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By considering the concept of Barrow's idea of a fractal black hole horizon in the extended-phase space thermodynamics formalism, we explore the thermodynamic processes, the phase transition, and the stability of black holes. We study the impact of quantum gravity on the area of the black hole due to the fractal parameter, delta. In this regard, we show that the thermodynamic behavior of black holes is influenced by the impact of quantum gravity. We found that at low entropy, the value of the fractal parameter does not significantly affect thermodynamic characteristics; however, for medium and large entropy, the influence becomes apparent. The Joule-Thomson coefficient is examined to further check the impact of quantum gravity in the extended-phase space thermodynamics approach. The observation reveals that the influence of the fractal parameter on Joule-Thomson expansion is evident. As the parameter value increases, the inversion pressure rises, leading to an expansion of the cooling region and a contraction of the heating region in the pressure-temperature (P-T) plane., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

This paper presents a detailed study of the thermodynamics of charged BTZ black holes using the conformal holographic extended thermodynamics formalism and Tsallis statistics. The cornerstone of our thermodynamic framework is the re-scaling of CFT by the conformal factor, which is considered a thermodynamic parameter. Here, the AdS radius is distinct from the CFT radius, allowing for independent variations of the central charge and volume. Our analysis revealed that the thermodynamic behavior of charged BTZ black holes in three dimensions is characterized by the stability and absence of phase transitions, contrasting with the behavior of four-dimensional black holes. The central charge of CFT notably influences the thermal evolution of these black holes, with a smaller central charge leading to faster thermal processes. Additionally, the temperature of large black holes is proportional to their entropy. By incorporating Tsallis statistics into our study, we found that the stability of black holes depends on the Tsallis parameter. Black holes are always stable when the Tsallis parameter is less than 2. However, if this parameter is greater than 2, a first-order phase transition occurs between small stable and large unstable. Overall, our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the holographic thermodynamics of lower-dimensional black holes and the impact of non-extensive statistics on their physical properties., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures

In this paper, we study the post-inflationary era called reheating stage. For this purpose, we consider a model in which the inflaton is non-minimally coupled to the curvature within the hybrid metric-Palatini approach. Furthermore, to investigate the consistency of our results with the observational data, we relate reheating parameters to those of inflation model. By taking into consideration the Higgs potential $V(\phi)=\lambda/4 \phi^4$; we derive the necessary quantities needed to obtain the reheating duration and the reheating temperature. Moreover, we plot reheating e-folds and temperature as a function of the spectral index, respectively. We consider three cases depending on the coupling constant $\xi$. In addition, we use some specific values of the effective equation of state $\omega$, which is presumed to remain relatively constant within the range of $-\frac{1}{3} \leq \omega < \frac{1}{3}$. We find that for $\xi=10^{-4.1}$ our results are in agreement with the recent Planck data as the reheating instant is corresponding to the central value of the spectral index and to a maximum temperature required by the scale of baryogenesis models., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

In this paper, we examine the restricted phase space (RPS) thermodynamics for charged AdS black holes by considering the impact of quantum gravity on the event horizon area. The primary aim of this work is to elucidate the influence of quantum gravitational effects on thermodynamic behaviors, critical phenomena, phase transitions, and the stability of black holes. We observe that charged AdS black holes exhibit thermodynamic behavior similar to that of Van der Waals fluids when influenced by quantum gravity. Furthermore, we introduce a novel black hole thermodynamic phenomenon, which we term ``resistance of phase transitions". Our study uncovers a violation of the homogeneity property of the Smarr relation in RPS thermodynamics due to the effects of quantum gravity., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

In this paper, we study the thermodynamic behavior of charged AdS black holes in a conformal holographic extended thermodynamic. Our setup is constructed using a new dictionary that relates AdS black hole quantities to the corresponding dual conformal field theory (CFT) one, with the conformal factor being treated as a variable thermodynamic. In this thermodynamic study, we investigate the critical phenomena of charged AdS black holes and their relationship to the central charge value, \(C\). Additionally, we examine the phase transitions and black hole stability using the free energy and the heat capacity, respectively. Furthermore, by examining the chemical potential, we establish criteria that differentiate between quantum and classical black hole behaviors. Our setup highlights one of the key findings, namely traditional black hole thermodynamics acts as a boundary between quantum and classical regimes., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures