolytes, particularly HCO3- and Cl-. Mechanisms responsible for transepithelial H+/HCO3- secretion in human cholangiocytes are largely unknown. Human cholangiocytes isolated by enzymatic digestion and immunomagnetic purification from normal liver tissue obtained from reduced grafts used for pediatric liver transplantation were cultured in the presence of human hepatocyte growth factor. Maintenance of cholangiocyte phenotypic features was assessed using markers such as cytokeratin 19, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, vimentin, factor VIII-related antigen, desmin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and human epithelial antigen (HEA) 125. Intracellular pH (pHi) transients were measured microfluorimetrically 2'7'-Bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5,6, carboxyfluorescein-acetossimethylester (BCECF). In the absence of HCO3-, pHi recovery from an intracellular acid load (ammonia pre-pulse technique) was Na(+)-dependent and amiloride-inhibitable. No Na(+)-independent recovery was recorded even after stimulation with agents raising intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations. In the presence of HCO3-, recovery from an intracellular acid load required Na+, but was only partly inhibited by amiloride. In these conditions H+ extrusion was inhibited by 4,4-diisothiocyan atostilben-2,2-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and by intracellular Cl- depletion. Acute removal of extracellular Cl induced a pHi alkalinization that was inhibited by DIDS. pHi recovery from an intracellular alkaline load (isohydric CO2 changes) was Cl(-)-dependent and DIDS-inhibitable. Administration of agents raising intracellular cAMP concentrations increased both Na(+)-dependent and Na(+)-independent Cl-/HCO-3 exchange activity. Stimulation of Cl-/HCO3- exchange activity was not prevented by the Cl- channel inhibitor 5'-nitro-2(2)-phenylpropyl-amino-benzoate(NPPB). In conclusion, human cholangiocytes possess two acid extruders (Na+/H+exchanger and Na(+)-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchange) and an acid loader (Cl-/HCO3- exchange), whereas no evidence was found for cAMP activated H(+)-ATPase. Bicarbonate influx is thus mainly mediated by Na-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchange, whereas Na+:HCO-3 cotransport is not active in the physiological range of pHi. Stimulation of Na(+)-independent Cl-/HCO3- exchanger by cAMP does not require activation of Cl- conductances. These mechanisms may underlay hormone-regulated biliary HCO3- secretion in the human biliary tree.
Published: 1997

14. Nuclear expression of S100A4 calcium-binding protein increases cholangiocarcinoma invasiveness and metastasization

Author: A. Furlanetto, Umberto Cillo, Massimiliano Cadamuro, Mario Strazzabosco, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Xiangyu Cong, Michele Colledan, James Dziura, Stefano Indraccolo, Lidia Moserle, Marco Massani, Aurelio Sonzogni, Claudia Mescoli, Luca Fabris, Luisa Sambado, Massimo Rugge, Nicolò Bassi, Giorgia Nardo, Fabris, L, Cadamuro, M, Moserle, L, Dziura, J, Cong, X, Sambado, L, Nardo, G, Sonzogni, A, Colledan, M, Furlanetto, A, Bassi, N, Massani, M, Cillo, A, Mescoli, C, Indraccolo, S, Rugge, M, Okolicsanyi, L, and Strazzabosco, M
Subjects: Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, s100a4, Apoptosis, Biology, Article, cholangiocarcinoma, Mice, MED/12 - GASTROENTEROLOGIA, Cell Movement, Calcium-binding protein, medicine, SCID mouse, Animals, Humans, Gene silencing, Neoplasm Invasiveness, S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4, Neoplasm Metastasis, Cellular localization, Aged, Cell Proliferation, Cell Nucleus, Severe combined immunodeficiency, Hepatology, Cell growth, S100 Proteins, Mesenchymal stem cell, Middle Aged, Prognosis, medicine.disease, Cell nucleus, Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic, medicine.anatomical_structure, Bile Duct Neoplasms, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, liver resection, Cancer cell, biomarker, Matrix Metalloproteinase 2, Female, Cholangiocyte, prognosi
Abstract: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary malignancy of the liver; the incidence of intrahepatic CCA in Western countries has been steadily growing in the last two decades.1 In spite of the rising incidence, treatment options for CCA remain unsatisfactory,1,2 particularly because of the strong and early invasiveness of the tumor. In many patients, lymphnodal or distant metastasis or micrometastasis are present already at the time of the diagnosis, limiting and worsening the prognosis in patients otherwise eligible for surgical resection. However, a subset of patients with less aggressive CCA may even undergo liver transplantation after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and have excellent survival. Biomarkers able to predict tumor invasiveness and prognosis would be an important decision-making tool. Unfortunately, mechanisms that determine CCA invasiveness are largely unknown. Cancer invasiveness and metastasization requires tightly adherent epithelial cells to convert to a more motile phenotype expressing several mesenchymal features. 3 During this process, some molecular programs typical of the mesenchymal phenotype are activated, as shown by the expression of specific cell surface proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, and transcription factors.4 One such proteins is S100A4, a member of the S100 family of small calcium-binding proteins, expressed by mesenchymal cells, macrophages,5 and by epithelial cells in mesenchymal transition (EMT). Expression of S100A4 was shown to be a predictor of metastasization in colon cancer.6,7 The mechanisms of action of A100A4 depends on the cellular localization of the protein. In the cytoplasm S100A4 interacts with a number of partner proteins in cytoskeleton and in the plasma membrane (such as myosin IIa or liprin-β1). When localized in the nucleus, S100A4 may exert transcriptional functions that affect several genes, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-98 and E-cadherin.9 However, the mechanism of action of S100A4 remains largely unknown, as it remains unclear whether S100A4 is just a biomarker of cancer cell aggressiveness or actually represents a functional target amenable of therapeutic intervention. While examining the expression of EMT markers in CCA specimens, we noticed that a subgroup of CCAs expressed S100A4 in the nucleus. In this study we addressed: (1) the prognostic significance of S100A4 nuclear expression in a large series of patients undergoing surgical resection, and (2) the functional relevance of S100A4 expression on the metastatic potential, motility, and invasiveness of CCA cell lines in vivo and in vitro. Our results show that nuclear expression of S100A4 by neoplastic bile ducts significantly correlated with increased metastasization and reduced survival after surgery, that human CCA cells with nuclear expression of S100A4 have a much stronger metastatic ability when xenotransplanted into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, and that silencing S100A4 in CCA cells that originally overexpressed S100A4 significantly reduced motility and invasive capabilities in vitro.
Published: 2011

15. Hyperthyroïdie, methimazole et phosphatase alcaline

Author: Lajos Okolicsanyi, Rocco Orlando, and G. F. Figlioli
Subjects: Gynecology, medicine.medical_specialty, Methimazole, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, education, Phosphatase, medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Interventional radiology, business, Abdominal surgery, medicine.drug
Abstract: Les auteurs rapportent le cas d’une patiente hyperthyroidienne presentant un taux eleve de phosphatase alcaline. Le traitement par le methimazole a induit une elevation ulterieure du taux serique de cette enzyme.
Published: 1993

16. Clinical, Ultrasonographic, and Roentgenograhic Study in 134 Asymptomatic Gallstone Carriers is Oral Ursodeoxycholic Acid Treatment Worthwhile?

Author: D. Passera, Flavio Lirussi, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Rosa Maria Iemmolo, and G Nassuato
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.drug_class, Cholecystography, Administration, Oral, Asymptomatic, Gastroenterology, Double-Blind Method, Cholelithiasis, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Ultrasonography, Aged, 80 and over, medicine.diagnostic_test, Bile acid, business.industry, Gallbladder, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Gallstones, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Ursodeoxycholic acid, medicine.anatomical_structure, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Calcification, medicine.drug
Abstract: We investigated retrospectively the ultrasonographic and roentgenographic characteristics of the gallstones and the gallbladder in 134 symptom-free carriers and evaluated prospectively the outcome and side effects of 6 to 24 months' ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy in 36 individuals with silent stones. Two-thirds of the 134 subjects had multiple stones, and 71-75% had stones less than 15 mm in diameter. Gallstone calcification was detected in 13%. A non-functioning gallbladder was observed in 19%, whereas gallbladder contraction was normal in 64 of 76 gallstone carriers. With regard to oral bile acid treatment, complete and partial dissolutions were achieved in 7 and 9 of 33 subjects, respectively (48.5%). Development of a non-functioning gallbladder occurred in 9%, and acquired gallstone calcification was seen in another 15%. We conclude that: i) the characteristics of the gallstones and the gallbladder are similar to those observed in symptomatic patients, and ii) UDCA therapy may be given in selected symptom-free carriers for no more than 6-12 months. Thereafter, it does not appear to be cost-effective.
Published: 1993

17. Multicentre Survey of the Prevalence of Intrahepatic Cholestasis in 2520 Consecutive Patients with Newly Diagnosed Chronic Liver Disease

Author: M. Bortolini, P. Almasio, Roger Williams, G. Budillon, M. Salvagnini, M. Frezza, M. Coltorti, Lajos Okolicsanyi, and G. Bray
Subjects: Hepatitis, medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, Cirrhosis, business.industry, General Medicine, Jaundice, medicine.disease, Chronic liver disease, Gastroenterology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Liver disease, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Cholestasis, Internal medicine, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: In order to establish the prevalence of intrahepatic cholestasis (IHC) in chronic liver disease, we retrospectively evaluated the frequency of increased serum total bilirubin (STB), serum conjugated bilirubin (SCB) and serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) levels in a cohort of 2520 patients with newly diagnosed chronic liver disease presenting over 2 years. 882 patients (35%) [mean age 52.2 years] had IHC involving abnormal levels of STB (mean 89.8 μmol/L), SCB (mean 52.5 μmol/L), and SAP (mean 5.7 μkat/L) together with a negative ultrasonic scan. Demographic data were not predictive of IHC. IHC was more frequent in patients with cirrhosis (43%), primary biliary cirrhosis (54%), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (67%) than in those with chronic persistent hepatitis (17%) and chronic active hepatitis (32%). 611 of 882 patients (69%) were symptomatic; there were 3 times more patients with jaundice than there were with pruritus (64 vs 22%). Age, sex and liver disease stage did not predict the occurrence of symptomatic IHC. Increased serum bilirubin was related to the presence of jaundice but not pruritus. The prevalence of IHC was similar in the geographical regions involved in the study (34.5% in Italy vs 35.6% in the UK). In conclusion, IHC is a common complication of chronic liver disease, being more frequent in advanced disease. Pruritus is a predominant complaint in 1 of 4 patients with IHC and is unrelated to IHC severity.
Published: 1992

18. Therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases in pregnancy and lactation

Author: Maria Teresa Gervasi, Luca Fabris, Maurizio Clementi, Gian Mario Tiboni, Alessia Memmo, Matteo Cassina, Elena Di Gianantonio, and Lajos Okolicsanyi
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, IBD, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Azathioprine, Disease, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mesalazine, Pregnancy, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Lactation, Pharmacology (medical), Adverse effect, Antidiarrheals, business.industry, Probiotics, Postpartum Period, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Biological Therapy, Pregnancy Complications, Metronidazole, chemistry, Immunology, Gestation, Female, business, Postpartum period, Immunosuppressive Agents, medicine.drug
Abstract: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of disorders characterised by chronic or relapsing inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract of variable severity. A chronic medication is often needed and management of fertile women is a crucial point because of the possible adverse effects associated with the administered drugs and the disease itself. The risk of pregnancy-related complications and the disease behaviour during pregnancy depends mainly on disease activity at time of conception. So, it is very important to plan the pregnancy and reach and maintain a clinical remission of the disease before conception. Drugs usually used in IBD treatment include 5- aminosalicylic acid compounds, corticosteroids, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine A, mesalazine, and antibiotics such as metronidazole and ciprofloxacin. Management of IBD in pregnancy at present is not standardised or supported by strong evidence. In this report, we summarise the available data, mainly derived from retrospective and case-control studies, about IBD management in pregnancy, focusing mostly on the safety of drugs during gestation and peripartum.
Published: 2009

19. NK Cell Deficiency

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

20. Nephrotic Syndrome

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

21. Noise-induced Hearing Loss

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

22. Nevus Sur Nevus

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

23. Nocturnal Enuresis

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

24. NF2

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

25. N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Storage Disease

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

26. Nocturnal Micturition

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

27. Nevi, Atrial Myxomas and Ephelides

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

28. NK Cell Deficiency Syndromes

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

29. Nevus Linearis

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

30. Nephropathy and Deafness

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

31. Nevuscell Nevus

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

32. Nutritional Deficiency

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

33. Nasal Pharyngeal Carcinoma

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

34. NK Cell Lymphopenia

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

35. Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

36. Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

37. Neuropathies, Inherited Peripheral

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

38. Nail-Patella-Syndrome

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

39. Nongoitrous Congenital Hypothyroidism 2 - CHNG2 (Mutations of PAX8/TTF-1/TTF2)

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

40. Changing trends in acute upper-GI bleeding: a population-based study

Author: M. Groppo, Nicolò Bassi, Elena Piovesana, Fabio Monica, Ludovica Bellina, Silvano Loperfido, Luca Fabris, Vincenzo Baldo, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Helena Heras Salvat, K Rossi, Nadia Dal Bò, and A. Caroli
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Gastrointestinal bleeding, Time Factors, Prevalence, Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal, law.invention, Pharmacotherapy, law, Internal medicine, Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Aged, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Gastroenterology, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Intensive care unit, Surgery, Acute Disease, Etiology, Female, business, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Abstract: Advances in medical practice in recent decades have influenced the etiology and management of acute upper-GI bleeding (UGIB), but their impact on the incidence and mortality is unclear.To analyze the time trends of UGIB in 2 different management eras.Prospective observational study.General university-affiliated hospital.A total of 587 patients who presented with UGIB during the 1983-to-1985 period were compared with 539 patient in the 2002-to-2004 period.The overall incidence of UGIB decreased from 112.5 to 89.8 per 100,000/y, which corresponds to a 35.5% decrease after adjustment for age (95% CI, 24.2%-46.8%). The age standardized incidence of ulcer bleeding decreased by 41.6% (95% CI, 27.2%-56%); the decrease occurred only in people younger than 70 years of age. The rate of history of peptic ulcer disease decreased from 32.7% in the 1983-to-1985 period versus 19.5% in the 2002-to-2004 period (P.001). The mean age increased from 61.0 to 68.7 years (P.001), and the male:female ratio decreased from 2.7 to 1.8 (P = .002). The comorbidities increased from 69% to 75% (P = .01), the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from 40.0% to 46.4% (P = .03), and the cases of bleeding occurring during hospitalization from 10.4% to 17.1% (P.001). In the 1983-to-1985 cohort, the endoscopy was solely diagnostic, and antisecretory therapy consisted of H2-antagonists drugs. In the second period, 39.3% of patients underwent endoscopic therapy, whereas proton pump inhibitors were administered in 47%. Rebleeding rates decreased from 32.5% to 7.4% (P.001) and surgery from 10.2% to 2.0% (P.001). Overall mortality decreased from 17.1 to 8.2 per 100,000/y, which corresponded to a 60.8% decrease after adjustment for age (95% CI, 46.5%-75.1%). The age standardized mortality rate for ulcer bleeding decreased by 56.5% (95% CI, 41.9%-71.1%).A single-center study and a potential lack of generalizability.From the 1983-to-1985 period to the 2002-to-2004 period, major changes occurred in the incidence of UGIB, features of patients, management, and outcomes. The incidence and mortality of UGIB overall and ulcer bleeding decreased significantly, and the decline of incidence occurred only in patients younger than 70 years old.
Published: 2009

41. Non-Langerhans' Cell Histiocytoses

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

42. Nephrosclerotic Renal Disease

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

43. Nicotine Addiction

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

44. 5′-Nucleotidase Hyperactivity

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

45. Neonatal-infantile Convulsions

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

46. Nevus Flammeus Neonatorum

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

47. Nephrotic Syndrome, Steroid Resistant

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

48. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

49. Niemann-Pick Disease Types A and B

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

50. Neuromyotonia, Autoimmune and Idiopathic

Author: Stephan J. Froehlich, Carlo A. Lackerbauer, Guenter Rudolph, Jan Rémi, Soheyl Noachtar, Werner J. Heppt, Annette Cryer, Hans-Peter Zenner, Hans Helmut Niller, Fritz Schwarzmann, Hans Wolf, Thomas Frieling, Alexander K. C. Leung, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Hans H. Goebel, François Jouret, Olivier Devuyst, Massimo Attanasio, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh, Anthony M. Marinaki, H. Anne Simmonds, Xiaoyan Zhou, Edward D. Frohlich, Vladimir Tesar, Hannu Jalanko, Vinzenz Oji, Heiko Traupe, Adrian Danek, Corrado Angelini, Dieter Kaufmann, Michael Weller, Johannes Kornhuber, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Sara Mole, Ruth Williams, Jonathan Baets, C. Oliver Hanemann, Peter Jonghe, Ian Holt, Thomas Klopstock, Massimo Zeviani, Klaus Ley, Emily Smith, Masaaki Shiohara, William Lane M. Robson, Eirini I. Brokalaki, Stephan Grabbe, Carmen Loquai, Donatus Nohr, Jürgen Gallinat, Edward H. Schuchman, Robert J. Desnick, Christina Zeitz, Shuki Mizutani, Jordan S. Orange, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Jerry G. Blaivas, Lucia K. Ma, Patrick T. S. Ma, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Jiang Li, Derek LeRoith, Shigeo Kure, Keiya Tada, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Marco Senzolo, Elena Piovesana, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Andrew K. Burroughs, Erik A. Sistermans, Jutta Engel, M. Dominik Fischer, Wolfgang Berger, Maria Grazia Tozzi, and Vanna Micheli
Published: 2009

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