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Understanding genetic architecture of plasma lipidome could provide better insights into lipid metabolism and its link to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Here, we perform genome-wide association analyses of 141 lipid species (n = 2,181 individuals), followed by phenome-wide scans with 25 CVD related phenotypes (n = 511,700 individuals). We identify 35 lipid-species-associated loci (P <5 ×10-8), 10 of which associate with CVD risk including five new loci-COL5A1, GLTPD2, SPTLC3, MBOAT7 and GALNT16 (false discovery rate<0.05). We identify loci for lipid species that are shown to predict CVD e.g., SPTLC3 for CER(d18:1/24:1). We show that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) may more efficiently hydrolyze medium length triacylglycerides (TAGs) than others. Polyunsaturated lipids have highest heritability and genetic correlations, suggesting considerable genetic regulation at fatty acids levels. We find low genetic correlations between traditional lipids and lipid species. Our results show that lipidomic profiles capture information beyond traditional lipids and identify genetic variants modifying lipid levels and risk of CVD.

Sophisticated control systems require sufficient and reliable information about the process to be controlled. At the Pyhasalmi concentrator in Finland two novel measuring devices, a particle size indicator (PSI) and a mill level monitor (MLM), have led to significant progress in the control of the grinding circuit. The PSI and MLM measurements have brought additional information about the process. The PSI is a prerequisite for determining the overall grinding circuit efficiency and the design of the integrated grinding and flotation control system. The MLM measurement has enabled studies on the volumetric filling of a mill to be used for maximising mill throughput. The operating principles of the PSI and MLM devices are described. The results of a metallurgical pre-control audit are discussed and the design of the integrated control system is outlined., Sophisticated control systems require sufficient and reliable information about the process to be controlled. At the Pyhasalmi concentrator in Finland two novel measuring devices, a particle size indicator (PSI) and a mill level monitor (MLM), have led to significant progress in the control of the grinding circuit. The PSI and MLM measurements have brought additional information about the process. The PSI is a prerequisite for determining the overall grinding circuit efficiency and the design of the integrated grinding and flotation control system. The MLM measurement has enabled studies on the volumetric filling of a mill to be used for maximising mill throughput. The operating principles of the PSI and MLM devices are described. The results of a metallurgical pre-control audit are discussed and the design of the integrated control system is outlined.

The Outokumpu potential controlled flotation, OK-PCF method has had eight years of industrial use. The hydrophobicity of the mineral surface is sensitive to the electrochemical potential of the mineral, and other factors such as particle size, mixing conditions and froth properties affect grade and recovery. In the OK-PCF method all these chemical and physical factors are taken into consideration. By the use of mineral electrodes the chemical and physical factors can be controlled precisely. Examples discussed include the chemistry of copper flotation, nickel, iron and copper sulphide ore from the Hitura mine, zinc, lead and copper from the Vihanti mine, and oxidised copper ores., The Outokumpu potential controlled flotation, OK-PCF method has had eight years of industrial use. The hydrophobicity of the mineral surface is sensitive to the electrochemical potential of the mineral, and other factors such as particle size, mixing conditions and froth properties affect grade and recovery. In the OK-PCF method all these chemical and physical factors are taken into consideration. By the use of mineral electrodes the chemical and physical factors can be controlled precisely. Examples discussed include the chemistry of copper flotation, nickel, iron and copper sulphide ore from the Hitura mine, zinc, lead and copper from the Vihanti mine, and oxidised copper ores.

The ChaCo project has the objective of identifying and utilising new parameters for the flotation process from froth image inspection, and integrating them with commonly-used control variables. New software tools and algorithms for process control have been developed: online analyser for froth colour and structure, online froth classifier, mathematical models correlating the visual characteristics of the froth with the process variables, and control methods using machine vision. Specific parts of the system can be used - for example, the froth analyser and/or classifier allows the serious disturbances due to incorrect reagent additions to be eliminated. Prototypes have been installed in the Garpenberg (Sweden) and Pyhasalmi (Finland) plants., The ChaCo project has the objective of identifying and utilising new parameters for the flotation process from froth image inspection, and integrating them with commonly-used control variables. New software tools and algorithms for process control have been developed: online analyser for froth colour and structure, online froth classifier, mathematical models correlating the visual characteristics of the froth with the process variables, and control methods using machine vision. Specific parts of the system can be used - for example, the froth analyser and/or classifier allows the serious disturbances due to incorrect reagent additions to be eliminated. Prototypes have been installed in the Garpenberg (Sweden) and Pyhasalmi (Finland) plants.

Semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) circuits are the most commonly used, although fully-autogenous grinding (AG) is popular in Europe and South Africa. In North America AG circuits are often rejected as too risky. SAG circuits have lower capital costs and simple operation, but require the use of grinding balls which increase operating cost and decrease circuit availability. An AG circuit may produce a higher net present value, but is more complex to design and operate. Operating experience suggests that an AG circuit can be as trouble-free as a SAG circuit with the benefit of lower operating costs. It is shown that the economics of autogenous grinding are favourable even in a high-capital- and operating-cost, low-tonnage environment. The benefits may be even greater in a higher-tonnage, low-grade operation. Using AG the net present value can be maximised if a small increase in capital cost can be tolerated., Semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) circuits are the most commonly used, although fully-autogenous grinding (AG) is popular in Europe and South Africa. In North America AG circuits are often rejected as too risky. SAG circuits have lower capital costs and simple operation, but require the use of grinding balls which increase operating cost and decrease circuit availability. An AG circuit may produce a higher net present value, but is more complex to design and operate. Operating experience suggests that an AG circuit can be as trouble-free as a SAG circuit with the benefit of lower operating costs. It is shown that the economics of autogenous grinding are favourable even in a high-capital- and operating-cost, low-tonnage environment. The benefits may be even greater in a higher-tonnage, low-grade operation. Using AG the net present value can be maximised if a small increase in capital cost can be tolerated.

The liquid phase of flotation tailings at Pyhasalmi concentrating plant in Finland was analysed on-line with a Murtac OMT 20 DX process titrator. Potentiometric titration processes were implemented in the analyser for quantitative analysis of organic collectors, xanthates, Ca+Mg and sulphates. Variations in concentration of these species in tailings waters from the pyrite and copper circuits was monitored for a month, during which the titrator operated reliably and proved capable of analysing multiple components from the same sample as well as organic process chemicals. In future tests, sampling will need careful planning as it seems to have a major effect on titrations., The liquid phase of flotation tailings at Pyhasalmi concentrating plant in Finland was analysed on-line with a Murtac OMT 20 DX process titrator. Potentiometric titration processes were implemented in the analyser for quantitative analysis of organic collectors, xanthates, Ca+Mg and sulphates. Variations in concentration of these species in tailings waters from the pyrite and copper circuits was monitored for a month, during which the titrator operated reliably and proved capable of analysing multiple components from the same sample as well as organic process chemicals. In future tests, sampling will need careful planning as it seems to have a major effect on titrations.

The Finnish plant, with copper, zinc, pyrite and lead flotation circuits, has served as a test site for a variety of Outokumpu's new mineral processing equipment. The first Courier 300 on-stream analyser system started operation in 1968, digital computer control began in 1970 and three generations of Proscon systems have been used at the site to date. The basic analysers still have most of their original components left. Analysis of the 28 sample lines is performed by a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence system, with the flow geometry of the sample cell designed to provide a good representation of all particle size fractions close to the cell window. The intensities are converted to assays in 6-7 mins by calibration equations, with about 1 000 assays/h fed to the Proscon 2100 automation system. Assay availabilities from all sample lines average 98-99% and operating costs are about US, The Finnish plant, with copper, zinc, pyrite and lead flotation circuits, has served as a test site for a variety of Outokumpu's new mineral processing equipment. The first Courier 300 on-stream analyser system started operation in 1968, digital computer control began in 1970 and three generations of Proscon systems have been used at the site to date. The basic analysers still have most of their original components left. Analysis of the 28 sample lines is performed by a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence system, with the flow geometry of the sample cell designed to provide a good representation of all particle size fractions close to the cell window. The intensities are converted to assays in 6-7 mins by calibration equations, with about 1 000 assays/h fed to the Proscon 2100 automation system. Assay availabilities from all sample lines average 98-99% and operating costs are about US

At the Pyhasalmi concentrator in Finland, conversion from rod and ball mills to autogenous grinding began in 1962 and a modified grinding circuit called Outogenius or OG was later developed, with lump and pebble mills. Capacity has increased steadily and power consumption has remained constant. For a low-tonnage, high-grade mining project in a remote location in a developing country, total capital costs with a semiautogenous grinding circuit were estimated at Can, At the Pyhasalmi concentrator in Finland, conversion from rod and ball mills to autogenous grinding began in 1962 and a modified grinding circuit called Outogenius or OG was later developed, with lump and pebble mills. Capacity has increased steadily and power consumption has remained constant. For a low-tonnage, high-grade mining project in a remote location in a developing country, total capital costs with a semiautogenous grinding circuit were estimated at Can

The new HG (high grade) flotation machine was tested in the copper circuit at the Pyhasalmi concentrator in 1988-1989. The design of the lower part of the HG-machine is based on the OK flotation machine to guarantee high recovery. The upper part has been modified, applying the latest knowledge of froth behaviour and froth washing in order to maximise selectivity. The results from Pyhasalmi, including the effects of different variables, show that after one stage of HG cleaning the rougher concentrate is of final grade., The new HG (high grade) flotation machine was tested in the copper circuit at the Pyhasalmi concentrator in 1988-1989. The design of the lower part of the HG-machine is based on the OK flotation machine to guarantee high recovery. The upper part has been modified, applying the latest knowledge of froth behaviour and froth washing in order to maximise selectivity. The results from Pyhasalmi, including the effects of different variables, show that after one stage of HG cleaning the rougher concentrate is of final grade.

A high degree of instrumentation and computer-aided control enables the operators of Outokumpu's Pyhasalmi concentrator to alter plant settings in a way which aims to optimise the economic results obtained. The concentrator flowsheet is described., A high degree of instrumentation and computer-aided control enables the operators of Outokumpu's Pyhasalmi concentrator to alter plant settings in a way which aims to optimise the economic results obtained. The concentrator flowsheet is described.