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Early detection and prevention of internalizing problems demand a thorough exploration of latent vulnerabilities before clinical symptoms emerge. Limited research attention has been paid to the influence of olfactory perception, a flexible factor intricately linked to emotional processing and external environmental factors. This study sought to examine the mediating role of olfactory function in the relationship between childhood trauma, encompassing both dimensions of child abuse and neglect, and internalizing problems. A total of 1661 individuals (801 males, Meanage = 21.67 years) participated in wave 1, with 327 participants (152 males, Meanage = 21.8 1 years) included in the follow-up wave 2 three months later. Online questionnaires, including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Self-reported Olfactory Disorder Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and General Anxiety Disorder-7, were administered. Mediation tests were conducted using Mplus 8. Our findings revealed a significant mediating effect of olfactory dysfunction between childhood trauma and adult internalizing problems in wave 1 (B = 0.224, 95% CI [0.167, 0.294]). Childhood trauma heightened vulnerability to olfactory dysfunction (B = 0.721, 95% CI [0.671, 0.724]), subsequently exacerbating internalizing problems (B = 0.311, 95% CI [0.226, 0.408]). This effect persisted in longitudinal data (abuse: B = 0.686, p < 0.001; neglect: B = 0.200, p < 0.001). Regarding internalizing problems influenced by olfactory function, childhood abuse had a greater impact compared to childhood neglect (wave 1: χ2 = 56.012, p < 0.001; wave 2: χ2 = 5.156, p = 0.023). This study found that olfactory dysfunction mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and internalizing problems, contributing valuable insights into psychopathology and the early identification of symptoms related to internalizing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a crucial link in water circulation. It plays an important role in the global water cycle and surface energy balance, and has significant impacts on climate, ecosystems, and water resources management. Therefore, the quality of evapotranspiration data is crucial for the precise management of global water resources. This study conducted accuracy validation and spatiotemporal comparison of three ET products in the Northern Hemisphere, selecting the ET products that is more suitable for the Northern Hemisphere, providing suggestions for strengthening the combination of remote sensing and ground observation research. Using the monthly average measured data from FluxNet2015 flux sites to verify three ET products, it was found that PML&lowbar; V2 product has the highest accuracy in the Northern Hemisphere, followed by GLDAS, and finally MOD16A2, with correlation coefficients R of 0.66, 0.57, and 0.56, respectively; The root mean square error (RMSE) is 2.46, 5.68, and 12.42 mm/month, respectively; The average biases are 14.36%, 16.86%, and 35.02%, respectively. The GLDAS ET product has the ability to monitor daily scale ET, and the consistency between the daily average estimated value and the measured value at the flux tower site is high. The correlation coefficient R is 0.74, and the RMSE and Bias are 1.62mm/day and 27.90%, respectively. Overall, on the time scale, all three ET products can simulate the seasonal changes in the Northern Hemisphere, with higher summer evapotranspiration and lower winter evapotranspiration. The three ET products in summer all have overestimation phenomena on different land cover types, and the simulation results in other seasons are better than the ground observation values. Among them, MOD16A2 performs the worst, and the overestimation phenomenon is the most obvious. In addition, during the period from 2001 to 2020, except for arid areas, the spatial distribution of the three ET products was relatively consistent in most regions, with a correlation coefficient R greater than 0.6. This study provides scientific recommendations for selecting suitable ET data sources for conducting evapotranspiration studies in the Northern Hemisphere by evaluating the uncertainty and product quality of different ET products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anhedonia, the loss or decline of the ability to enjoy pleasure, is an important clinical characteristic of schizophrenia. Schizotypal traits refer to the appearance of subclinical symptoms of schizophrenia across normal people. Still, few studies have investigated chemosensory anhedonia in schizophrenia patients and schizotypy individuals. Seventy-one schizophrenia patients (SCZ), 162 schizotypy individuals (SCT) as selected by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), and 182 healthy controls (HC) participated in our study. We used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to measure the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia patients. All participants completed the Chemosensory Pleasure Scale (CPS), which was used to assess participants’ smell and taste hedonic capacities. We found that the three groups differed in chemosensory anhedonia. The SCZ group presented more severe chemosensory anhedonia than the SCT group, and the SCT group presented more severe chemosensory anhedonia than the HC group. We also found that chemosensory hedonic capacity was negatively correlated with negative schizotypal traits in the SCT group. Our results suggested that chemosensory anhedonia is an important characteristic of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Background“Early-onset schizophrenia” (EOS) is defined as disease with onset before the age of 18 years. This subset of schizophrenia exhibits worse cognitive function and carries a worse prognosis than adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS). Olfactory impairment has been found in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. However, most research has focused on olfactory impairment in patients with AOS: olfactory function in EOS is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the olfactory identification ability in EOS, and its relationship with negative symptoms.MethodsWe compared olfactory function between two independent samples: 40 patients with EOS and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs); as well as 40 patients with AOS and 40 age- and sex-matched HCs. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was administered.ResultsThe EOS group and AOS group exhibited worse olfactory identification ability than HCs; impairment correlated significantly with negative symptoms. Olfactory identification was worse in patients suffering EOS compared with those suffering AOS.ConclusionOlfactory identification impairment may be a trait marker of schizophrenia.

The sense of smell is essential in daily life. Children with olfactory dysfunction face a series of problems, so assessing olfactory function during early‐life period is very important. The Universal Sniff (U‐Sniff) test is a widely used measurement of odor identification ability in children and adolescents, although there is a lack of normative data in China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish normative data for the U‐Sniff test in a large sample of healthy Chinese children and adolescents. A total of 922 healthy children and adolescents (441 boys, 481 girls) aged 6–17 years from China were involved in this study. Odor identification performance was assessed using the U‐Sniff test. The U‐Sniff test mean score across all participants was 10.50 ± 1.73 points (range 1–12). U‐Sniff test scores increased with age, and no effects of sex or an interaction between age group and sex were recorded in this population. Practical Applications: There is currently no published data reporting normative data of the U‐Sniff test among Chinese children and adolescents. From the present research, normative data for olfactory identification using the U‐Sniff test have been established for Chinese population aged 6–17 years. This study provides routine measurements to support future examinations at hospitals, school check‐ups and so on, which can help patients with reduced olfactory function receive appropriate therapy as early as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the QoS (quality of service) of data transmission, a novel flow-splitting algorithm, multipathMPLS, was proposed, which combined three technologies of MPLS (multi protocol label switching), concurrent multi-path and programmable router. MultipathMPLS implementes the flow-splitting transmission for the same FEC (forwarding equivalence class). Via the network simulation tool (NS2), this algorithm can obtain the high forwarding performance of MPLS, high throughput of concurrent multi-path and flexible configuration of programmable router.