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Pain is the common complication in the process of orthodontic treatment, which brings a lot of trouble to patients and doctors. In recent years, many scholars have studied many methods to alleviate orthodontic pain, such as drugs, laser irradiation, using new materials and some psychological therapy. This article will summarize the relief of orthodontic pain from two aspects of relieving physical and psychological discomfort.

ZrO₂-NPs are widely applied in industry, biomedicine and dentistry, e.g., foundry sands, refractories, ceramics dental prostheses, dental implant coatings and bone defect restorative materials. To date, little information is available on the potential adverse effects and toxic mechanism in human organs associated with exposure to ZrO₂-NPs. The biodistribution of ZrO₂-NPs and the consequent oxidative stress in the spleen, kidney, heart, brain, and lung at six time points after a single injection of ZrO₂-NPs were examined. Histopathological and immunohistochemical changes were also examined. RNA-Seq analysis was conducted in organs with high ZrO₂-NPs accumulations or obvious histopathological changes (brain and spleen). Exposure to the ZrO₂-NPs led to persistent oxidative stress and cell proliferation promotion/inhibition in various organs. RNA-Seq results of the spleen and brain point to significant gene expression changes. Metabolism was identified as leading pathways in the spleen. This study proves ZrO₂-NPs likely have negative impacts on various organs, and exhibit potential disease risks.

Purpose: To evaluate the anticancer effects and the underlying mechanism of arglabin on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells., Methods: 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining were performed to evaluate apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were examined by flow cytometry. Protein expression was assessed by western blot analysis. To examine the anticancer activity of arglabin in vivo, subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice were evaluated., Results: Arglabin exhibited an IC50 of 10 µM in OSCC cells and induced apoptosis by inhibiting MMP and enhancing intracellular ROS levels. DAPI and annexin V/PI staining indicated apoptosis of OSCC cells induced by arglabin. Arglabin also downregulated the expression of key proteins in the mTOR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In vivo evaluation showed that arglabin reduced the average tumor volumes and growth of xenografted tumors, indicative of its anticancer activity., Conclusions: Arglabin showed selective in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities against OSCC cells and is therefore a potential therapeutic agent for the management of OSCC.

Objective: To analyze the correlation of serum levels of visfatin, leptin, resistin, and adiponectin (APN) with glycolipid metabolism and inflammatory factors in obese patients with periodontal disease., Methods: 116 obese adults (OB), of whom 78 participants were diagnosed with different degrees of chronic periodontitis (CP), and 50 healthy adults were recruited into the study. Fasting peripheral venous blood was extracted to determine serum levels of adipocytokines (e.g., visfatin, leptin, resistin, and APN), glucolipid metabolism (e.g., fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), C-peptide (C-P), cortisol (Cor), homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL)), and micro-inflammation-related indexes like C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Correlation between levels of adipocytokines and levels of glucolipid metabolism and inflammatory factors was further analyzed., Results: Assays for plasma levels of adipocytokines showed that both the OB group and the OB with CP group had significantly higher serum levels of visfatin, leptin, and resistin than the normal control group and significantly lower serum levels of ANP than the normal control group ( P <0.05). Detection of serum glucolipid metabolism levels showed that FBG, FINS, C-P, Cor, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Non-HDL-C of OB group, and OB with CP patients were significantly higher than those of normal patients ( P <0.05). Assay for plasma levels of inflammatory factors showed that both the OB group and the OB with CP group had significantly higher serum levels of CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α than the normal control group and significantly lower serum levels of IL-10 than the normal control group. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that serum levels of visfatin, leptin, resistin, and APN were significantly correlated with concentrations of FBG, FINS, C-P, Cor, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Non-HDL-C, CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α., Conclusions: There were high expression levels of inflammatory factors and glucolipid metabolism disorder in obese patients with periodontal disease and excessively expressed adipocytokines may be important factors of persistent and worsened obesity and of periodontitis., Competing Interests: None., (IJCEP Copyright © 2018.)

At present, most of the bone xenograft for clinical application comes from bovine. In recent years, many studies have been done on the clinical application of porcine xenograft bone. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of canine mandibular defects reparation with antigen-extracted porcine cancellous bone by imaging examination. Four dogs' bilateral mandibular defects were created, with one side repaired with autologous bone (set as control group) while the other side repaired with antigen-extracted porcine cancellous bone (set as experimental group). Titanium plates and titanium screws were used for fixation. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), computed tomography (CT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were undertaken at week 12 and 24 postoperatively, and SPECT and CT images were fused. The results demonstrated that the remodeling of antigen-extracted porcine cancellous bone was slower than that of autologous bone, but it can still be used as scaffold for jaw defects. The results in this study provide a new choice for materials required for clinical reparation of jaw defects.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of mini titanium plate for the treatment of intracapsular condylar fractures-type A., Methods: Between March 2013 and July 2015, 22 cases (26 sides) of intracapsular condylar fractures-type A were treated with mini titanium plate through anterior auricular approach. There were 13 males and 9 females, aged from 16 to 32 years (mean, 22.7 years). The disease causes were traffic accident injury in 17 cases, falling injury in 4 cases, and heavy impact injury in 1 case. Five cases had intracapsular condylar fractures-type A only, and the other cases were accompanied with fractures of mandible, maxillary, or other part of jaw. All patients had different degrees of limitation of opening mouth, occlusal disorder, and joint pain, and the maximum opening was 5-16 mm (mean, 8.6 mm). All patients received surgical treatment within 2 to 9 days after injury (mean, 4 days). The clinical dysfunction index (DI) of Helkimo index was used to evaluate the mandibular motor function postoperatively. According to the 4 basic criterion of cure about mandibular condylar fractures by the international consensus conference in 1999, and maximal mouth opening by HE Dongmei et al., the surgical treatment effectiveness was evaluated., Results: All wounds healed at stage I, with no infection or other complications. All 22 cases were followed up 5-8 months (mean, 6 months). At 1 week after operation, the coronal spiral CT and three-dimensional reconstruction showed that contraposition of fractures was good, and the condyles located in the articular fossa. At 6 months after operation, the maximum opening was 33-42 mm (mean, 35.7 mm). After operation, 3 cases showed the mandible deflected to the affected side when opening, and limited lateral motion. According to the DI evaluation method in Helkimo index, there were 7 sides of DI grade 0, 18 sides of DI grade I, and 1 side of DI grade II. Based on surgical treatment effect of intracapsular condylar fractures-type A, occlusion recovery was obtained in 19 cases (86.36%), maximum opening degree of ≥ 35 mm in 20 cases (90.91%), no symptoms of joint injury in 19 cases (86.36%), and no serious postoperative complications in 22 cases (100%); 17 cases (77.27%) were in accordance with the above 4 items., Conclusion: Mini titanium plate is one of the most effective approaches to treat intracapsular condylar fractures-type A.

Objective: To provide basis for clinical application of ANKYLOS dental implants by following up alveolar bone status of 318 pieces of restored ANKYLOS dental implants., Methods: Between February 2008 and August 2009, 170 patients with dentition defect underwent placement of ANKYLOS dental implants (318 pieces). There were 74 males (133 pieces) and 96 females (185 pieces) with an average age of 43.8 years (range, 23-68 years). After operation, the periapical X-ray films were taken to observe osseointegration around the neck of implant, alveolar bone resorption, and survival of implants., Results: All patients were followed up at 6, 12, and 24 months after operation. There were 9 failure implants with a total dental implants survival rate of 97.17% (309/318): 3 at 6 months, 4 at 6-12 months, and 2 at 12-24 months, showing no significant difference in dental implants survival rate among 3 time points (chi2=0.470 3, P=0.492 8). New bone formed around the neck of implant in 4 cases at 6 months and in 31 cases at 12 months; at 6, 12, and 24 months, the bone increase was (0.392 7 +/- 0.217 4), (0.633 5 +/- 0.202 1), and (0.709 0 +/- 0.199 1) mm, respectively, showing significant differences among 3 time points (P < 0.05). At 6, 12, and 24 months after operation, the bone loss of other patients was (0.392 7 +/- 0.217 4), (0.716 7 +/- 0.220 3), and (0.723 2 +/- 0.215 4) mm, respectively, showing significant differences among 3 time points (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: After restoration with ANKYLOS dental implant, alveolar bone status is good and the implant success rate is high during short-term follow-up. But further observation and study are required for long-term effectivness.