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In this paper, the influencing factors of environmental population capacity are categorized into three types: strict constraints, elastic constraints and non-constraints, and the systematic relationship among the three types of factors is explored, from single-factor environmental population capacity model to multifactor environmental population capacity model, and finally to obtain the regional environmental population capacity model. In this paper, we choose to take Hainan Island in China and the island of Ireland, which have similar natural conditions (area, population, etc.), as examples to measure the environmental population capacity based on the island. From the perspective of environmental capacity, this paper explores how to make the global distribution of population settlements more in line with the distribution of environment and resources, and then puts forward more effective and reliable suggestions for the coordinated development of population and economic and social resources and environment.