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One of the most common treatments for lumbar disc herniation and other lumbar disorders is lumbar laminectomy. There may be some unwanted and serious complications with this procedure such as the “failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS)”. Epidural fibrosis (EF), mainly due to fibroblast proliferation, emerges as the main cause of failed back surgery syndrome. According to the current literature and practice techniques, different agents are being used to prevent EF formation. To date there is no single agreed upon treatment method of EF. In this study, dilutional effect of CSF, together with low potassium levels, on primary skin fibroblast cultures was studied as a possible material for EF prevention. CSF at different concentrations (0-100%) were tested to see its effect on Skin fibroblast proliferation. A wound healing assay was also performed to see the effect of CSF on wound healing. The cell proliferation goes up from 24h to 72hr in all CSF percentages from 0-75% but the proliferation was inhibited at 100% CSF. The “wound” is closed successfully in all CSF percentages between 0-75. The 100% CSF fails to completely close the wound. Adverse effects of low concentrations of potassium levels and dilutional effect of CSF may be a promising solution in the prevention of EF. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments are required to characterize its use.

Background One of the important factors affecting the biomechanics of the knee joint is the posterior tibial slope which is the tibial plateau's anatomical inclination toward the posterior of the sagittal plane. This inclination, which affects anterior-posterior stability, is important for the kinematics of the knee joint. Changes in the tibial slope may cause a deficit in the stability and function of the knee joint. We aimed to examine the inclination of the posterior horn of the meniscus and posterior tibial slope in healthy individuals and investigate the effect of body mass index on these measurements. Methodology A total of 34 magnetic resonance images and lateral knee radiographs were evaluated in this study. The study included individuals aged 15 to 78 without a history of previous injury or surgery of their knee. Results In the measurements made on magnetic resonance images, a statistically significant difference was found between 25% lateral meniscus slope (mean ± SD = 28.08 ± 1.88) and 25% medial meniscus slope (mean ± SD = 27.31 ± 1.41) (p = 0.05). At the same time, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.011) was found between 25% medial combined slope (mean ± SD = 29.05 ± 3.80) and 25% lateral combined slope (mean ± SD = 30.62 ± 2.99). There was no statistically significant difference between tibial and meniscus slopes, body mass index, gender, and age. Conclusions Our study results have shown that the 25% lateral meniscus and combined slopes are greater than the 25% medial meniscus slope., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Near East University Scientific Research Ethics Board issued approval YDU/2021-901314. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Yilmaz et al.)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play a key role in physiological processes. However, the imbalance between ROS and antioxidants in favor of the former causes oxidative stress linked to numerous pathologies. Due to its unique attributes, including distinguished permeability and selective antioxidant capability, molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) has become an essential therapeutic agent. Hydrogen Inhalation Therapy (HIT) has come to light as a promising strategy to counteract oxidative stress. In this randomized controlled study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of HIT in reducing blood ROS levels. 37 participants with elevated ROS levels (d-ROMs value > 350 U.CARR) were enrolled in the study. Participants were divided into test and control groups. The test group participants received HIT, and then their blood ROS levels were measured immediately post-treatment and after 24 h. Their results were compared to those of the control group participants who did not undergo HIT. The test group demonstrated a significant reduction in blood ROS levels after the treatment. These findings suggested the efficacy of HIT in reducing oxidative stress., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they do not possess any identifiable conflicting financial interests or personal relationships that may have seemed to impact the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND The greater palatine foramen (GPF) is anatomically located distal to the third maxillary molar tooth, midway between the midline of the palate and the dental arch. The GPF contains the major palatine artery, vein, and nerve, traversing the palatine sulcus. This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical position of the GPF in 93 women and 67 men at a single center in Cyprus using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 160 CBCT scans. Measurements of the GPF's horizontal and vertical diameters, distances from GPF to the incisive foramen, posterior nasal spine, anterior nasal spine, and midaxillary suture, and positional relationships to molars were recorded. Statistical analyses compared these measurements between males and females. RESULTS The study included 93 females and 67 males with an average age of 46.6 (±11.6) years. Significant sex differences were observed in most GPF measurements, with males showing larger dimensions such as the anterior nasal spine, posterior nasal spine, mid-maxillary suture, and incisive foramen to the GPF. The GPF was predominantly located in the third molar region (96.25% on the right, 96.9% on the left). The left GPF showed a significantly larger horizontal diameter than the right (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS There was a significant difference in the average distances from the anterior nasal spine, posterior nasal spine, mid-maxillary suture, and incisive foramen to the GPF, as well as in the size of the GPF, between males and females. Recognizing these variations enhances clinical planning and reduces the risk of complications.

Background: Although the prevalence of coronary artery anomalies (CAA) is due to accidental and rare discoveries, it varies between different countries or geographies. CAA are rare congenital disorders having various clinical definitions. Its prevalence varies in angiographic and autopsy series in adult populations and is approximately 1% in average. While the incidence ranges from 0.2% to 5.64% in coronary angiographic (CAG) studies, it is around 0.3% in autopsy series. We aimed to estimate the frequency of CAA in our patient population., Methods: The coronary angiographic data of 4099 consecutive adult patients, who underwent CAG between January 2019 and December 2020, were analyzed and retrospectively studied., Results: The mean age of the total patients who underwent CAG was 61.59 ± 13.67 years (range, 18-98 years). CAA were found in 76 patients (1.85% incidence), origin and course anomaly in 62 patients (81.6%), and coronary artery termination anomaly in 14 patients (18.4%). Separate exits of the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCX) coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva (LSV) were the most common anomalies (36.84%). Coronary artery fistulas were seen in 14 (18.42%) patients. Abnormal origin of left circumflex artery (LCX) from the right coronary artery (RCA) or right sinus valsalva (RSV) was seen in 13 (17.11%) patients. Outflow anomalies from the contralateral coronary sinus were detected in 10 (13.16%) patients., Conclusion: The incidence and pattern of CAA in our patient population showed similarity with previous studies. Physicians should be aware of CAA that may be associated with potentially serious cardiac incidents, because recognition of these CAA is important for the decision of treatment procedures.

Objective: To compare whether there are any differences between the 3 methods used for measure area of foramen magnum (FM) in skulls., Methods: The FMs of 150 skulls were examined. Antero-posterior diameter, transverse diameter were measured using by Vernier caliper. The area of the FM was calculated by using 2 different formulas as described previously by Radinsky and Teixeira.The authors also applied stereological assessment method for estimating the surface area of FMs. The area was calculated 3 times manually using stereological point grid system for each skull.The authors compared the mean surface area of FMs obtained from each of these 3 methods estimating surface area of FMs whether there were any significant differences in between their results., Results: The mean areas of the FMs estimated according to Teixeria formula, Radinsky formula, and Cavalieri stereological method were respectively as follows: 790.47 ± 99.86 mm, 783.66 ± 99.34 mm, and 748.06 ± 100.19 mm. The authors observed significant differences (P < 0.05) in between the mean surface areas of FMs obtained from each of these 3 methods used for estimating the area., Conclusion: There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in between the mean surface areas of FMs obtained from each of these 3 methods used for estimating the area.