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This study aims to determine the conditions and patterns of utilization of snails in the Penyengat island waters, Riau Island, Indonesia. The method used was purposive sampling of 5 stations with 70 x 2 m quadratic transect for the density of the Gonggong Snail. The results found two types of snail bark species namely Laevistrombus turturella and Strombus urceus with a total density value of 0.114individual per m². The use of snail bark patterns in Penyengat Island waters, namely the size of the catch is medium to large, manual capture techniques (collected by hand), the catching area in the waters of the island is 100-200 m from the beach, the most catches found >100 individuals, season and time of catching snail barks at stinging island waters are not based on season, utilization and distribution of utilization. The snail bark resource is used for consumption and sold to collectors.

Gonggong conch Laevistrombus turturella is a sea conch that has been consumed by many people in Kepulauan Riau Province so the population is expected to decline. One of the efforts to conserve conchs is through culture. Culture activities require the availability of the mature gonad broodstock. The aim of this study was to analyze the size of a mature gonadal of gonggong conch based on the shell length and the color of gonads, and to evaluate the effect of different temperature exposures in the speed of determining the sexual of broodstock. The conch shell length was measured by a caliper, then were broken to observe the gonad color. Data were analyzed by student t-test. The exposure treatments with water temperatures of 15°C (P1), 20°C (P2) and 30°C (P3). Seven conch broodstocks were put into the aquarium according to the treatment, the duration of time the soft gonggong conch body came out of the shell was recorded. Data were analyzed with the Kruskal Wallis test. The results showed that the average length of the mature gonad gonggong conch broodstocks from Madong-Tanjungpinang sea were 63.449±5.352 mm (males) and 66.953±5.876 mm (females). Determination of the gonggong conch broodstock sexual can be accelerated with thermal shock on water temperature of 20°C

Habitat the gonggong conch (Laevistrombus turturella) also known as Dog conch is a species from the Gastropod class that can be found in shallow waters with muddy sand substrate. In Kepulauan Riau Province, these animals are hunted by fishermen to sell to consumers since gonggong conch is a favourite culinary in this province. The availability of conch in the market has only relied on natural catches. The high consumption and natural fluctuations have decreased the conch population. To maintain the sustainability of the dog conch, it is necessary to carry out the cultivation activities. The cultivation begins with the selection of quality broodstock. The gonggong conch of natural origin needs to be determined before cultivation, in order to prevent the entry of disease in the cultivation system i.e. parasites. This study includes the determination, prevalence and infection intensity of endoparasites in conch from Madong Bay, Tanjungpinang. The results showed that the total length of the conch shells ranged from 55.5 to 79.5 mm with an average length of 67.72 mm and a frequency mode of 64.6 mm. The sex ratio between male and female conch is 1:1.1 (not ideal) n=30. Two kinds of parasites were found in the digestive tract of gonggong conchs are conoidacid oocysts and trematode sporocysts. The number of endoparasites, prevalence and intensity in wild caught has high numbers involving conoidacid oocysts (prev=100%; I=48.23 ind/conch) and trematode sporocysts (prev=100%; I= 135.33 ind/conch). It was concluded that the level of endoparasites infection in the dog conch from the Madong Bay was categorized as moderate-to-severe.

Laevistrombus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 Figure 7 Synonymy 1834 Strombus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, p. 75, no. 10, pl. 51, figs. 14 and 15. = Strombus taeniata Quoy—Reeve 1851, spc. 51. = Strombus canarium var. taeniatus Duclos, 1844, in Chenu, pl. 7, fig. 6. = Strombus (Strombus) isabella taeniatus Horst & Schepman, 1908, p. 213. Strombus (Strombus) canarium var isabella Lamarck — Tryon 1885, pp. 110 and 136, pl. 3, fig. 21. Strombus (Gallinula) isabella Lamarck — Melvill & Standen 1899, p. 165. Strombus canarium Linnaeus—Hinton 1972, p. 6, pl. 3, fig. 18. Hinton 1977a, p. 13, no. 5a. Hinton 1977b, p. 10, nos. 6b and c. Strombus (Laevistrombus) turturella Röding—Man in ‘T Veld & de Turck 1998, p. 98. Type material. We hereby select the only surviving syntype in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris: Collection: Molluscs: MNHN-IM-2000-32460 as lectotype of L. taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834. Type locality. The type locality for L. taeniatus is Ambon, Indonesia. Original description. “ Strombus, testa obovata, laeve, basi striata, tribus vittis violaceo-fuscis cincta; spira brevi, mucronata; labro crasso, dilatato, antice marginato ” (Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 75). Translation: Strombus, shell ovate, smooth, with striate base, surrounded by three violet bands, spire short, mucronate, lip callused, dilated, anteriorly margined (Translation SM). “This small stromb has the form and the size of Canarium. Only its back is a little more abruptly bulging, and the anterior part is deeply indented. It differs from the known species by the three transverse bands of violet brown that run over the body whorl and that are divided by a background of a pretty white. The band in the middle is largest, and the posterior one is smallest. It is the one that traverses all turns of the spire by decreasing width, so as to become not more than a reddish line at the top. These three kinds of ribbons do not reach right up to the right edge, which is thick, rounded and white, of the same (colour) as the rest of the aperture and the columella. The anterior part of the canal is striated at the bottom” (Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 75, Translated AMD). Distribution. Laevistrombus taeniatus has a restricted range within the southwest Pacific, ranging from southern Papua to the Solomon Islands (Figure 6). There is evidence of a distributional gap between the Indonesian type population and distribution of the rarer members of the southwest Pacific populations. At the time of the Quoy and Gaimard expedition, Ambon was a significant regional trading centre (Quoy & Gaimard 1833). Records: Australia —Murray Island (Melvill & Standen 1899). Papua New Guinea —Porebada (Hinton 1972); Hula (Hinton 1972); Manus Island, Admiralty group (Hinton 1972); Loyalty Islands (Man in‘T Veld & De Turck 1998). Material examined from private collections: Papua New Guinea —No data (VC x2); Hula Village (SM x 1). Solomon Islands —No data (SM x 1); Boli Passage (SM x1). Images Published online from dealer specimen traders: Ambon, Indonesia. Discussion. Laevistrombus taeniatus possesses a high degree of variability in colouration and is constantly paler in the western side of its range. The Indonesian examples range in colour from tan to white, with a highly variable number and colouration of banding on the body whorl. The southwest Pacific representatives of this species are consistently coloured, with a large central band on the main tanned body whorl, while the two bands alluded to in the original description vary in intensity from dark to absent.

Here we evaluate the taxonomy of the marine gastropod genus Laevistrombus Abbott, 1960 and determine that there are five extant species within this genus, three of which occur in the southwest Pacific. Comparative analyses of this complex have been problematic due to the lack of designated type material. Therefore, we present the type material for L. canarium Linnaeus, 1758; L. taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834; and L. vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834. Current taxonomy has L. vanikorensis absorbed within the L. canarium complex. L. taeniatus is generally held to be a synonym of L. turturella Röding, 1789. We demonstrate that both L. taeniatus and L. vanikorensis are distinct species and reinstate both to species level. Our revision also notes the significant variability in early teleoconch structure within the geographic range of L. vanikorensis, and highlights the need for a greater revision of Laevistrombus, given the diversity in early teleoconch morphology present in southwest Pacific species.

Laevistrombus vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 Figure 8 Synonymy 1834, Strombus vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, p. 73, no. 8, pl. 51, figs. 7 to 9. = Strombus canarium var. vanikorensis Duclos, 1844, in Chenu, pl. 7, figs. 4 and 5. = Strombus vanikorensis Quoy���Reeve 1851, spc. 46. = Strombus (Strombus) canarium vanikorensis Horst & Schepman���Adam & Leloup 1938, p. 110. = Strombus vanicorensis Quoy���Tryon 1885, p. 146. = Strombus vanicorensis Tryon���Wagner & Abbott 1978, p. 09���658. Strombus canarium Linnaeus���Kiener 1843, p. 33, pl. 29, fig. 1a. Allan 1950, p. 99, pl. 17, fig. 2. Rippingale & McMichael 1961, p. 56, pl. 5, fig. 15. Wilson & Gillett 1971, p. 40, pl. 18, fig. 1. Deas 1971, unnumbered page/plate, fig. 5. Jansen 1996, p. 17, figs. 53b and c. = Strombus (Strombus) canarium Linnaeus ��� Tryon 1885, pp. 110 and 136, pl. 2, fig. 18. = Strombus (Gallinula) canarium Linnaeus ��� Chenu 1859, p. 256, figs. 1590 and 1591. Melvill & Standen 1899, p. 165. = Canarium (Labiostrombus) canarium Linnaeus���Solem 1958, p. 220. = Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus ��� Abbott 1960, p. 36, pl. 17, fig. 15. Wilson & Gillett 1979, p. 73, pl. 14, fig. 1. = Laevistrombus canarium Linnaeus���Maxwell et al. 2017, p. 133. Laevistrombus canarium guidoi Man in ���T Veld & de Turck���Liverani 2013, p. 24, pl. 143, fig. 2. Type material. We hereby select the first syntype in the Mus��um National d���Histoire Naturelle, Paris: Collection: Molluscs: MNHN-IM-2000-32459 (two syntypes), size 55.3 mm as lectotype of L. vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834. The other syntype, with the writing ���Vanikoro��� in the mouth, becomes the paralectotype. Type locality. The type locality for L. vanikorensis is Vanikoro Island, Solomon Islands. Original description. ���Strombus, testa obovata, laevi, alba, lineis castaneis confertissimis longitudinalibus maxime flexuosis picta; spira conic-elongata, mucronata; apertura alba; labro crasso dilatato��� (Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 73) Strombus, shell ovate with a narrow basal end, smooth, white, with many longitudinal winding chestnut lines, spire elongated and conical, mucronate, aperture white, lip thickened and calloused (Translation SM). ���On the first impression, one mistakes this species for Strombus canarium; but that species differs by its consistently larger measurements of all examples, by the longer spire that is more conical and pointed, and by the longer canal. Furthermore, its aperture is nicely white, in places yellow as with the Str. canarium, and the axial lines of which it is covered with are violet brown, which forms very sharp zigzags, and in some places are simply wavy. The part of the body whorl, close to the columella, is a little yellow. Its straight edge is dilated and thick to the perfect state, slim and membranous at a young stage, with brown crosslinks, sometimes colourless; the kind that makes the shell look dark. The periostracum is thin and yellow. The body of the animal is generally greygreenish, stitched with brown. The filaments of the eye stalks are very long. The operculum is long, reddish and regularly toothed on the sides. The eyes are pale yellow, with a black circle exteriorly, and a brown one near the pupil��� (Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 73, translated AMD). Distribution. Laevistrombus vanikorensis is commonly collected in Queensland from the Cape York Peninsula down to Dingo Beach (Figure 6). To the east, it ranges from Rabaul, Papua New Guinea along the island chains to the Wallis and Futuna Islands. In the northwest, it may range from Myanmar (Burma) to south Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia, although these populations are not linked to the southwest Pacific populations. There are three historical institutional records for the Keppel Bay region. However, recent examples of white specimens sold by dealers purporting to come from Keppel Bay (VC, TM) are considered unverified. One further institutional record indicating a more southerly distribution is also considered dubious: New South Wales, Long Bay, Sydney, with the single specimen taxonomically problematic as it resembles specimens more typical of L. turturella from the northwestern Pacific. Records: Australia ���Bedford Beach, Cooktown (Abbott 1960); Hayman Island (Abbott 1960); Mossman (Rippingale & McMichael 1961; Cernohorsky 1972); Murray Island, Torres Straits (Melvill & Standen 1899); Port Douglas (Abbott 1960). Solomon Islands��� Florida Island (Solem 1958). New Caledonia ��� Touho Bay (Abbott 1960); Baie de l���Orphelinat (Abbott 1960). Material examined from private collections: Australia Alexandra Reef (SM x 134); Archer Point (SM x 1); Bowen Sand Flats (SM x 1); Cape York Peninsula (SM x 7); Cockle Bay, Magnetic Island (SM x 1); Cooya Beach (SM x 7); Dingo Beach (AMD x 1, SM x 16); Double Island Cairns (SM x 4); Four Mile Beach (AMD x1,SM x 114); Garners Beach (SM x 1); Gloucester Passage (AMD x 1); Kurrimine Beach (SM x 7); Machans Beach (SM x 2); Oak Beach (SM x 3); Pallarenda (AMD x1, SM x 6); Saunders Beach (SM x 1); Shelly Beach, Townsville (SM x 1); Wonga Beach (SM x 11); Yorkeys Knob (SM x 2); Yule Point (SM x 187). Papua New Guinea��� Bootless Bay (SM x 1); Porebalda (VC x1); Rabaul (SM x1); Rokui (SM x 2). Solomon Islands ���Boli Passage (SM x 1; TM x2; VC x 1); Kolambangara Island (TM x1); Marau Sound (AMD x 1). New Caledonia ���No data (AMD x1); Thio (AMD x 2); Ouv��a Island (AMD x 1). Wallis and Futuna ���No data (AMD x 1). Discussion. Laevistrombus vanikorensis is only associated with near-shore habitats, and is not known from the outer reef system. The benthic substrate that this species prefers is highly variable, and it has been observed living in muddy (Dingo Beach), rubbly (Wonga Beach), fine clean (Archer Point) and silty (Alexandra Reef) sand types. This species is highly gregarious, and adults appear to migrate only within a small home range. Within an adult colony, there are consistent, and significant, sexual dimorphism and sex imbalance, with females being both larger and more numerous than males (Maxwell et al. 2017). Laevistrombus vanikorensis possesses a high degree of consistency in the patterning of dark zigzag lines on a white to cream background. However, the frequency and distribution of these lines can be quite variable. In the eastern parts of the range, pale and white shells are known. Specimens from the western part of the range, particularly Queensland, have a distinctive bluish band below the suture, which is often missing in eastern specimens. A rare golden form is also known from Queensland. Limitations. The determination of the range of L. vanikorensis from literary sources without illustration is problematic; particularly with the locality records of the three sympatric species encapsulated within those of L. canarium (see Abbott 1960). Therefore, a greater emphasis on actual distribution has been given to collection material over literary records., Published as part of Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L. & Congdon, Bradley C., 2019, Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species, pp. 491-506 in Zootaxa 4555 (4) on pages 501-503, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2585281, {"references":["Quoy J. R. C. & Gaimard, P. (1834) Animaux Mollusques. In: De Decouvertes de L'Astrolobe. Zoologie. 3 (2). J. Tastu, Paris, pp. 1 - 366.","Duclos, P. L. (1844) Strombus. In: Chenu, J. C. (Ed.), Illustrations Conchyliologiques ou Description et Figures de Toutes les Coquilles Connues Vivantes et Fossiles, Classees Suivant le Systeme de Lamarck Modifi d'Apres les Progres de la Science et Comprenant les Genres Nouveaux et les Especes Recemment Decouvertes. A. Frank, Libraire, Paris, pp. 1 - 8.","Adam, W. & Leloup, E. (1938) Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises: Prosobranchia et Opisthobracnchia. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2, 9 - 121.","Wagner, R. J. & Abbott, R. T. (1978) Standard Catalog of Shells. Van Nostrad Publishing, Toronto, 400 pp.","Allan, J. (1950) Australian Shells: With Related Animals Living in the Sea, In Freshwater and on the Land. Georgian House, Melbourne, 487 pp.","Rippingale, O. H. & McMichael, D. F. (1961) Queensland and Great Barrier Reef Shells. The Jacaranda Press, Brisbane, 210 pp.","Wilson, B. R. & Gillett, K. (1971) Australian Shells. AH and AW Reed, Sydney, 168 pp.","Deas, W. (1971) Seashells of Australia. Rigby, Sydney, 33 pp.","Jansen, P. (1996) Common Seashells of Coastal Northern Queensland. P. Jansen, Belgian Gardens, Qld, 56 pp.","Tryon, G. W. (1885) Terebridae, Canellariidae, Strombidae, Cypraeidae, Ovulidae, Cassididae, Dolidae. Manual of Conchology Structural and Systematic With Illustrations of the Species. Vol. 7. Published by the Author, Philadelphia, 152 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6534","Chenu, D. J. C. (1859) Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique. Vol. 1. Victor Masson, Paris, 508 pp.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1899) Report on the marine mollusca during the first expedition of Prof. A. C. Haddon to the Torres Straits in 1888 - 89. The Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 27, 150 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1899. tb 01423. x","Abbott, R. T. (1960) The genus Strombus in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 1 (2), 33 - 146.","Wilson, B. R. & Gillett, K. (1979) A Field Guide to Australian Shells: Prosobranch Gastropods. AH and AW Reed, Sydney, 290 pp.","Cernohorsky W. O. (1972) Marine Shells of the Pacific. Vol. 2. Pacific Publications, Sydney, 411 pp.","Solem, A. (1958) Marine mollusks from Bougainville and Florida, Solomon Islands. Fieldiana Zoology, 39 (20), 213 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3803","Maxwell, S. J., Rymer, T. L. & Congdon, B. C. (2017) Sex-ratio bias in Laevistrombus canarium Linn, 1758 (Gastropoda: Strombidae) from Far North Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 60, 133 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.17082 / j. 2204 - 1478.60.2017.2016 - 15"]}

Laevistrombus vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 Figure 8 Synonymy 1834, Strombus vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, p. 73, no. 8, pl. 51, figs. 7 to 9. = Strombus canarium var. vanikorensis Duclos, 1844, in Chenu, pl. 7, figs. 4 and 5. = Strombus vanikorensis Quoy—Reeve 1851, spc. 46. = Strombus (Strombus) canarium vanikorensis Horst & Schepman—Adam & Leloup 1938, p. 110. = Strombus vanicorensis Quoy—Tryon 1885, p. 146. = Strombus vanicorensis Tryon—Wagner & Abbott 1978, p. 09–658. Strombus canarium Linnaeus—Kiener 1843, p. 33, pl. 29, fig. 1a. Allan 1950, p. 99, pl. 17, fig. 2. Rippingale & McMichael 1961, p. 56, pl. 5, fig. 15. Wilson & Gillett 1971, p. 40, pl. 18, fig. 1. Deas 1971, unnumbered page/plate, fig. 5. Jansen 1996, p. 17, figs. 53b and c. = Strombus (Strombus) canarium Linnaeus — Tryon 1885, pp. 110 and 136, pl. 2, fig. 18. = Strombus (Gallinula) canarium Linnaeus — Chenu 1859, p. 256, figs. 1590 and 1591. Melvill & Standen 1899, p. 165. = Canarium (Labiostrombus) canarium Linnaeus—Solem 1958, p. 220. = Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus — Abbott 1960, p. 36, pl. 17, fig. 15. Wilson & Gillett 1979, p. 73, pl. 14, fig. 1. = Laevistrombus canarium Linnaeus—Maxwell et al. 2017, p. 133. Laevistrombus canarium guidoi Man in ‘T Veld & de Turck—Liverani 2013, p. 24, pl. 143, fig. 2. Type material. We hereby select the first syntype in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris: Collection: Molluscs: MNHN-IM-2000-32459 (two syntypes), size 55.3 mm as lectotype of L. vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834. The other syntype, with the writing “Vanikoro” in the mouth, becomes the paralectotype. Type locality. The type locality for L. vanikorensis is Vanikoro Island, Solomon Islands. Original description. “Strombus, testa obovata, laevi, alba, lineis castaneis confertissimis longitudinalibus maxime flexuosis picta; spira conic-elongata, mucronata; apertura alba; labro crasso dilatato” (Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 73) Strombus, shell ovate with a narrow basal end, smooth, white, with many longitudinal winding chestnut lines, spire elongated and conical, mucronate, aperture white, lip thickened and calloused (Translation SM). “On the first impression, one mistakes this species for Strombus canarium; but that species differs by its consistently larger measurements of all examples, by the longer spire that is more conical and pointed, and by the longer canal. Furthermore, its aperture is nicely white, in places yellow as with the Str. canarium, and the axial lines of which it is covered with are violet brown, which forms very sharp zigzags, and in some places are simply wavy. The part of the body whorl, close to the columella, is a little yellow. Its straight edge is dilated and thick to the perfect state, slim and membranous at a young stage, with brown crosslinks, sometimes colourless; the kind that makes the shell look dark. The periostracum is thin and yellow. The body of the animal is generally greygreenish, stitched with brown. The filaments of the eye stalks are very long. The operculum is long, reddish and regularly toothed on the sides. The eyes are pale yellow, with a black circle exteriorly, and a brown one near the pupil” (Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 73, translated AMD). Distribution. Laevistrombus vanikorensis is commonly collected in Queensland from the Cape York Peninsula down to Dingo Beach (Figure 6). To the east, it ranges from Rabaul, Papua New Guinea along the island chains to the Wallis and Futuna Islands. In the northwest, it may range from Myanmar (Burma) to south Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia, although these populations are not linked to the southwest Pacific populations. There are three historical institutional records for the Keppel Bay region. However, recent examples of white specimens sold by dealers purporting to come from Keppel Bay (VC, TM) are considered unverified. One further institutional record indicating a more southerly distribution is also considered dubious: New South Wales, Long Bay, Sydney, with the single specimen taxonomically problematic as it resembles specimens more typical of L. turturella from the northwestern Pacific. Records: Australia —Bedford Beach, Cooktown (Abbott 1960); Hayman Island (Abbott 1960); Mossman (Rippingale & McMichael 1961; Cernohorsky 1972); Murray Island, Torres Straits (Melvill & Standen 1899); Port Douglas (Abbott 1960). Solomon Islands— Florida Island (Solem 1958). New Caledonia — Touho Bay (Abbott 1960); Baie de l’Orphelinat (Abbott 1960). Material examined from private collections: Australia Alexandra Reef (SM x 134); Archer Point (SM x 1); Bowen Sand Flats (SM x 1); Cape York Peninsula (SM x 7); Cockle Bay, Magnetic Island (SM x 1); Cooya Beach (SM x 7); Dingo Beach (AMD x 1, SM x 16); Double Island Cairns (SM x 4); Four Mile Beach (AMD x1,SM x 114); Garners Beach (SM x 1); Gloucester Passage (AMD x 1); Kurrimine Beach (SM x 7); Machans Beach (SM x 2); Oak Beach (SM x 3); Pallarenda (AMD x1, SM x 6); Saunders Beach (SM x 1); Shelly Beach, Townsville (SM x 1); Wonga Beach (SM x 11); Yorkeys Knob (SM x 2); Yule Point (SM x 187). Papua New Guinea— Bootless Bay (SM x 1); Porebalda (VC x1); Rabaul (SM x1); Rokui (SM x 2). Solomon Islands —Boli Passage (SM x 1; TM x2; VC x 1); Kolambangara Island (TM x1); Marau Sound (AMD x 1). New Caledonia —No data (AMD x1); Thio (AMD x 2); Ouvéa Island (AMD x 1). Wallis and Futuna —No data (AMD x 1). Discussion. Laevistrombus vanikorensis is only associated with near-shore habitats, and is not known from the outer reef system. The benthic substrate that this species prefers is highly variable, and it has been observed living in muddy (Dingo Beach), rubbly (Wonga Beach), fine clean (Archer Point) and silty (Alexandra Reef) sand types. This species is highly gregarious, and adults appear to migrate only within a small home range. Within an adult colony, there are consistent, and significant, sexual dimorphism and sex imbalance, with females being both larger and more numerous than males (Maxwell et al. 2017). Laevistrombus vanikorensis possesses a high degree of consistency in the patterning of dark zigzag lines on a white to cream background. However, the frequency and distribution of these lines can be quite variable. In the eastern parts of the range, pale and white shells are known. Specimens from the western part of the range, particularly Queensland, have a distinctive bluish band below the suture, which is often missing in eastern specimens. A rare golden form is also known from Queensland. Limitations. The determination of the range of L. vanikorensis from literary sources without illustration is problematic; particularly with the locality records of the three sympatric species encapsulated within those of L. canarium (see Abbott 1960). Therefore, a greater emphasis on actual distribution has been given to collection material over literary records.

Laevistrombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758 Figures 4 & 5 A���D Synonymy 1758 Strombus (Ampliati) canariu Linnaeus, 10 th edn., p. 745, no. 438. = Strombus (Ampliati) canarium Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1211, no. 507, partly. Gmelin 1791, p. 3517, no. 24, partly. = Lambis canarium Gmelin���R��ding 1798, p. 65, nos. 828 and 829. = Strombus canarium Born, 1778, p. 279. Dillwyn 1817, p. 670. Gould 1833, p. 85. Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 73, no. 9, pl. 51, fig. 10. Anton 1839, p. 85, no. 2807. Kiener 1843, p. 33, pl. 29, fig. 1. Hanley 1856, p. 124, pl. 25, fig. 27. Martens 1889, p. 189, in part. Mohanraj et al. 2010, p. 205, pl. 1. = Gallinula canarium Linnaeus���M��rch 1852, p. 61. = Strombus (Gallinula) canarium Linnaeus ��� Adams & Adams 1858, p. 259. = Harpago canarium Linnaeus���Hanley 1860, p. 74. = Strombus (Strombus) canarium Linnaeus ��� Tryon 1885, pp. 110 and 136, pl. 2, fig. 19. = Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus ��� Abbott 1960, p. 48. Wagner & Abbott 1978, p. 09���653. Walls 1980, pp. 75 and 76. 1777 Alata gallinula gibba Martini, p. 107, pl. 79, fig. 818. = Strombus (Gallinula) gibbus Martini���Adams & Adams 1858, p. 259. = Strombus gibbus Martini���Abbott 1960, p. 49. = Epidromis gibba Seba���Adam & Leloup 1938, p. 109. = Strombus gibbus Tapparone-Canefri���Dodge 1956, p. 275. = Strombus gibbus Issel & Tapparone-Canefri���Wagner and Abbott 1978, p. 09���654. Walls 1980, p. 189. Man in ���T Veld & de Turck 1998, p. 95. 1777 Alata tenuis Martini, p. 168, pl. 89, fig. 876. 1791 Strombus (Ampliati) latissimus Gmelin, 13 th edn., p. 3516, no. 21��, partly. Linnaeus (1758) provided six literary illustrations, some of which support the hypothesis that the species intended was the Indian and Sri Lankan L. canarium (Figure 4). The reference to ���Argenv. Conch t. 17, f. Q��� is interpreted as coming from d'Argenville (1742) L��� Histoire Naturelle Eclaircie dans deux de ses Parties Principales La Lithologie et la Conchyliologie dont l���une Traite des Pierres et l���autre des Conquillages shows an illustration of L. canarium (Figure 4A). The final reference provided by Linnaeus is to ���Klein. Ostr t. 4, f. 73��� refers to Klein (1753) Tentamen Methodi Ostracologicae. This illustration differs from L. vanikorensis in having a blunter spire and a greatly inflated body whorl, with rounded lip and no pattern, which is more indicative of L. turturella (Figure 4B). The Petiver (1709���1711) Catalogus Classicus and Topicus, t. 98, f. 11 reference by Linnaeus can be attributed to L. canarium, determined by the overall shape, the shift in pattern on the presutural ramp, and the shortened spire (Figure 4C). The reference to ���Gualt. Test. t. 32, f. N��� points to an image from Gualtieri (1742) Index Testarum Conchyliorum, which shows both dorsal and ventral sides of the shell (Figure 4D). The outer lip of this specimen is not fully calloused, but the short spire and broad and inflated body whorl indicates the Gualtieri (1742) images are illustrations of L. canarium. Two images from Rumphius (1705, 1741) D���Amboinsche Rariteitkamer cited as ���Rumph. Mus. t. 36, f. X��� and ��� t. 36, f. N��� deal with two different species. The plate 36 figure N is probably L. vanikorensis, given the locality of Amboina (Ambon) (Figure 4E). While plate 36 figure X illustrates Dolomena septimus Duclos, 1844 which is the only non - Laevistrombus cited by Linnaeus (1758) (Figure 4F). Type material. To stabilise the nomenclature we hereby select a syntype from the Linnaean Collection (London) {A ��� F 0 0 20064 specimen 1} lot LSL. 435, as lectotype of L. canarium Linnaeus, 1758. Type locality. Abbott (1960) designated for L. canarium Ambon as the type location based on ��� O. Asiae��� in the Linnaeus (1758) text. However, images from the Linnaean Society Collection clearly conform to the Indian examples of L. canarium (http://linnean-online.org/17229/ accessed 12/02/2017). Furthermore, the Ambon specimens at hand are Strombus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834. Therefore, we redesignate the type locality of L. canarium to Keelamlarai, India, and base our comparisons on specimens from there. Description. ���488. S. testae labro rotundato brevi retuso, spiraque laevi ��� (Linnaeus 1758, p. 745). The Strombus shell lip is round, short and blunted; the spire is smooth (Translation SM). Distribution. Laevistrombus canarium is restricted to India and Sri Lanka. Records: India ���Keelarkarai (AMD x 4; SM x 2; TM x2); Kottaipattinam (AMD x 2); Rameswaren (AMD x 5; SM x 4). Sri Lanka ��� Trimcomalee (AMD x 1)., Published as part of Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L. & Congdon, Bradley C., 2019, Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species, pp. 491-506 in Zootaxa 4555 (4) on pages 496-497, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2585281, {"references":["Born, I. (1778) Index Rerum Naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars I. ma. Testacea. ex officina Krausiana, Vindobon, 458 pp.","Dillwyn, L. W. (1817) A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, Arranged According to the Linnaean Method; With Particular Attention to the Synonymy. John and Arthur Arch, London, 1092 pp.","Gould, A. A. (1833) Lamarck's Genera of Shells, With a Catalogue of Species. Allen and Ticknor, Boston, 110 pp.","Quoy J. R. C. & Gaimard, P. (1834) Animaux Mollusques. In: De Decouvertes de L'Astrolobe. Zoologie. 3 (2). J. Tastu, Paris, pp. 1 - 366.","Anton, H. E. (1839) Verzeichniss der Conchylien Welche Sich in der Sammlung von Eduard Anton Befinden. Herausgegeben von dem Besitzer, Halle, 110 pp.","Kiener, L. - C. (1843) Famille des Ailees, volume III, Gene Strombe. In: Species General et Iconographie des Coquilles Vivantes, Comprenant la Collection du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, La Collection Lamarck, celle de Prince Massena, (Appartenart Maintenant M. le Baron Benjamin Delessert) et les Decouvertes Recentes des Voyageurs. Chez Rousseau and J. B. Bailli, Paris, pp. 1 - 68.","Hanley, S. (1856) Index Testaceologicus, an Illustrated Catalogue of British and Foreign Shells, by W. Wood, a New and Entirely Revised Edition with Ancient and Modern Appellations, Synonyms, Localities. Willis and Sotheran, London, 234 pp.","Mohanraj, J., Johnson, J. A., Ranjan, R., Johnson, L., Pandi, U. & Shunmugaraj, T. (2010) Coral reef associated gastropods in Tuticorin coast of Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve, India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3, 204 - 206.","Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1858). The Genera of Recent Mollusca; Arranged According to their Organization. Vol. 2. John van Voorst, London, pp. 541 - 660.","Tryon, G. W. (1885) Terebridae, Canellariidae, Strombidae, Cypraeidae, Ovulidae, Cassididae, Dolidae. Manual of Conchology Structural and Systematic With Illustrations of the Species. Vol. 7. Published by the Author, Philadelphia, 152 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6534","Abbott, R. T. (1960) The genus Strombus in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 1 (2), 33 - 146.","Wagner, R. J. & Abbott, R. T. (1978) Standard Catalog of Shells. Van Nostrad Publishing, Toronto, 400 pp.","Walls, J. G. (1980) Conches, Tibias, and Harps. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune, 191 pp.","Adam, W. & Leloup, E. (1938) Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises: Prosobranchia et Opisthobracnchia. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2, 9 - 121.","Man in'T Veld, L. A. & De Turck, K. (1998) Contributions to the knowledge of Strombacea 6: A revision of the subgenus Laevistrombus Kira, 1955 including the description of a new species from the New Hebrides. Gloria Maris, 36, 73 - 107.","Dezallier d'Argenville, D. (1742) L' Histoire Naturelle Eclaircie dans deux de ses Parties Principales, la Lithologie et la Conchyliologie, dont l'une Traite des Pierres et l'Autre des Coquillages, Ouvrage dans Lequel on Trouve une Nouvelle Methode & une Notice Critique des Principaux Auteurs qui ont Ecrit sur ces Matieres. Enrichi de figures dessinees d'apres nature. De Brue, Paris, 491 pp.","Klein, J. T. (1753) Tentamen Methodi Ostracologicae: sive Dispositio Naturalis Cochlidum et Concharum in suas Classes, Genera et Species, Iconibus Singulorum Generum Aeri Incisis Illustrata; Accedit Lucubratiuncula de Formatione, Cremento et Coloribus Testarum quae sunt Cochlidum et Concharum. Lugduni Batavorum, Wishoff, 44 pp.","Gualtieri, N. (1742) Index Testarum Conchyliorum quae Adservantur in Museo Nicolai Gualtieri, Et Methodice Distributae Exhibentur Tabulis CX. Ex typographia Caietani Albizzini, Florentiae, 252 pp.","Rumphius, G. E. (1705) D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, Behelzende eene Beschryvinge van Allerhande Zoo Weeke als Harde Schaalvisschen, te Weeten Raare Krabben, Kreeften, en Diergelyke Zeedieren, als Mede Allerhande Hoorntjes en Schulpen, die men in d'Amboinsche Zee Vindt: Daar Beneven Zommige Mineraalen, Gesteenten, en Soorten van Aarde, die in d'Amboinsche, en Zommige Omleggende Eilanden Gevonden Worden. Verdeelt in Drie Boeken, en met Nodige Printverbeeldingen, Alle Naar t'Leven Getekend, Voorzien. Fran cois Halma, Amsterdam, 340 pp.","Rumphius, G. E. (1741) D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, Behelzende eene Beschryvinge van Allerhande Zoo Weeke als Harde Schaalvisschen, te Weeten Raare Krabben, Kreeften, en Diergelyke Zeedieren, als Mede Allerhande Hoorntjes en Schulpen, die men in d'Amboinsche Zee Vindt: Daar Beneven Zommige Mineraalen, Gesteenten, en Soorten van Aarde, die in d'Amboinsche, en Zommige Omleggende Eilanden Gevonden Worden. Verdeelt in Drie Boeken, en met Nodige Printverbeeldingen, Alle Naar t'Leven Getekend, Voorzien. Jan Roman de Jonge, Amsterdam, 340 pp.","Duclos, P. L. (1844) Strombus. In: Chenu, J. C. (Ed.), Illustrations Conchyliologiques ou Description et Figures de Toutes les Coquilles Connues Vivantes et Fossiles, Classees Suivant le Systeme de Lamarck Modifi d'Apres les Progres de la Science et Comprenant les Genres Nouveaux et les Especes Recemment Decouvertes. A. Frank, Libraire, Paris, pp. 1 - 8."]}

Laevistrombus Abbott, 1960 Synonymy 1753 Gallinula Klein, genus XIII, p. 56, partly. Adams & Adams 1858, p. 259, partly. Chenu 1859, p. 256, partly. M��rch 1852, p. 61. Zittel 1885, p. 258. Issel & Tapparone Canefri 1876, p. 343. Non-binominal pre Linnaeus 1758. 1955 Laevistrombus Kira, p. 31. Kira 1959, p. 36. Bandel 2007, p. 153. nomen nudum. 1960 Laevistrombus Kira ex Abbott, p. 47. Type species: Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758. Diagnosis. The shells of this genus are smooth, rotund and solid. The outer lip is thickened, smooth and anteriorly calloused. The columella is smooth, thickened in the middle., Published as part of Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L. & Congdon, Bradley C., 2019, Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species, pp. 491-506 in Zootaxa 4555 (4) on page 494, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2585281, {"references":["Abbott, R. T. (1960) The genus Strombus in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 1 (2), 33 - 146.","Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1858). The Genera of Recent Mollusca; Arranged According to their Organization. Vol. 2. John van Voorst, London, pp. 541 - 660.","Chenu, D. J. C. (1859) Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique. Vol. 1. Victor Masson, Paris, 508 pp.","Morch, O. A. L. (1852) Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra & Gadea comes de Yoldi: Regisdanlae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe & Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. Ludvici Kleini, Hafniae, 170 pp.","Zittel, K. A. (1885) Mollusca und Arthropoda. Handbuch der Palaeontologie, Palaeozoologie, II, 1 - 893.","Issel, A. and Tapparone Canefri, E. C. (1876) Studio monographico sopra gli strombidi del Mar Rosso. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 8, 337 - 365.","Kira, T. (1959) Coloured Illustrations of the Shells of Japan. Hoikusha Publishing Co., Osaka, 240 pp."]}

Laevistrombus guidoi Man in���T Veld & de Turck, 1998 Figures 5 E���F Synonymy 1998 Strombus (Laevistrombus) guidoi Man in ���T Veld & de Turck, p. 95. Kreipl et al. 1999, pp. 11 and 26, pl. 41, figs. 1 and 2. = Laevistrombus canarium guidoi Man in ���T Veld & de Turck���Liverani 2014, p. 24, pl. 143, figs. 1 and 3. Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus���Cernohorsky 1972, p. 72, pl. 18, fig. 8a. Type material. The Holotype is held in the Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam, lot 15975. Type locality. The type locality for L. guidoi is Port Vila, Vanuatu (Man in���T Veld & de Turck 1998). Original description. ���Shell shape: A smooth, solid shell, heavy in comparison to its size, with up to nine whorls. A slender, relatively low to high spire. The first whorls with a radial structure. Aperture wide posteriorly, narrower anteriorly. Outer lip pointed posteriorly and much thickened. Columella much thickened from its centre to its anterior; with a thin glaze on its posterior, which covers the ventral part of the body whorl. A coloured line marks the outline of this glazed area. The columella is thickened at its extreme posterior end, forming a lip that protrudes above the suture. From this lip, the margin curves concavely upward and bends back in some specimens, into the direction of the spire. Also due to the thickened outer lip, a narrow and deep posterior canal arises. The siphonal canal is fairly long, the stromboid notch weak. Sculpture: The first seven whorls with a radial structure, subsequently becoming smoother. In a few specimens with some narrow varices on the whorl. With up to 18 radial lines on the anterior portion of the body whorl. Columella and aperture smooth. Colour: Solid white, in some specimens with a pattern of obscure yellow lines. All adult specimens, without exception with a golden-yellow, metal like gloss on the columella as well as the outer lip. The inside of columella and aperture is white. Periostracum: Unknown but probably light brown judging from faint traces��� (Man in���T Veld & de Turck 1998, p. 103). Distribution. Laevistrombus guidoi is restricted to Vanuatu (Figure 6). Records: Vanuatu��� Vila Bay (Cernohorsky 1972); Port Vila (Man in ���T Veld & de Turck 1998). Material examined from private collections: Vanuatu ��� No data (AMD x 6); Esprito Santo (SM x1); Efate (VC x 3); Malekula (TM x1). Discussion. Laevistrombus guidoi is consistently white in colour, with only rare examples showing a pattern similar to the typical L. vanikorensis. The extension of the outer lip callosity and level of ���metal like gloss��� is highly variable and dependent on the age of the animal���s shell: older animals have greater callosity and more gloss., Published as part of Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L. & Congdon, Bradley C., 2019, Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species, pp. 491-506 in Zootaxa 4555 (4) on pages 497-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2585281, {"references":["Man in'T Veld, L. A. & De Turck, K. (1998) Contributions to the knowledge of Strombacea 6: A revision of the subgenus Laevistrombus Kira, 1955 including the description of a new species from the New Hebrides. Gloria Maris, 36, 73 - 107.","Kreipl, K., Poppe, G. T., Man in'T Veld, L. & De Turck, K. (1999) The Family Strombidae. In: Poppe, G. T. & Groh, K. (Eds.), A Conchological Iconography. Conch Books, Grundwerk, pp. 1 - 188.","Cernohorsky W. O. (1972) Marine Shells of the Pacific. Vol. 2. Pacific Publications, Sydney, 411 pp."]}

Microplastics (1 um - 5 mm) had been pollutants in marine habitat and can be consumed by fauna. This study aims to determine the number of microplastic particles found in sediments and Gonggong snails Laevistrombus turturella in four station at coastal areas of Bintan Island. Ten snails were taken, and its sediment collected at a depth of 1-2 cm from the surface as much as ± 250 gr. The tissue of gonggong snails were destructed on HNO3 for 24 hours and diluted 10 times with 50% NaCl solution before observed under a light microscope. Our findings at four stations showed the average number of microplastics concentration in the snail presence at Madong Village (492 ± 107.68 particles/ind.), Pengudang Village (476 ± 171.34 particles/ind.), Busung Village (360 ± 118.43 particles/ind) and Kawal Village (628 ± 191.93 particles/ind) wet weight. Microplastics concentration in the sediment at Madong Village (956 ± 171.18 particles/kg), Pengudang Village (928 ± 118.58 particles/kg), Busung Village (604 ± 119.26 particles/kg) and Kawal Village (1,136 ± 154.75 Particles/kg). Our observations also showed many plastics waste on the coastal area.