Search

Due to the poor growth rate of the Taiwan black (TB) goat in Taiwan, many exotic breeds were brought into breeding schemes to improve TB goat. However, the excessive cross-breeding of alien species with TB goat has decreased its population numbers, genetic variation and biodiversity. Therefore, TB goat population considered an endemic species in Taiwan that needed to be conservation. The objective of the present study was to analyze the genetic structure and TB goat using genetic markers for genetic improvement and to sustain germplasm conservation and utilization. 15 microsatellite markers, divided into three sets, were used to analyze 690 goats sampled from 10 goat populations. The average number of alleles (Na) and effective alleles (Ne) was 11.87 ± 3.93 and 5.093 ± 1.768, respectively. The average expected heterozygosity (HE) and observed heterozygosity (HO) was 0.780 ± 0.084 and 0.602 ± 0.116, respectively. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.747 ± 0.103; FIS was 0.058 ± 0.075. All 15 microsatellite markers were highly polymorphic. The genetic distances between individuals were estimated to construct a phylogenetic tree. In present study, the 690 goat samples were divided into 8 clusters. The results indicated that these 15 microsatellite markers successfully clustered goat populations in Taiwan and could assist in the preservation of TB goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we employed a chemical solution method to grow zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods on SnO2:F (FTO) substrates as photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The influence of varying ZnO nanorod dimensions on cell performance was investigated. Specifically, we explored the effects of nanorod length and diameter on dye adsorption capacity and photovoltaic conversion efficiency. Characterization techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were utilized to analyze the ZnO nanorods. Our results demonstrate that the sequential growth technique allows for control over the length and diameter of ZnO nanorods, thereby modulating their optoelectronic properties. XRD and FE-SEM analyses revealed that the surface morphology of the ZnO nanorods impacts dye adsorption capacity and photovoltaic conversion efficiency. EIS measurements further indicated a significant influence of dye adsorption on the electron lifetime of ZnO nanorods. Overall, this study highlights the potential of multi-step growth of ZnO nanorods to optimize the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells by tuning their morphology and surface properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells, it is crucial to suppress the generation of and remove the SnS2 secondary phase to improve the solar cell characteristics, as the SnS2 secondary phase affects the barrier for carrier collection and diode characteristics of the device. In this study, the nano-metallic precursor was modified to effectively suppress the generation of the SnS2 secondary phase on the surface and simultaneously improve the uniformity and quality of the thin film. The CZTS bifacial solar cells prepared via the proposed method exhibited significantly improved junction-rectifying characteristics, as the efficiency was improved to 1.59%. The proposed method to figurremove SnS2 is effective, simple, and environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The investigation of the defect-related carrier dynamics of CZTSe conducted in this study provided the experimental characterization of the existence of [2Cu Zn − + Sn Zn 2+] defect clusters. From the results, it is important to consider the possibility of factors such as the presence of [2Cu Zn − + Sn Zn 2+] defect clusters when determining the source of the performance degradation of CZTSe solar cells. In this work, a systematic investigation of the effects of point defects on the efficiency of a Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 (CZTSe) thin film solar cell was conducted using temperature-/power-dependent photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photo-luminescence (TRPL). The studied stoichiometric CZTSe absorber layer for a CZTSe solar cell with an efficiency of 4.4 % was prepared using the low-toxicity selenization process. The fitting to the Arrhenius plot and the stretched tail at the long-wavelength side of PL spectrum obtained at 10 K indicated a high concentration of zinc on copper (Cu Zn) point defects. The dispersive-photon-energy-dependent TRPL at 10 K exhibited non-exponential stretched PL decay at all photon energies and, in particular, revealed the highly fluctuating potential of CZTSe that caused carrier localization. This effect was observed to be caused by [2Cu Zn − + Sn Zn 2+] defect clusters, which produce a significant conduction/valence band-edge shift in their vicinity in CZTSe and can cause shunt leakage and an increase in series resistance. This systematic investigation presents the experimental characterization of [2Cu Zn − + Sn Zn 2+] defect clusters and provides perspective to help clarify the performance deterioration of CZTSe solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At present, even the first-line medication epinephrine still shows no evidence of a favourable neurological outcome in patients with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). The high mortality of patients with postcardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) can be attributed to brain injury, myocardial dysfunction, systemic ischaemia/reperfusion response, and persistent precipitating pathology. Targeted temperature management, the only clinically proven method in the treatment of PCAS, is still associated with a series of problems that have not been completely resolved. Acupuncture is a crucial therapy in traditional Chinese medicine. On the basis of the results of previous studies, we hypothesize that electroacupuncture (EA) might provide therapeutic benefits in the treatment of PCAS. This study will explore the feasibility of EA on SCA patients. Methods: This is a prospective pilot, randomized controlled clinical trial. Eligible patients with PCAS after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) admitted to our department will be randomly allocated to the control group or the EA group. Both groups will receive standard therapy according to American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, the EA group will also receive acupuncture at the Baihui acupoint (GV20) and Zusanli acupoint (ST36) with EA stimulation for 30 min using a dense-dispersed wave at frequencies of 20 and 100 Hz, a current intensity of less than 10 mA, and a pulse width of 0.5 ms. EA treatment will be administered for up to 14 days (until either discharge or death). The primary endpoint is survival with a favourable neurological outcome. The secondary endpoints are neurological scores, cardiac function parameters, and other clinical parameters, including Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores, on days 0 to 28. Discussion: This study will provide crucial clinical evidence on the efficacy of EA in PCAS when used as an adjunctive treatment with AHA standard therapy. Trial registration: chictr.org.cn: ChiCTR2000040040. Registered on 19 November 2020. Retrospectively registered. http://www.chictr.org.cn/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multi-stacked metallic layer precursors were used to suppress the formation of secondary phase defects. • SnSex losses were correlated with the structure (stacking number) of the multi-stacked metallic layer precursors. • Environmentally-benign process without toxic H2Se. • The bifacial properties of CZTSe films were improved. In this study, Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 (CZTSe) films were prepared via evaporation and selenization. Metallic precursors were first deposited upon a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate via evaporation, followed by selenization in a selenium–argon atmosphere at a maximum temperature of 500 °C for a duration of 30 min. Selenization is always accompanied by interdiffusion between the metallic precursor layers. However, in conventional stacked precursor structures, various secondary phases are formed in the film owing to insufficient interdiffusion between the precursor metals. To address this problem, we constructed CZTSe films using multi-stacked metallic layer precursors (without changing the total thickness of each type of metal or using metal selenides as precursors). Consequently, the secondary phase formation was effectively suppressed, the quality of the CZTSe film was improved, and its performance as a bifacial photovoltaic device was enhanced. The optimal efficiency with front illumination was 4.23 %; bifacial illumination further increased the efficiency to 4.45 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The sex of a bird is important for aviculture, scientific research, and conservation. Sex identification is usually not easy, even if the bird's appearances and sex organs are examined more closely. In monomorphic birds—or most birds during young, molecular sexing—there is a requirement for a fast and accurate identification method. We have designed a pair of DNA primers that is unique to the W chromosome of pigeon, which was unique to the female; further, RPA and LFD are combined for the purposes of a portable field detection for a sex identification method for birds (i.e., pigeons). The minimal-equipped on-farm approach was tested on pigeon sexing and the results have been 100% correct, so far. The concept of this study could spread to any kind of bird to meet the needs and achieve the goals of bird studies and businesses. According to pigeon racing rules in Taiwan, the pigeon raiser must decide which juveniles will be chosen as soon as possible. Differentiating the sex of young pigeons based on appearances, and other traditional methods, can be time-consuming and require several pieces of equipment. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with a lateral-flow dipstick (LFD) could further simplify the presentation of amplification results. A designed reverse primer and probe were labeled with biotin and FAM (fluorescein), respectively, to serve as ligands in the LFD. With the addition of a designed forward primer, the RPA-LFD can be used to perform sex identification of pigeon DNA. The optimal conditions were determined to require at least 6.3 pg of the DNA template, a temperature of 37 °C, and a reaction time of at least 20 min. Under these conditions, the test band area on the strip appeared as a dark color if the sample contained female template DNA, whereas the male DNA samples did not produce any test signal in any of the conditions. The results of random samples using RPA-LFD under the optimal conditions agreed with the results of the same samples determined by PCR-agarose gel electrophoresis. The approach in this study represents a rapid and accurate method for pigeon sexing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) absorber layer is typically prepared by post‐selenization with a metal precursor. In the process of selenization, the loss of SnSex is a common phenomenon, resulting in both an atomic‐ ratio change and double‐layer distribution of the absorber layer. This change affects the film properties. Additionally, excessive deviation from stoichiometry causes the formation of secondary‐phase compounds. Moreover, the double‐layer distribution reduces the carrier transport between the Mo back electrode and the CZTSe absorber film, inhibiting the effectiveness of the CZTSe solar cell. To address these problems, this study used CuxSe and ZnxSn1−x targets as the sputtering target materials to reduce the loss of SnSex during the selenization of precursor films. In addition, the effect of heating rate on the atomic ratio of the absorber layer was explored by adjusting the heating rate, which is one of the selenization parameters. The results showed that faster heating rates reduced the loss of SnSex, adjusted the Zn/Sn ratio in the absorber layer, and decreased ZnSe‐related defects. In this way, the double‐layer distribution was improved, air holes were reduced, and crystal structure characteristics of the films were enhanced. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy showed that the signal of the ZnSe‐related defect decreased, and the band tail effect became insignificant. The CZTSe absorber layer fabricated under different heating rates is used to prepare the CZTSe solar cell with a photoelectric conversion efficiency ranging from 0.51% to 5.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel geological hazard assessment model was developed by integrating an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and a projection pursuit model (PPM) in this study. Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques were also coupled and the hazard risk of the Panxi area in western China was assessed to test the model feasibility. The results show the model coupled with the GIS technique not only enables regional geological hazard risk assessment but also quantitatively visualizes its spatial distribution; and the model is ideally suitable for regional geological hazard risk assessment because it fully considers the subjective and objective factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ARL with embedded ZnO‐NRs was fabricated on the surfaces of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells using the chemical solution method. Under the conditions of an AM1.5G solar spectrum, the application of the PDMS ARL of embedded ZnO‐NRs on the surface of a CIGS solar cell can effectively increase the conversion efficiency of the solar cell from 7.23% to 7.79%. In addition, broadband and omnidirectional light harvesting are important as the sun moves over time; therefore, omnidirectional anti‐reflection applications of various ARLs on CIGS photovoltaic cells were also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Correlate light scattering with morphology of embedded ZnO nanoflowers. • Enhancement of omnidirectional antireflection performance of DSSCs by a facile technique. • Demonstrate the benefits of 2D ZnO nanrflowers in dye-sensitized solar cells. • FDTD simulation results are consistent with light-scattering measurements. In this study, two-dimensional ZnO nanoflower photoelectrodes were prepared using a chemical solution method and applied to dye-sensitised solar cells. By growing ZnO nanoflowers with different lengths on the photoelectrodes, the effects of the ZnO nanoflowers on the omnidirectional light-harvesting and broadband of dye-sensitised solar cells were investigated. According to the field emission scanning electron microscope and UV–Vis-NIR measurements of the prepared ZnO nanoflowers at different lengths, it can be determined that the amount of dye adsorption and degree of light scattering are affected by the lengths of the nanoflowers. A finite difference time-domain simulation was used to verify whether the degree of light scattering was affected by the lengths of the ZnO nanoflowers. In addition, the prepared ZnO nanoflower photoelectrodes of different lengths were applied to dye-sensitised solar cells. The photoelectric element efficiency, carrier life cycle, and element characteristics under wide-angle measurements were investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the monochromic incident photon-to-electronic conversion efficiency, and a solar simulator. At high angles, the difference in efficiency of multi-directional incident light was reduced from 46% to 12%, which effectively improved the capturing characteristics of the multi-directional incident light during light scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Sepsis is a global major health problem with high mortality rates. More effective therapy is needed for treating sepsis. Acupuncture has been used for various diseases, including severe infection, in China for more than 2,000 years. Previous studies reported that acupuncture at Zusanli (ST36) might be effective in treating sepsis, but the efficacy and the quality of evidence remain unclear since there is no systematic review on acupuncture at ST36 for sepsis. Methods. Seven databases were searched from the inception of each database up to May 2019. Ultimately, 54 studies using acupuncture at ST36 for the treatment of experimental sepsis were identified in both English and Chinese literature with systematic review procedures. Results. Acupuncture might be useful in reducing injuries induced by sepsis in cardiac, lung, kidney, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and immune system. Its potential mechanisms for antisepsis might include reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, improving microcirculatory disturbance, and maintaining the immune balance mediated by dopamine. However, the positive findings should be interpreted with caution due to poor methodological quality and publication bias. Conclusion. Acupuncture at ST36 might be a promising complementary strategy for controlling sepsis inflammation, yet further studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Substrates significantly affect the diffusion behavior the photovoltaic performance. • CZTSe solar cell on FTO substrate has better heterojunction rectifying character. • CZTSe solar cell on FTO substrate shows highly resistive to damp heat weathering. This paper presents a thorough investigation over characteristics and device performance of Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 (CZTSe) thin films and CZTSe solar cells prepared on Mo substrate, and on transparent oxide layers including SnO 2 :F (FTO) layer, and In 2 O 3 :Sn (ITO) layer. The resultant CZTSe thin film is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and photoluminescence (PL), and is subsequently fabricated into CZTSe solar cell. The characterization measurements have unveiled that, different substrate material can affect the diffusion of sodium and zinc, hence alters the distribution of ZnSe, surface morphology and crystalline structure of the CZTSe thin film. In comparison, FTO shows superior stability among Mo substrate and ITO substrate during high temperature fabrication process for CZTSe thin film solar cells. For weatherability test of the three CZTSe solar cells with different substrates, all of the three devices have also been exposed to damp heat damage. Test results shows the least efficiency decline on the CZTSe solar cell with FTO substrate after damp heat damage, suggesting that the CZTSe solar cell with FTO substrate is the most resistive to damp heat weathering. The CZTSe solar cell with Mo substrate can be deteriorated at Mo substrate layer and shows more drastic efficiency decrease. The comparison reflects a high potential in CZTSe solar cell for the next generation photovoltaic applications, such as see-through solar cells and building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this work, the chemical solution method was used to prepare one‐dimensional (1‐D) ZnO nanorod (NR) photoelectrodes, which were subsequently used in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effects of ZnO NRs on the omnidirectional light‐harvesting performance of DSSCs were investigated by growing ZnO NRs with varying lengths as photoelectrodes. On the basis of field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet (UV)–vis‐near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy measurements on the ZnO NR photoelectrodes of varying lengths, it was observed that the dye adsorption and light‐scattering properties of NRs are affected by their length. In addition, DSSCs were prepared using ZnO NRs of varying lengths. These DSSCs were examined via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, monochromatic incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency measurements, and solar simulations to measure their photovoltaic efficiencies, carrier lifetimes, and device characteristics in omnidirectional antireflection measurements. The highest photovoltaic efficiency between these DSSCs was 0.33%. Omnidirectional antireflection measurements were performed on DSSCs with different ZnO NR lengths, and it was observed that the smallest change in efficiency between angles of incidence of 0° and 60° was 23%. Therefore, the light‐scattering properties of ZnO NR photoelectrodes improve the omnidirectional antireflection light capture characteristics of DSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Sini Decoction (SND) is composed of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, having been used in China for centuries for collapsing phrase of disease. Studies reported that SND could alleviate inflammatory response, ameliorate microcirculatory disturbances, and improve shock reversal and adrenal gland glucocorticoid stress response during sepsis shock, yet the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is demonstrated to be crucially correlated with the corticosterone secretion and the impaired adrenal glucocorticoid responses in sepsis. Materials and Methods. SND at dose of 10 g/kg (in low-dose SND group, LD-SND) and 20 g/kg (in high-dose SND group, HD-SND) was administered to CLP rats. Four days later, overall survival rates of rats were calculated; rat serum and adrenal glands were collected. Basic serum corticosterone levels were determined, and the increase of corticosterone after 0.8 ug/kg ACTH injection was checked to detect the adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH. The protein and mRNA expression of TLR4 in adrenal glands were measured to study the impact of SND on TLR4 expression. mRNA levels of IL-10 and TNF-a in adrenal glands and IL-10 and TNF-a levels in serum were also determined to study the cytokines profile. Results. SND improved the cumulative survival rate of CLP rats up to 4 days (P < 0.05 with HD-SND) and adrenocortical sensitivity to 0.8 ug/kg ACTH stimulation (P < 0.05 at 60 mins, 31.02 ± 19.23 ng/ml in LD-SND group and 32.18 ± 14.88 ng/ml in HD-SND group versus 5.03 ± 13.34 ng/ml in CLP group), with a significant decrease of protein (P < 0.05, 29.6% in LD-SND group and 27.8% in HD-SND group), mRNA expression of TLR4 (P < 0.05, 32.9% in LD-SND group and 36.1% in HD-SND group), mRNA expression of IL-10 (P < 0.05, 32.0% in LD-SND group and 29.6% in HD-SND group), TNF-a in adrenal glands (P < 0.05, 26.0% in LD-SND group and 25.3% in HD-SND group), and TNF-a level in serum (P < 0.05, 100.20 ± 19.41 pg/ml in LD-SND group and 92.40 ± 11.66 pg/ml in HD-SND group versus 134.40 ± 27.87 pg/ml in CLP group). Conclusion. SND increased overall survival rate within 4 days and attenuated adrenal insufficiency in septic rats by downregulating TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in adrenal tissue, inhibiting adrenal production of TNF-α and IL-10, and improving adrenal responsiveness. Our results suggest that SND is able to ameliorate adrenal stress responses in a local immune-adrenal crosstalk way involving downregulated expression of TLR4 in adrenal tissue. SND might be a promising treatment for adrenal insufficiency prevention in prolonged sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NLG919 ( 1 ) with two chiral carbon atoms on its chemical structure is a potent indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor. We developed an effective way to prepare all stereoisomers of 1 , the key step being the chiral resolution of racemic intermediate 2 . The optimal resolution solvent system was identified as dichloromethane and n -pentane or petroleum ether. Using (−)-di- p -toluoyl- d -tartaric acid as resolution reagent, optical pure ( R )- 2 (e.e. > 99%, yield = 70%) was obtained. The mechanism of chiral resolution was clarified through single-crystal X-ray diffraction of the diastereomeric salt. The absolute configurations of four stereoisomers of 1 were established through electronic circular dichroism spectra, quantum chemical calculation and transition metal method. Their IDO1 inhibitory activity was assessed by pharmacological experiments in vitro and in mouse, demonstrating that S configuration of C5 played an important role on the inhibition of IDO1, while the stereochemistry on C2′ exerted little effect on the IDO1 inhibitory activity in mouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome flanking regions surrounding transcription start sites (TSSs) are critical for the regulation of gene expression, containing many translational regulatory elements. To investigate whether critical single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exist around TSSs in the dairy goat genome, we performed high throughput DNA sequencing to compare two dairy goat groups with discrepant litter sizes. After genome mapping, SNP calling, and annotation, we screened the SNPs within 2 kb scales surrounding annotated TSSs in high fecundity (HF) and low fecundity (LF) groups, respectively. We attempted to identify distinct SNPs and motifs near the TSSs in both groups. The SNPs near the TSSs most were consistent; 318 new SNPs were uncovered in the HF group, of which 305 were heterozygote SNPs, 13 were homozygote SNPs, and majority of which were distributed on chromosome 2 and 29. After validation by Sanger sequencing we found that a SNP in CHI16: 27612330 C > A in the PSEN2 gene presented an A/A genotype in the HF group and an A/A or A/C genotype in the LF group. In conclusion, our study provides insightful information into the dairy goat genomic variations surrounding TSSs, which may contribute to enhanced litter size. Based on comparison studies of SNPs exist around transcription start sites between high fecundity group and low fecundity group. Our finding provides insights concerning the goat litter size phenotypic and will promote future goat breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In some fish species, it is difficult to distinguish mature females from immature females or females that have already spawned via appearance or other convenient methods. Few studies have investigated plasma metabolite profiling for the prediction of fish maturation. Objectives: We investigated the comprehensive metabolic profiles of plasma among immature females and mature females ready to spawn, as well as already spawned breeders of blunt snout bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala). The purpose of this study was to screen out potential biomarkers for sexually mature female M. amblycephala compared to immature female individuals and already spawned breeders. Methods: Three groups were set up in this study, which included 1-year-old immature females, 2-year-old sexually mature females ready to spawn and successfully spawned females of M. amblycephala. Plasma samples were collected to investigate comprehensive metabolic profiles through UPLC-MS/MS based on a metabolomics analysis method. Results: According to multivariate and univariate statistical analysis, plasma metabolite profiles of the three groups were clearly separated. The differential plasma metabolites from three hormone related pathways including the GnRH signaling pathway, steroid hormone biosynthesis and steroid biosynthesis, were analyzed. A total of 29 metabolites were identified as differential biomarkers associated with the female maturation status. Conclusion: The identified potential biomarkers could be useful in separating mature M. amblycephala from immature individuals or ovulation-induced female individuals, which would allow for more effective artificial breeding. The results may contribute to a better understanding of the maturation mechanisms of fish in the aspect of metabolomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lethal-7 (let-7) miRNA, known as one of the first founding miRNAs, is present in multiple copies in a genome and has diverse functions in animals. In this study, comparative genomic analysis of let-7 miRNAs members in fish species indicated that let-7 miRNA is a sequence conserved family in fish, while different species have the variable gene copy numbers. Among the ten members including let-7a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j, the let-7a precursor sequence was more similar to ancestral sequences, whereas other let-7 miRNA members were separate from the late differentiation of let-7a. The mostly predicted target genes of let-7 miRNAs are involved in biological process, especially developmental process and growth through Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. In order to identify the possible different functions of these ten miRNAs in fish growth development, their expression levels were quantified in adult males and females of Megalobrama amblycephala, as well as in 3-, 6-, and 12-months-old individuals with relatively slow- and fast-growth rates. These ten miRNAs had similar tissue expression patterns between males and females, with higher expression levels in the brain and pituitary than that in other tissues (p < 0.05). Among these miRNAs, the relative expression level of let-7a was the highest among almost all the tested tissues, followed by let-7b, let-7d and let-7c/e/f/g/h/i/j. As to the groups with different growth rates, the expression levels of let-7 miRNAs in pituitary and brain from the slow-growth group were always significantly higher than that in the fast-growth group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that let-7 miRNA members could play an important role in the regulation of growth development in M. amblycephala through negatively regulating expression of their target genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer which is widely used in the manufacture of plastics. As a common environmental contaminant and recognized endocrine disrupting chemical, DEHP is able to deregulate the functions of a variety of tissues, including the reproductive system both in males and females. In order to investigate the possible effects of DEHP on the first wave of folliculogenesis, occurring in the mouse ovary postnatally, mice were administered 20 or 40 μg/kg DEHP through intraperitoneal injection at days 5, 10 and 15 post partum (dpp). Following DEHP treatment the gene expression profile of control and exposed ovaries was compared by microarray analyses at 20 dpp. We found that in the exposed ovaries DEHP significantly altered the transcript levels of several immune response and steroidogenesis associated genes. In particular, DEHP significantly decreased the expression of genes essential for androgen synthesis by theca cells including Lhcgr, Cyp17a1, Star and Ldlr. Immunohistochemistry and immune flow cytometry confirmed reduced expression of LHCGR and CYP17A1 proteins in the exposed theca cells. These effects were associated to a significant reduction in ovarian concentrations of progesterone, 17β-estradiol and androstenedione along with a reduction of LH in the serum. Although we did not find a significant reduction of the number of primary, secondary or antral follicles in the DEHP exposed ovaries when compared to controls, we did observe that theca cells showed an altered structure of the nuclear envelope, fewer mitochondria, and mitochondria with a reduced number of cristae. Collectively, these results demonstrate a deleterious effect of DEHP exposure on ovarian steroidogenesis during the first wave of folliculogenesis that could potentially affect the correct establishment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the onset of puberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycrystalline Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) thin films were directly deposited on Mo-coated glass substrates by evaporation and following selenization. Single-phase CZTSe films were formed in the temperature range of 480–540 °C, with a selenization step of 30 min. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy revealed that these thin films exhibited high crystallinity and strong preferential orientation along the (112) direction, confirming the presence of the kesterite CZTSe phase. The films prepared at temperatures above 520 °C showed many voids at the bottom of the CZTSe absorber layer, due to Sn loss during high-temperature growth, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses. The band gaps (Eg) of the CZTSe thin films, which were obtained by photoluminescence spectroscopy, varied from 0.88 to 0.93 eV, depending on the SnSex loss during selenization. The solar cell fabricated with the CZTSe film grown at 500 °C showed the best conversion efficiency of 7.18%, with an open-circuit voltage of 0.38 V, a short-circuit current density of 42.34 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 44%. Further improvements in the microstructure and Sn loss of CZTSe films may increase the efficiency of the CZTSe solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, CuInSe2 (CISe) thin films were prepared from thermally evaporated Cu/In precursors, having various Cu/In atomic ratio, under the same selenization conditions. The precursors were converted into CISe absorber by annealing in a quartz tube furnace in the selenium vapours at substrate temperature of 500 °C. We developed four CISe films with Cu/In atomic ratio of 0.81-1.19, denoted as Cu-very rich, Cu-rich, Cu-poor, and Cu-very poor CISe thin films respectively. The effects of Cu/In atomic ratio on grain size, surface morphology, micro-structure and defect formation of the resulting CISe films were examined. It has been found that the photovoltaic properties were strongly related to Cu concentration, as well as carrier transport mechanism. Defects at the surface and in the bulk of CISe thin films were observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, XRD revealed that the CISe film surface had a preferred orientation along the (112) plane. The XRD intensity and full width at half maximum of the (112) plane of CISe varied according to the Cu/In atomic ratio. Our experimental results show that the Cu-rich solar cell achieves conversion efficiency of 4.55% and exhibits an exceptional high short-circuit current density. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multimode interference (MMI) fiber optics angle sensor based on a cyclic transparent amorphous fluoropolymer (CYTOP) multimode fiber is reported Two silica single-mode fibers (SMFs) are glued to a segment of CYTOP fiber to form a single-mode-multimode-single-mode structure that produces an MMI spectrum. The centers of the SMF and the CYTOP fiber are aligned using the translation stage of the fiber fusion splicer in manual mode. The angle sensing mechanism based on MMI theory is investigated and experimentally verified. A large measurement range of 110° and a linear sensitivity of 36.2 pm/deg is demonstrated. The angle measurement is humidity-insensitive due to the weak moisture absorption of the CYTOP fiber and the design of sensor packaging. • A CYTOP fiber-based SMS structure is reported for humidity-insensitive angle measurement. Two silica SMFs are glued to both ends of the CYTOP fiber using optical adhesive to form the SMS structure. • A large measurement range of 110° and a linear sensitivity of 36.2 pm/deg is obtained, which is better than that of silica MMF-based sensor. • Thanks to the weak moisture absorption of CYTOP and the design of the sensor packaging, humidity-insensitive angle measurement is realized. • The measurement results are affected by the ambient temperature, but the thermal fluctuations induced angle error can be eliminated effectively by introducing temperature compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zearalenone (ZEA), one of the mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi, impacts porcine reproduction by interfering with the estrogen signaling pathway. Previous studies have shown that ZEA inhibits porcine oocyte maturation through the formation of aberrant spindle. To explore the effect of ZEA on porcine oocyte meiotic maturation, the extent of both nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation was examined in this study. Compared with control group, presence of ZEA (3 μM) during oocyte maturation, significantly inhibited the polar body extrusions from 71% to 51%, and significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level (12.01 vs. 5.89). Intracellular glutathione (GSH) content in ZEA treatment group was lower than in the control group (1.08 pmol/oocyte vs. 0.18 pmol/oocyte), and cortical granules of cortical area distributed oocytes were reduced (88% vs. 62%). ZEA decreases cumulus expansion in both morphology and mRNA level ( HAS2 , PTX3 , TNFAIP6 and CX43 ). Addition of N-acetyl- l -cysteine (NAC) to the oocyte maturation media reversed the ZEA-induced inhibition of polar body extrusion (from 69% to 81%), up-regulated ROS (from 7.9 to 6.5), down-regulated GSH content (from 0.16 to 0.82 pmol/oocyte) and recovered cumulus cells expansion in morphology and mRNA level. It is concluded that ZEA affects both oocyte nucleus and cytoplasmic maturation during in vitro maturation, and NAC can reverse these damages to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is a global major health problem in great need for more effective therapy. For thousands of years, Rhubarb had been used for various diseases including severe infection. Pharmacological studies and trials reported that Rhubarb may be effective in treating sepsis, but the efficacy and the quality of evidence remain unclear since there is no systematic review on Rhubarb for sepsis. The present study is the first systematic review of Rhubarb used for the treatment of experimental sepsis in both English and Chinese literatures by identifying 27 studies from 7 databases. It showed that Rhubarb might be effective in reducing injuries in gastrointestinal tract, lung, and liver induced by sepsis, and its potential mechanisms might include reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, ameliorating microcirculatory disturbance, and maintaining immune balance. Yet the positive findings should be interpreted with caution due to poor methodological quality. In a word, Rhubarb might be a promising candidate that is worth further clinical and experimental trials for sepsis therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The education of the disadvantaged population has been a long-standing challenge to education systems in both developed and developing countries. Although computer-assisted learning (CAL) has been considered one alternative to improve learning outcomes in a cost-effective way, the empirical evidence of its impacts on improving learning outcomes is mixed. This paper uses a randomized field experiment to explore the effects of CAL on student academic and non-academic outcomes for students in migrant schools in Beijing. Our results show that a remedial CAL program held out of regular school hours improved the student standardized math scores by 0.15 standard deviations and most of the program effect took place within 2 months after the start of the program. Students with less-educated parents benefited more from the program. Moreover, CAL also significantly increased the students’ interest in learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We compare academic performance, Student background and school quality between Beijing migrant schools, rural public schools and urban public schools. [•] We employ multivariate regression to explore contributors to the achievement gap between students in migrant schools and those in rural schools. [•] Due to better backgrounds, migrant students outperform rural students academically. [•] Students in Beijing migrant schools gradually lose ground to rural students due to the poorer school resources and teacher quality. [•] Given access to better educational resources, migrant school students may be able to significantly improve their performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, a radio-frequency magnetron sputter system was used to deposit Al2O3 doped ZnO (AZO) thin films at room temperature, and the soda lime glass (SLG) substrates were placed at different zones relative to the center of the sample holder under the target. The samples were then analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer, Hall-effect measurement system, UV-visible spectrophotometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the electrical, structural, and optical properties of AZO films strongly depend on the target racetrack. The AZO thin film grown at a location outside the racetrack not only has the most suitable figure of merit for transparent conductive films, but also retains the least residual stress, which makes it the most suitable candidate for use as a CZTSe transparent conductive layer. When applied to CZTSe solar cells, the photoelectric efficiency is 3.56%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper(II)-containing aluminum phosphate material (CuAPO-5) was synthesized hydrothermally and used as a multiphase catalyst for the oxidation of α-pinene to verbenone. The catalysts were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ammonia temperature programmed reduction (NH3-TPD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy spectrometry (EDS), inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) were performed to characterize the material. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, n(α-pinene)/n(TBHP), and solvent on the catalytic performance of CuAPO-5 were investigated. The results show that all the prepared catalysts have AFI topology and a large specific surface area. Copper is evenly distributed in the skeleton in a bivalent form. The introduction of copper increases the acid content of the catalyst. Under the optimized reaction conditions, 96.8% conversion of α-pinene and 46.4% selectivity to verbenone were achieved by CuAPO-5(0.06) molecular sieve within a reaction time of 12 h. CuAPO-5(0.06) can be recycled for five cycles without losing the conversion of α-pinene and the selectivity to verbenone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking No. 3 coal in Qinshui Basin as research object, factors such as solid phase of drilling fluid, water sensitivity, stress sensitivity, scaling, capillarity and polymer plugging which maybe damage coal reservoir were researched during coalbed methane drilling. Sample results analyzed show that No. 3 coal reservoir has low porosity and low permeability, high content of clay mineral. Lab evaluation results show water sensitivity, scaling, solid phase invasion of drilling fluid and polymer plugging are factors which induce the coal reservoir damage. Drilling fluid which has suitable salinity, suitable density, anti-scaling, and removable drilling fluid agents can protect coal reservoir from damage during drilling for pinnate horizontal wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the d-serine ammonia lyase ( dsdA) gene from Escherichia coli was evaluated as a selectable marker for maize transformation. Plants are incapable of utilizing the D-form of most amino acids, and d-serine has recently been demonstrated to be phytoinhibitory to plant growth. d-Serine ammonia lyase detoxifies d-serine via a substrate-specific reaction to pyruvate, ammonia, and water. d-Serine inhibits germination of isolated maize immature embryos and growth of embryogenic callus from wild-type plants at concentrations about approx. 2-15 mM. Transgenic plants were recovered in the presence of d-serine in tissue culture media with dsdA as the selection marker at efficiencies comparable to using a mutated acetohydroxy acid synthase selection marker gene and selection in the presence of imidazolinone herbicides. Immature embryos infected with an Agrobacterium strain containing an acetohydroxy acid synthase gene construct without dsdA did not yield any transgenic events on the selection medium with 10 mM d-serine, indicating that d-serine provided selection tight enough to prevent escapes. Molecular analysis confirmed the integration of the dsdA gene into the genome of the transgenic plants. No adverse phenotypes were observed in the greenhouse, and expression of the dsdA marker had no affect on agronomic characteristics or grain yield in multi-location field trials. Seed compositional analysis demonstrated no significant differences in the contents of seed protein, starch, fatty acids, fiber, phytic acid, and free amino acids between transgenic and non-transgenic control plants. These data indicate that the dsdA gene is properly expressed in maize and the d-serine ammonia lyase (DSDA) enzyme functions appropriately to metabolize d-serine during in vitro selection. Preliminary safety assessments indicated that no adverse affects would be expected if humans were exposed to the DSDA protein in the diet from an allergenicity or toxicity perspective. The dsdA gene in combination with phytoinhibitory levels of d-serine represents a new and effective selectable marker system for maize transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, we report the studies on the hetero-epitaxial growth of wurtzite indium nitride (InN) thin films on oxide buffer layer by RF metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy (RF-MOMBE) system. Oxide buffer layer was pre-sputtered using RF sputtering technique. The structural properties and surface morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). We also investigated the optical properties by temperature-dependence photoluminescence (PL). Near-infrared emission peak centered at 0.75eV was observed from PL measurement. The irregular and asymmetric PL line shape was caused by absorbed moisture and surface electron accumulation in InN films. According to the fitting results of PL spectra measured at 20K, we could estimate the bandgap and Fermi level is 0.65eV and 113meV, which confirm to previous reports. Our results reveal that the oxide thin film could be a suitable buffer layer for engineering the growth of InN on sapphire wafer, and it might be also applicable for other lattice-mismatched III-V hetero-epitaxial systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, high-quality wurtzite indium nitride was epi-grown on sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted metal-organic molecule beam epitaxy system (PA-MOMBE). Structural and electrical properties of the InN films were significantly improved by employing a GaN buffer layer. In addition, high-resolution X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Hall Effect, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy were carried out to characterize the effect of the growth temperature on structural and optoelectronic properties. It was found that highly c-axis oriented InN epilayer can be obtained by optimizing growth conditions. TEM images reveal that the epitaxially grown InN/GaN interface is sharp, and the spacing of the InN(0002) lattice plane is about 0.57nm. Raman spectra also show a sharp peak at 491cm−1 attributed to the E2(high) mode of wurtzite InN. These results indicate that the improvement of InN material quality can be achieved using heteroepitaxy on GaN/sapphire templates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with naturally textured surfaces were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A naturally textured p-GaN surface layer was fabricated by controlling the growth temperature. The output power of light from the naturally textured surface GaN-based LED, whose p-GaN layer was grown at 850°C, was 48.6% higher than that from a commercial GaN-based LED. The GaN-based LED with a naturally textured surface and a thick p-GaN layer with a thickness of 300nm, which was grown at a high growth temperature, exhibited improved electrostatic discharge (ESD) resistance and could resist a reverse bias voltage of as high as 3500V. The experimental results demonstrate that the naturally textured growth method combined with a p-GaN layer grown at high temperature is suitable for manufacturing high-efficient low-cost GaN-based LEDs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We have investigated the effects of III/V ratio on the properties of InN films grown on sapphire substrates with oxide buffer by metalorganic molecular-beam epitaxy. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the InN films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Hall-effect and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Near-infrared emission peaks between 0.74 and 0.78eV were observed. On increasing the III/V flux ratio, the PL emission peak red-shifted that is related to the reduction in carrier concentration. In addition, the PL spectra show an abnormal behavior with increase in temperature. The temperature-dependence PL spectra exhibit blue-shift as the temperature increased up to 150K and then red-shift, reflecting a competition between the blue-shift induced by thermal screening and the red-shift induced by electron–phonon interaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: GaN-based LEDs with photonic crystal (PhC) patterns on an n- and a p-GaN layer by nano-imprint lithography (NIL) are fabricated and investigated. At a driving current of 20mA on Transistor Outline (TO)-can package, the light output power of the GaN-based LED with PhC patterns on an n- and a p-GaN layer is enhanced by a factor of 1.30, and the wall-plug efficiency is increased by 24%. In addition, the higher output power of the LED with PhC patterns on the n- and p-GaN layer is due to better crystal quality on n-GaN and higher scattering effect on p-GaN surface using PhC pattern structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Using one cohort of 7235 middle school students in Beijing, China, we examined the evolution of the gender achievement gap in middle school. Our study found a more significant female dominance than in U.S. studies: even though boys gradually caught up during middle school, especially in Math and Science, and the gender achievement gap decreased over the distribution of test scores, girls outperformed boys throughout primary and middle school and in each quartile of the performance distribution. As well, girls had a more positive school experience than boys, and boys had a higher dropout rate by the end of middle school. Despite significant gender differences in various important characteristics that have explained the gender achievement gap in the U.S., in our study, primary school test scores seemed to be the only significant source of the gender achievement gap at the end of middle school, indicating the importance of early intervention. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: One major concern with public school open enrollment programs is the potential for parents’ school selection errors to adversely affect their children''s academic achievement. In this study of the Beijing middle school open enrollment program, we estimate the degree to which children''s school outcomes were negatively affected by the poor choices their parents made during the school selection process. We do this by examining parents’ responses to a survey on school choices combined with actual school applications, school admission records, and High School Entrance Examination test scores for 4717 students entering middle schools in Beijing via randomized lotteries. We find that the children of parents who made judgment errors in school selection were admitted to lower quality schools and achieved lower test scores on the High School Entrance Examination. Parents who had less education, whose children performed at lower levels in primary school, and who were less attentive to teachers’ opinions about schools were more prone to make these errors. Providing assistance to parents, especially those less prepared to make informed choices about school selection, is consequently important for supporting more efficient and equitable open enrollment programs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Self-assembled high-density gallium nitride (GaN) nanorod arrays have been grown on (0001) Al2O3 substrates by metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE) using radio-frequency radical nitrogen. The corresponding microstructure and optical properties of nanorods were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman (μ-Raman) spectroscopy and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL). It was found that the length and diameter of nanorods varies with the growth temperatures, and the rod number density can reach around 1010 cm−2. HRTEM and corresponding diffraction patterns have revealed that the GaN nanorods have a dislocation-free, single-crystal hexagonal wurtzite structure. μ-Raman scattering reveals that the self-assembled nanorods are strain free in consistent with XRD and HRTEM results. In particular, the PL spectra show an abnormal behavior with increasing temperature. The so-called “S-shape” behavior, a red–blue–red shift of emission peak with increasing temperature, might result from the fluctuation in compositional contents or crystallographic defects. In contrast to previous works, the process requires neither catalyst nor the effect of nanometer-sized confinement such as carbon nanotubes. These strain-free GaN nanorods may find many important applications on the future development of optical nanodevices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, we report the catalyst-free growth of n-type wurtzite InN, along with its optical properties and carrier dynamics of different surface dimensionalities. The self-catalyzed epitaxial growth of InN nanorods grown by metal–organic molecular-beam epitaxy on GaN/Al2O3(0001) substrates has been demonstrated. The substrate temperature is dominant in controlling the growth of nanorods. A dramatic morphological change from 2D-like to 1D nanorods occurs with decreasing growth temperature. The InN nanorods have a low dislocation density and good crystalline quality, compared with InN films. In terms of optical properties, the nanorod structure exhibits strong recombination of Mahan excitons in luminescence, and an obvious spatial correlation effect in phonon dispersion. The downward band structure at the nanorod surface leads to the photon energy-dependent lifetime being upshifted to the high-energy side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The temperature dependence of optical properties of InGaAsN/GaAs single-quantum wells grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with N contents varied from 0% to 5.3% was investigated by photoluminescence (PL). The evolution of the peak positions of InGaAs/GaAs sample are in agreement with the empirical Varshni model. However, pronounced temperature-dependent S-shaped peak positions and N-shaped linewidth were observed in PL spectra while increasing nitrogen concentration. The activation energy of InGaAsN/GaAs single quantum well (SQWs) is observed to decrease with nitrogen incorporation, which is contrary to the expectation of the bandgap reduction. This phenomenon suggests that the existence of defect-related nonradiative processes is due to nitrogen incorporation. The results of measurement demonstrate that the nitrogen incorporation into the InGaAsN has strong influence not only on carrier localization but also on the optical quality. In addition, the growth of high nitrogen content (5.3%) shows that the InGaAsN might be the potential candidate for long-wavelength optoelectronic devices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A solid-state coordination reaction was adopted to prepare negative temperature coefficient ceramics. A mixed oxalate NiMn2(C2O4)3·6H2O, a coordination compound, was synthesized by milling a mixture of nickel acetate, manganese acetate, and oxalic acid for 5 h at room temperature. An ultrafine NiMn2O4 powder was obtained by calcining the mixed oxalate in air at 850°C for 2 h. Ceramics with a relative density of more than 97% were achieved by sintering powder compacts at a temperature as low as 1050°C for 5 h. The specific electrical resistivity ρ25°C and the thermal constant B25°/85°C were 2174 Ω·cm and 3884 K, respectively. The drift of the resistivity after aging at 150°C for 1000 h was 3.0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrated the enhancement in the performance of proton-implanted GaAs VCSEL by incorporation of a new p-contact scheme using a Ti and ITO transparent overcoating on the regular p-contact. The kink characteristics in light output power versus current (L–I) curve of the VCSEL with the Ti/ITO overcoating were improved with a reduction in the derivative kink factor of as large as 70%. The high-speed response of the overcoated device also shows a more open clear eye and lower jitter of 35ps operating at 2.125Gb/s under 10mA bias and 9dB extinction ratio compared to the no overcoated device. Better current spreading and uniformity induced by the overcoating could be responsible for these performance improvements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we report a novel implanted vertical surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) utilizing silicon implantation induced disordering. The VCSELs exhibit kink-free current–light output performance with threshold currents ∼2.4 mA, and the slope efficiencies ∼0.45 W/A. The threshold current change with temperature is minimal and the slope efficiency drops less than ∼30% when the substrate temperature is raised to 90 °C. The eye diagram of VCSEL operating at 2.125 Gb/s with 7 mA bias and 10 dB extinction ratio shows very clean eye with jitter less than 30 ps. We have accumulated life test data up to 5000 h at 100 °C/20 mA with exceptional reliability and the WHTOL (high temperature and high humidity 85 °C/85 operating lifetime) biased at 8 mA has passed over 2000 h. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new member of the pea (Pisum sativum L.) defensin gene family (DRR230-c) was isolated and characterized. In the absence of pathogen infection, transcripts from this gene and that encoding a related defensin (DRR230-a) were detected at a relatively high level in several tissues with the exception of immature pods. Expression of these genes was activated in young pods, and further elevated in mature foliar tissues, following challenge with the fungal pathogen Ascochyta pinodes, as well as with compatible, incompatible and non-host races of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Induction of the defensin genes paralleled that of several known pathogenesis-related genes, including a PR-10 homolog and β-1, 3-glucanase. Pathogen-induced defensin gene activation appeared to occur only in the infected tissues, and not systemically throughout the plant. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing either of the two pea defensin genes under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were generated. When compared to partially purified peptide extracts from untransformed tobacco plants, those from transgenic plants possessed a significantly higher potential to reduce the growth of several phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The thermochromic properties of vanadium dioxide (VO 2) hold great promise for applications in smart glass windows. VO 2 films exhibit a high phase transition temperature (T c), low visible transmission (T lum), and low solar modulating ability (ΔT sol), making them inadequate for the requirements of smart glass windows. While some improvement in VO 2 film performance can be achieved through single-element doping, these limited enhancements still fall short of ideal results. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the improvement of VO 2 films. In this study, we utilized the sol-gel method to prepare VO 2 samples simultaneously doped with three elements: W, Sn, and Zr. Microscopic characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of these elements. Optical measurements, including ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared spectroscopy, were conducted to assess the optical properties of the films. Ultimately, outstanding T lum (69%) and ΔT sol (14%) were achieved, along with an appropriate T c (27.6 °C). Energy consumption simulations were performed using the EnergyPlus model with experimental data, revealing that compared to conventional glass, VO 2 glass reduces total cooling energy consumption by 9.8%. In comparison to previous work, the multi-element-doped films push the performance limits of VO 2 films, offering a viable approach for fabricating superior VO 2 smart glass windows. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) is an excellent antioxidant that is easily oxidized to 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroperoxyl-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHTOOH). For the safety of BHT production and usage, it is meaningful to study the thermal stability and decomposition properties of BHT and BHTOOH. In this paper, the thermal decomposition properties of BHT and BHTOOH were compared by the mini closed pressure vessel test (MCPVT) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Their kinetics of thermal decomposition were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermal decomposition products of BHT and BHTOOH were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results show that there was no significant change in temperature pressure when BHT was warmed up under a nitrogen atmosphere, indicating that BHT was stable within 400 K. The thermal decomposition reaction of BHTOOH was rapid with an initial reaction temperature of 375.2 K. The initial exothermic temperature (Ti) and heat release (QDSC) of DSC were 384.9 K and 865.0 J g−1, respectively. The apparent activation energies (Ea) for the thermal decomposition reactions of BHT and BHTOOH calculated by the Kissinger method were 151.8 kJ mol−1 and 66.07 kJ mol−1, respectively. The main decomposition products of BHT were isobutene and 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol. The thermal decomposition products of BHTOOH included BHT, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4,4′-(1,2-ethanediyl) bis [2,6-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol, etc. Based on the thermal decomposition behavior and products, the reaction pathway has been described. These results indicate that BHT is a potential thermal hazard during production, storage and application. For the safety of the chemical industry, the oxidation of BHT should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the optical properties and carrier dynamics of different surface dimensionality n-type wurtzite InN with various carrier concentrations using photoluminescence (PL) and an energy-dependent, time-resolved photoluminescence (ED-TRPL) analysis. Experimental results indicated that the InN morphology can be controlled by the growth temperature, from one-dimensional (1D) nanorods to two-dimensional (2D) films. Moreover, donor-like nitrogen vacancy (VN) is responsible for the increase in carrier concentration due to the lowest formation energies in the n-type InN samples. The PL results also reveal that the energies of emission peaks are higher in the InN samples with 2D features than that with 1D features. These anomalous transitions are explained as the recombination of Mahan excitons and localized holes, and further proved by a theoretical model, activation energy and photon energy-dependent lifetime analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel interpenetrating system including amorphous polystyrene/polyurethane and multiwall carbon nanotubes (PS/PU-MWCNTs) was in-situ constructed by the homogeneous bulk polymerization. The ultralow percolation threshold (about 0.01 wt%) and high electrical conductivity were achieved owing to the unique conductive networks of MWCNTs in the interconnected "island chain" of PU. Surprisingly, the high positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect of resistivity of amorphous PS/PU-MWCNTs composites, which was caused by the polymer segment motion, was achieved, such as PTC intensity of six orders of magnitude, fantastic reproducibility and favorable mechanical properties. Finally, this work provided a new promising in the development of excellent PTC materials. Unlabelled Image • Interpenetrating polymer composites were constructed by homogeneous bulk polymerization. • Unique conductive networks of MWCNTs in the interconnected PU "island chain" were formed. • Ultra-low percolation threshold in composites were achieved. • The high PTC effect and fantastic reproducibility were achieved surprisingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chemical solution method was used to separately fabricate one-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) and two-dimensional (2D) ZnO nanoflowers (NFs) on photoelectrodes for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). ZnO nanostructures (NSs) with different dimensions were grown on the photoelectrodes, and the effects of the NSs on the omnidirectional light-harvesting characteristics of the DSSCs and their bandgap were evaluated. The crystal structures and morphologies of the ZnO NSs were analysed using X-ray diffraction analysis and field-emission scanning electron microscopy, while their dye-adsorption characteristics were determined using an ultraviolet–visible–near infrared spectrometer. In addition, the finite-difference time-domain method was used to simulate the effects of the dimensions of the NSs on their light-scattering properties. The photoelectrodes with the ZnO NSs with different dimensions were then used to construct DSSCs, which were tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as well as with a monochromatic incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency measurement system and a solar simulator. Furthermore, with an increase in the incidence angle, the light-conversion efficiency of the 1D ZnO NRs reduced by 63.6% while that of the 2D ZnO NFs reduced only by 12%. Thus, DSSCs based on the 2D ZnO NFs are capable of capturing multidirectional incident light and hence ideal for use under scattered-light conditions. • The ZnO nanoflowers exhibited better dye adsorption properties and a higher haze value than the ZnO nanorods. • FDTD simulations results were found to be consistent with those of actual light-scattering easurements. • DSSC with ZnO nanoflowers was only decreasing 12 % at the high incident-angle and is suitable for wide-angle applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]